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1 финансовая проблема
Banks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > финансовая проблема
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2 eliminación
f.1 elimination, removal, discard, disposal.2 put-out.3 elimination.* * *1 elimination* * *noun f.1) elimination2) removal* * *SF1) (=de posibilidades) elimination2) [de concursante, deportista] eliminationprotestó por su eliminación del concurso — she protested against her elimination from the competition
3) (=desaparición) [de mancha, obstáculo] removal; [de residuos] disposal4) [de incógnita] elimination5) (Fisiol) elimination* * *femenino elimination* * *= clearance, cutoff, deletion, elimination, erasure, removal, removing, suppression, withdrawal, disposal, disbandment, eradication, excision, axing, disbanding, overturning, clearing, wiping out.Ex. Most of the larger cities have set up wholesale slum clearance programmes and rehousing in council housing and high-rise flats.Ex. This is very important to remember in assessing the true significance of the potential of the LC catalog cutoff, to which Mr. Welsh refers.Ex. The query number Q0001 is needed for deletion at a later date.Ex. Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.Ex. This method has the advantage of simplicity and ease of erasure.Ex. Other references follow, with the progressive removal of terms.Ex. The activities assigned were the following: unpacking and drying wet books; cleaning and removing mould; and dry cleaning techniques for papers and books.Ex. The practice of modifying the citation order prescribed by chain procedure can be extended beyond the suppression of time and form concepts.Ex. This situation has been severely aggravated by the sudden withdrawal of nearly a decade of federal largesse toward education and education-related activities.Ex. The current agricultural research programme includes scientific and technical research to improve land use and effluent disposal.Ex. The methods employed and labour costs associated with the disbandment are detailed.Ex. The background papers on education prepared for the conference did not include the role of libraries in the eradication of illiterary.Ex. In the light of unpopular decisions about the financing of local government, public libraries have been prime candidates for excision.Ex. This article reports briefly on the axing of the Wilson Library Bulletin.Ex. Disbanding of serials departments may result from the integration into automated systems of serials processing.Ex. This fight has caused the overturning of the tradition ofprivate ownership of presidential records.Ex. This clearing of the terminological undergrowth is only half the battle.Ex. He promoted a program of racial persecution and racism involving the wiping out of the Jews.----* eliminación de ambigüedades = disambiguation.* eliminación de basura = waste disposal.* eliminación de la cafeina = decaffeination.* eliminación del intermediario = disintermediation.* eliminación de los duplicados = deduplication.* eliminación del sarro = descaling.* eliminación de registros duplicados = duplicate elimination.* eliminación de virus = virus elimination.* * *femenino elimination* * *= clearance, cutoff, deletion, elimination, erasure, removal, removing, suppression, withdrawal, disposal, disbandment, eradication, excision, axing, disbanding, overturning, clearing, wiping out.Ex: Most of the larger cities have set up wholesale slum clearance programmes and rehousing in council housing and high-rise flats.
Ex: This is very important to remember in assessing the true significance of the potential of the LC catalog cutoff, to which Mr. Welsh refers.Ex: The query number Q0001 is needed for deletion at a later date.Ex: Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.Ex: This method has the advantage of simplicity and ease of erasure.Ex: Other references follow, with the progressive removal of terms.Ex: The activities assigned were the following: unpacking and drying wet books; cleaning and removing mould; and dry cleaning techniques for papers and books.Ex: The practice of modifying the citation order prescribed by chain procedure can be extended