-
1 History of volleyball
________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.________________________________________________________________________________In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to BrazilIn 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American lifeIn 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organizedIn 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.In 1990, the World League was created.In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the OlympicsThere is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.________________________________________Copyright (c)Volleyball World WideVolleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWWhttp://www.Volleyball.ORG/ -
2 class
class [kla:s] n.,v. -n. klasë, lloj. 2.. klasë (nxënësish). 3. orë mësimi. 4. klasë shoqërore; the middle class klasa e mesme. 5. usht. klasë, brez rekrutësh. 6. cilësi; nivel, klas; first class klasi i parë. 7. elegance, stil; a player with class lojtar elegant. 8. biol. klasë, lloj, kategori. 9. attr. klasor; grupi /-vt. fus në një kategori, klasifikoj● class action suit [kla:s 'ækshën su:t] n. drejt. padi kolektive/ne grup● class bias [kla:s 'baiës] n. paragjykime klasore● class book [kla:s buk] n. libër mësimi (shkolle)● classbook ['klas:buk] n. regjistër (i klasës)● class consciousness [kla:s 'kënshësnis] n. ndërgjegje klasore● class distinction [kla:s dis'tinkshën] n. dallim klasor● class-fellow ['kla:sfelou] n. shok klase● class list [kla:s list] n. listë emërore e nxënësve të një klase● classmate ['kla:smeit] n. shok klase● class president [kla:s 'presidënt] n. amer. kujdestar klase● classroom ['kla:sru:m] n. klasë (shkolle)● class society [kla:s së'sajëti] n. shoqëri me klasa● class struggle [kla:s 'stragël] n. luftë klasash● classy ['klæsi] adj. zhrg. i klasit, i stilittë lartë● class teacher [kla:s 'ti:çë:] n. Br. mësues kryesor i klasës* * *klasë
См. также в других словарях:
Player Character Record Sheets — AC5 Module Cover Player Character Record Sheets a short accessory designed for the Pen Paper fantasy role playing game Dungeons Dragons. Contents 1 Publication history … Wikipedia
First Person Shooter (The X-Files) — Infobox Television episode Title = First Person Shooter Series = The X Files Caption = First Person Shooter promotional poster Season = 7 Episode = 13 Airdate = February 27, 2000. Production = 7x13 Writer = William Gibson, Tom Maddox Director =… … Wikipedia
first receiver — noun the first player to receive the ball, from a scrum half (or acting scrum half). This is often the fly half, but may be a different player if the fly half is unavailable, or a forward who will drive … Wiktionary
First Hand — 1) The leader to a trick 2) The first player in turn to call 3) The player to the left of the dealer … The official rules of card games glossary
First baseman — First base, or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner in order to score a run for that player s team. A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the… … Wikipedia
Player-manager — is a sports term used to described a manager of a team who is also registered to play for the team. In football (soccer), this situation usually arises when a manager leaves a team suddenly, and the chairman has to make a quick decision to… … Wikipedia
first base — n 1.) a) the first of the four places in a game of baseball that a player must touch before gaining a point b) the position of a defending player near this place ▪ He plays first base for the Red Sox. 2.) get to/reach first base AmE informal … Dictionary of contemporary English
First Internet Backgammon Server — (FIBS) is the earliest backgammon server on the internet, operating since July 19, 1992.cite web title = Original 1992 Usenet announcement url = http://groups.google.co.uk/group/rec.games.backgammon/browse… … Wikipedia
Player Games — is a stat used to estimate the number of games a player is responsible for. It was developed by Dean Oliver, the first full time statistical analyst in the NBA.Player Games=Team Games*((3*(Poss/Team Poss)+3*(Stops/Team Stops)+(Minutes Played/Team … Wikipedia
First-class cricket — refers to the class of cricket matches of three or more days scheduled duration, between two sides of eleven players and officially adjudged first class by virtue of the standard of the competing teams. Matches must allow for the teams to play… … Wikipedia
Player wins — is a stat used to estimate the number of games a player won for his team developed by Dean Oliver, the first full time statistical analyst in the NBA.The formula used to calculate player wins is Player Games * Player Winning… … Wikipedia