beyond the suppression of time and form concepts.Ex: This situation has been severely aggravated by the sudden withdrawal of nearly a decade of federal largesse toward education and education-related activities.Ex: The current agricultural research programme includes scientific and technical research to improve land use and effluent disposal.Ex: The methods employed and labour costs associated with the disbandment are detailed.Ex: The background papers on education prepared for the conference did not include the role of libraries in the eradication of illiterary.Ex: In the light of unpopular decisions about the financing of local government, public libraries have been prime candidates for excision.Ex: This article reports briefly on the axing of the Wilson Library Bulletin.Ex: Disbanding of serials departments may result from the integration into automated systems of serials processing.Ex: This fight has caused the overturning of the tradition ofprivate ownership of presidential records.Ex: This clearing of the terminological undergrowth is only half the battle.Ex: He promoted a program of racial persecution and racism involving the wiping out of the Jews.* eliminación de ambigüedades = disambiguation.* eliminación de basura = waste disposal.* eliminación de la cafeina = decaffeination.* eliminación del intermediario = disintermediation.* eliminación de los duplicados = deduplication.* eliminación del sarro = descaling.* eliminación de registros duplicados = duplicate elimination.* eliminación de virus = virus elimination.* * *1 (de posibilidades) eliminationsolucionaron el problema por eliminación they solved the problem by (a) process of elimination2 (de una competición) elimination3 (de grasas, toxinas) elimination4 (de una incógnita) elimination5 (de residuos) disposalla eliminación de los residuos the disposal of the waste products* * *
eliminación sustantivo femenino
elimination;
( de residuos) disposal
eliminación sustantivo femenino elimination
' eliminación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
residuo
English:
disposal
- elimination
- removal
* * *eliminación nf1. [en juego, deporte, concurso] elimination2. [de contaminación, grasas, toxinas] elimination;[de residuos] disposal; [de fronteras, obstáculos] removal, elimination eliminación de residuos waste o garbage disposal Fighallar algo por eliminación to work sth out by a process of elimination* * *f1 elimination2 de desperdicios disposal3 INFOR deletion* * ** * *1. (en general) elimination2. (de una mancha) removal -
3 ungeklärt
I Adj.1. unsettled, (still) open; Problem: unsolved; aus noch ungeklärten Gründen for reasons as yet unexplained* * *outstanding; unsettled* * *ụn|ge|klärt ['ʊngəklɛːɐt]1. adj1) Abwasser etc untreated2) Frage, Verbrechen unsolved; Ursache unknown2. adv* * *un·ge·klärt[ˈʊngəklɛ:ɐ̯t]I. adj1. (nicht aufgeklärt) unsolved* * ** * *A. adj1. unsettled, (still) open; Problem: unsolved;aus noch ungeklärten Gründen for reasons as yet unexplained2.B. adv:die Abwässer fließen ungeklärt ins Meer untreated sewage is flowing into the sea* * ** * *adj.unsettled adj. -
4 Wiederaufbau
Wiederaufbau m WIWI rebuilding, reconstruction* * *m <Vw> rebuilding, reconstruction* * *Wiederaufbau
reconstruction, rehabilitation, recovery, (Gebäude) rebuilding;
• wirtschaftlicher Wiederaufbau industrial rehabilitation (reconstruction);
• Wiederaufbau eines Anwesens rebuilding of premises;
• Wiederaufbau eines Betriebes plant rehabilitation;
• Wiederaufbau eines Gewerbebetriebs reconstruction of works;
• Wiederaufbau in der Nachkriegszeit post-war rehabilitation;
• Wiederaufbau der Wirtschaft economic (industrial) reconstruction, industrial resurgence (rehabilitation);
• Wiederaufbauanleihe reconstruction (rehabilitation) loan;
• Wiederaufbauausschuss reorganization committee;
• Wiederaufbaubank Reconstruction Finance Corporation (US);
• Internationale Wiederaufbaubank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development;
• Wiederaufbaudarlehn reconstruction loan;
• Wiederaufbaufinanzierung reconstruction financing;
• Wiederaufbau- und Finanzierungsgesellschaft Reconstruction Finance Corporation (US);
• Wiederaufbaukosten (Grundbesitz) reproduction (replacement) cost of real estate;
• Wiederaufbaukredit reconstruction credit (loan);
• Wiederaufbaumaßnahmen recovery measures;
• Wiederaufbaumittel funds for reconstruction;
• Wiederaufbauphase period of reconstruction (recovery);
• Wiederaufbauplan scheme of reconstruction;
• wirtschaftlicher Wiederaufbauplan reorganization (reconstruction) plan;
• Wiederaufbaupolice reinstatement policy;
• wirtschaftliches Wiederaufbauproblem industrial rehabilitation problem;
• Wiederaufbauprogramm reconstruction program(me);
• Europäisches Wiederaufbauprogramm European Recovery Program(me). -
5 Zahlungsbilanz
Zahlungsbilanz f (ZB) WIWI balance of payments, BOP, external account* * ** * *Zahlungsbilanz
balance of payments;
• aktive Zahlungsbilanz favo(u)rable balance of payments, credit balance;
• globale Zahlungsbilanz overall balance of payment;
• negative (passive) Zahlungsbilanz adverse (debit, deficit) balance of payments;
• positive Zahlungsbilanz surplus balance of payment;
• unausgeglichene Zahlungsbilanz disequilibrium in the balance of payment;
• Zahlungsbilanzen im Gleichgewicht halten to keep international payments in balance;
• die Zahlungsbilanz ist passiv external payments are in deficit;
• Zahlungsbilanzaufwand balance-of-payments costs;
• Zahlungsbilanzausgleich balance-of-payments adjustment;
• Zahlungsbilanzbild balance-of-payments picture;
• Zahlungsbilanzdarlehen balance-of-payments loan;
• Zahlungsbilanzdefizit [balance of] payments deficit, external deficit;
• Zahlungsbilanzdisziplin payments balance discipline;
• Zahlungsbilanzentwicklung trend in the balance of payment;
• Zahlungsbilanzfinanzierung balance-of-payments financing;
• Zahlungsbilanzgleichgewicht equilibrium of the balance of payments;
• Zahlungsbilanzhilfe balance-of-payments aid;
• Zahlungsbilanzkosten balance-of-payments costs;
• Zahlungsbilanzkredit balance-of-payments credit;
• Zahlungsbilanzkrise balance-of-payments crisis;
• Zahlungsbilanzlücke balance-of-payments gap;
• Zahlungsbilanzproblem balance-of-payments problem (question);
• Zahlungsbilanzsaldo balance-of-payments current account;
• Zahlungsbilanzschwankungen swings in the balance of payments;
• seiner Zahlungsbilanzschwierigkeiten mit deflationistischen Maßnahmen Herr werden to deflate its way out of its balance of payments;
• entspannte Zahlungsbilanzsituation relaxed balance-of-payments situation;
• Zahlungsbilanztheorie balance-of-payments theory;
• Zahlungsbilanzüberschuss [balance-of-]payment surplus, surplus in the payment balance, external surplus;
• Zahlungsbilanzungleichgewicht disequilibrium in the balance of payments, balance-of-payment disequilibrium;
• Zahlungsbilanzverbesserung improvement in the balance of payments;
• Zahlungsbilanzverpflichtungen balance-of-payments burden;
• Zahlungsbilanzverschlechterung worsening of the balance of payments;
• Zahlungsbilanzvorteile balance-of-payments benefits. -
6 Lieferantenangebot
Lieferantenangebot
supplier’s offer, contractor proposal;
• Lieferantenanweisung supplier’s instruction;
• Lieferantenbereich supplier domain;
• Lieferantenbeziehungen supplier relations;
• Lieferantenbuchhalter accounts payable accountant (US);
• Lieferanteneingang tradesmen’s (delivery) entrance;
• Lieferantenfinanzierung supplier’s financing;
• Lieferantenhaftung liability of suppliers;
• Lieferantenkartei card-index of suppliers;
• Lieferantenkonto (Bilanz) suppliers’ account;
• Lieferantenkontoverwaltung supplier [account] management;
• Lieferantenkosten supplier’s costs;
• Lieferantenkredit credit granted by suppliers, supplier’s (trade, short-term) credit, advance to customers;
• Lieferantenliste list of suppliers;
• Lieferantennummer supplier number;
• Lieferantenpreis supplier’s price;
• Lieferantenproblem caterer’s problem;
• Lieferantenrechnung supplier’s invoice;
• ungeprüfte Lieferantenrechnungen unaudited invoices;
• Lieferantenrisiko manufacturer’s risk;
• Lieferantenschulden (Bilanz) trade creditors (debts), suppliers, trade account payables (US);
• beigetriebene Lieferantenschulden (Bilanz) trade debts recovered;
• Lieferantenskonti trade discounts;
• Lieferantentür tradesmen’s entrance;
• Lieferantenverbindlichkeiten suppliers, trade account payable, (Bilanz) trade creditors;
• Lieferantenverwaltung supplier management;
• Lieferantenwahl supplier choice;
• Lieferantenwechsel trade acceptance;
• Lieferantenzahlungen payments to suppliers. -
7 Spitzenangebot
Spitzenangebot
marginal supply;
• Spitzenanlage first-class investment;
• Spitzenaufsichtsrat top board;
• Spitzenausgleich surplus settlement, clearing transfer, (Börse) evening up;
• Spitzenbeamter top-ranking official (US);
• Spitzenbedarf peak [of the] demand, peak-period demand;
• vordringlicher Spitzenbedarf top-priority needs;
• winterlicher Spitzenbedarf winter peak in demand;
• Spitzenbelastung maximum (permissible) load, (el.) peak load;
• mit dem Problem der saisonalen Spitzenbelastung fertig werden to handle the seasonal peak problems;
• Spitzenbelastungszeit peak (rush) hours;
• außerhalb der Spitzenbelastungszeit off-peak;
• Spitzenberater top adviser;
• Spitzenbetrag residual amount, (Börse) fractional (uneven) amount, odd lot (US), (Kredit) balance;
• Spitzenbeträge erwerben to buy shares in odd lots (US);
• Spitzenbetrieb top plant;
• Spitzenbewertung erzielen to hit top ratings;
• Spitzenbranche leading branch;
• Spitzeneinkommen haben to be in the highest income brackets;
• Spitzenerzeugnisse choice articles (goods), high-quality products;
• Spitzenerzeugnis der Markenindustrie top-selling brand;
• Spitzenfinanzierung peak financing;
• Spitzenforschungsprojekt advanced research project;
• Spitzenforschungszentrum research centres of excellence;
• Spitzenfunktionär top-level official;
• Spitzenfunktionäre (Partei) establishment;
• gewerkschaftliche Spitzenfunktionäre key union leaders;
• Spitzengehalt top[-level] salary (pay), maximum salary, ceiling;
• Spitzengehalt beinhalten to command a very substantial salary;
• Spitzengespräche top-level talks;
• Spitzengewinn (Börse) top gain;
• Spitzengremium board of supervisors, top-team;
• Spitzenhilfskraft top aid;
• Spitzenindustrie leading industry;
• Spitzenjahr peak year, (Gewinn) vintage year of profits;
• Spitzenjournalist crack (top-notch) reporter;
• Spitzenkandidat top candidate, frontrunner, shoo-in (US);
• zahlenmäßig hinter dem Spitzenkandidaten liegen to stand a close second;
• Spitzenklasse top grade, top of ranks;
• Spitzenkonzern blue-chip concern;
• Spitzenkosten topmost cost;
• Spitzenkraft top[-level] executive (US), top talent (aide), blue-eyed (fair-haired) boy (sl.);
• Spitzenkraft für Wertpapieranlagen top analyst. -
8 plan
I.plan1 [plɑ̃]1. masculine nouna. [de maison, machine, dissertation] plan ; [de ville, région] mapb. ( = surface) planec. (Cinema, photography) shotd. ( = niveau) level• au plan national/international at the national/international levele. ( = projet) plan• plan de relance or de redressement de l'économie economic recovery plan• laisser en plan (inf) [+ personne] to leave in the lurch ; [+ affaires, projet, travail] to abandon• c'est un super plan ! it's a great idea!2. compounds► plan d'eau ( = lac) lakeII.plan2, e [plɑ̃, plan]adjectivea. ( = plat) flat* * *
1.
plane plɑ̃, plan adjectif1) gén flat, even2) Mathématique, Physique plane
2.
nom masculin1) ( carte) (de ville, métro) map; ( dans un bâtiment) plan, map2) Architecture, Construction, Bâtiment plan3) ( de machine) ( schéma directeur) blueprint; ( après construction) plan4) Mathématique, Physique plane5) ( de dissertation) plansecond plan — middle-distance; gros
7) ( niveau) levelêtre relégué au second plan — [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background
de (tout) premier plan — [personnalité] leading (épith); [œuvre] key, major
8) ( projet) plan, programme [BrE]j'ai un bon plan (colloq) pour voyager pas cher — I know a good way of travelling [BrE] cheaply
c'est (pas) le bon plan — (colloq) it's (not) a good idea
•Phrasal Verbs:••laisser quelqu'un en plan — (colloq) to leave somebody in the lurch, to leave somebody high and dry
laisser quelque chose en plan — (colloq) to leave something unfinished
* * *plɑ̃, plan plan, -e1. adj(surface) flat2. nm1) (= carte) map2) (d'architecte) plan3) (= schéma directeur) plan4) (= projet personnel) plan5) * (= idée) idea6) (= point de vue)Sur le plan de l'équipement, cela laisse encore beaucoup à désirer. — As far as equipment is concerned, it still leaves a lot to be desired.
sur le plan sexuel — sexually, as far as sex is concerned
7) MATHÉMATIQUE plane8) CINÉMA shot9)* * *A adj1 gén [surface] flat, even;B nm1 ( carte) (de région, ville, métro) map; (dans bâtiment, domaine, paquebot) plan, map; je te fais un plan pour que tu ne te perdes pas I'll draw you a map so you won't get lost;2 Archit, Constr plan; tirer des plans to draw up plans; c'est lui qui a fait les plans de sa maison he drew up the plans for his house himself; acheter/vendre une maison sur plan to buy/sell a house on architect's plans;3 Ind, Tech (de machine, d'appareil) ( schéma directeur) blueprint; ( après construction) plan; les plans du nouvel avion de chasse the blueprint for the new fighter plane;5 ( canevas) outline, framework, plan; fais un plan au lieu de rédiger directement draw up a plan before you start writing; plan détaillé detailed plan;6 Cin, Phot ( image) shot; montage plan par plan shot-to-shot editing; premier plan foreground; second plan middle-distance; au premier plan in the foreground; au second plan in the middle distance; ⇒ gros;7 ( niveau) level; mettre deux personnes sur le même plan fig to put two people at the same level; cette question vient au premier plan de sa campagne électorale this issue is at the forefront of his electoral campaign; ce dossier est au premier plan de l'actualité this issue is front- page news ou is at the forefront of the news; être relégué au second plan [personne, problème] to be relegated to the background, to take a back seat; de (tout) premier plan [personnalité] leading ( épith); [œuvre] key, major; de second plan second-rate; sur le plan politique/économique/personnel from a political/an economic/a personal point of view, in political/economic/personal terms; sur le plan de l'efficacité from the point of view of efficiency, in terms of efficiency; au plan régional/national at regional/national level;8 ( projet) plan, programmeGB; un plan pour l'emploi a plan for employment, an employment programmeGB; un plan anti-inflation an anti-inflation plan ou programmeGB; le gouvernement a présenté son plan de relance économique the government has presented its plan to boost the economy; j'ai un plan, voilà ce qu'on va faire I have a plan, here's what we'll do; j'ai un bon plan○ pour voyager pas cher/entrer gratuitement I know a good way of travellingGB cheaply/getting in free; on se fait un plan restaurant○? shall we go out for a meal?; ⇒ comète.plan d'action plan of action; plan américain Cin thigh shot; plan d'amortissement repayment schedule ou plan; plan de campagne plan of campaign; plan de carrière career plan; plan comptable code of legal requirements in accounting practice; plan directeur Mil battle map; Écon master plan; plan d'eau man-made lake; plan d'ensemble Cin long shot; plan d'épargne savings plan; plan épargne entreprise, PEE company savings plan; plan d'épargne logement, PEL savings scheme entitling depositor to cheap mortgage; plan d'épargne retraite top-up pension scheme; plan de faille fault plane; plan fixe Cin static shot; plan incliné inclined plane; en plan incliné sloping; plan de masse overall building plan; plan de métro map of the underground GB ou subway US; plan moyen Cin medium close-up; plan d'occupation des sols, POS land use plan; plan quinquennal five-year plan; plan rapproché Cin waist shot; plan social Écon, Entr planned redundancy scheme GB, scheduled lay-off program US; plan de travail ( pour projet) working schedule; ( surface) worktop; plan d'urbanisme urban planning policy; plan de vol flight plan.laisser qn en plan○ to leave sb in the lurch, to leave sb high and dry; laisser qch en plan○ to leave sth unfinished; il a tout laissé en plan pour la rejoindre à Rome he dropped everything to go and join her in Rome; rester en plan○ [personne] to be left stranded ou high and dry; [projets] to be left unfinished.I( féminin plane) [plɑ̃, plan] adjectif1. [miroir] plane[surface] flatII[plɑ̃] nom masculinA.1. [surface plane] plane2. CONSTRUCTION [surface] surfaceplan de travail [d'une cuisine] worktop, working surfacegros plan, plan serré close-upplan général/moyen/rapproché long/medium/close shotplan horizontal/incliné/médian/tangent level/inclined/median/tangent planeB.je veux un plan détaillé de votre thèse I want a detailed outline ou a synopsis of your thesisplan de licenciement, plan social planned redundancy schemeC.plan d'une machine/voiture blueprint of a machine/car————————de second plan locution adjectivale[question] of secondary importance[artiste, personnalité] second-rate————————en plan locution adverbiale————————sur le plan de locution prépositionnelle————————plan d'eau nom masculin[naturel] stretch of water[artificiel] reservoir[ornemental] (ornamental) lake————————premier plan nom masculin1. CINÉMA foreground2. (figuré)de (tout) premier plan [personnage] leading, prominentjouer un rôle de tout premier plan dans to play a leading ou major part inPlan VIGIPIRATE is a series of measures to fight against terrorist attacks. There are two levels: simple and renforcé. Vigipirate includes monitoring public buildings, public transportation system. Other measures such as no parking near school buildings can also be applied. -
9 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, Englandd. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England[br]English civil and mechanical engineer.[br]The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
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