-
41 agency
агентство; управление; учреждение; орган; организационная единица; средствоArmament agency, DA — Бр. главное управление вооружений СВ
Armed Forces [Services] Technical Information agency — управление военно-технической информации ВС
Army Logistics Doctrine, Systems and Readiness agency — управление разработки принципов деятельности, наставлений и руководств службы тыла СВ
cue target acquisition agencies (on) — ориентировать органы разведки целей (на определенные объекты)
Defense Communications agency, Europe — Европейский отдел управления связи МО
Intelligence Research agency, State Department — управление анализа разведывательной информации госдепартамента
Nuclear Munitions agency, JCS — управление ядерных боеприпасов КНШ
Organization-Mobilization (AG) agency, DA — Бр. главное организационно-мобилизационное управление СВ
Studies, Analysis and Gaming agency — управление специальных исследований, анализа и проигрыша различных вариантов войны (КНШ)
Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Night Observation Systems agency — НИЦ систем наблюдения, обнаружения целей и ночного видения
— C agency -
42 committee
committee on Government Operations (US House of Representatives) — комиссия по деятельности правительственных органов (палаты представителей конгресса США)
Counter Insurgency committee (of the White House) — комитет (Белого дома) по борьбе с национально-освободительным и повстанческим движениями
Deputy Secretaries committee, NSC — комитет заместителей министров при СНБ
Foreign Intelligence committee, NSC — комитет по внешней разведке СНБ
Intelligence committee, NSC — разведывательный комитет СНБ
Military Liaison committee, Department of Energy — комитет министерства энергетики по связям с ВС
NATO Command, Control and Information Systems and Automatic Data Processing committee — комитет НАТО по АСУ и системам автоматической обработки данных
Policy Review committee, NSC — комитет по оценке политики при СНБ (возглавляется директором ЦРУ)
Special Coordination committee, NSC — специальный координационный комитет СНБ
— ordnance technical committee -
43 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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44 test
1) испытание
2) испытательный
3) испытывать
4) опробование
5) проба
6) пробовать
7) тест
8) <engin.> опыт
9) пробный
10) проверять
11) критерий
12) признак
13) проверка
14) испытующий
15) эксперимент
16) тестовый
17) замер
18) проверочный
19) обнаружение
20) определение
21) исследовать
22) выверять
23) контрольный
– abbreviated test
– ability test
– abrasion test
– accelerated test
– acceptance test
– acid test
– ageing test
– arbitration test
– articulation test
– bench test
– bend test
– bend-over test
– bending test
– bending-unbending test
– best test
– biological test
– blank test
– blow-pipe test
– boiling test
– bond test
– breakdown test
– breaking test
– buckling test
– burning test
– busy test
– calibration test
– capillary test
– carry out a test
– centrifuge test
– chi-square test
– cohesion test
– cold test
– cold-pressing test
– collapsibility test
– color test
– coloring test
– combustibility test
– comparison test
– comprehensive test
– compression test
– consumption test
– continuity test
– corrosion test
– cracking test
– creep test
– critical test
– crushing test
– cupel test
– cupping test
– decantation test
– desctructive test
– destruction test
– destructive test
– development test
– do test
– drop test
– duplicate test
– durability test
– eddy-current test
– efficiency test
– elasticity test
– endurance test
– equal-tails test
– Erichsen test
– etch test
– evaporation test
– expansion test
– extraction test
– failure-rate test
– fat test
– fatigue test
– field test
– flammability test
– flange test
– flanging test
– flare test
– flash-point test
– flattening test
– flexure test
– flight test
– floating test
– flow test
– fluidity test
– flutter test
– fracing test
– fracture test
– free-bend test
– free-fall test
– free-flight test
– freezing test
– friability test
– friction test
– fuel-consumption test
– full-scale test
– fusion test
– game test
– goodness-of-fit test
– grindability test
– ground test
– hardenability test
– hardness test
– heat test
– hot twist test
– hot upset test
– humidity test
– hydrostatic test
– icing test
– immersion test
– impact test
– impulse test
– impulse-withstand test
– intelligence test
– jet test
– jumping-up test
– laboratory test
– leakage test
– life test
– liquid-penetrant test
– load test
– long-run test
– longevity test
– macrosolubility test
– magnetic-particle test
– material test
– medial test
– melting test
– microharness test
– microsolubility test
– model test
– no-load test
– non-destructive test
– notch-bar test
– oil dilution test
– oscillation test
– overload test
– overspeed test
– oxidation test
– paint rub test
– panel-spalling test
– pass a test
– pass the test
– peel test
– perfomance test
– performance test
– pickle test
– preliminary test
– pressure test
– primary test
– pull test
– quench test
– quick test
– random test
– referee test
– regression test
– relaxation test
– reliability test
– remolding test
– reverse-bend test
– ringing test
– road test
– root test
– routine test
– run test cut
– salt-mist test
– scratch-hardness test
– screen test
– sedimentation test
– shatter test
– shearing test
– short-term test
– shrinkage test
– sign test
– significance test
– single-end test
– site test
– skein test
– slaking test
– solubility test
– spark test
– splitting test
– spoon test
– spray test
– stopping test
– strength test
– stress test
– stress-rupture test
– subjective test
– survival test
– tackiness test
– tear test
– tensile test
– test baking
– test bank
– test borehole
– test card
– test case
– test certificate
– test chart
– test condition
– test connector
– test current
– test desk
– test device
– test diagram
– test electrolyte
– test equipment
– test facility
– test flight
– test for
– test for convergence
– test for defects
– test for end
– test for leak-proofness
– test for minimum
– test function
– test hypothesis
– test input
– test jack
– test key
– test lead
– test load
– test metal
– test mine
– test mock-up
– test model
– test needle
– test of convergence
– test of homogeneity
– test of hypothesis
– test of location
– test of normality
– test of whether
– test oscillator
– test paper
– test particle
– test pattern
– test piece
– test pilot
– test pole
– test pressure
– test pulse
– test reaction
– test relay
– test report
– test rig
– test rod
– test run
– test set
– test set-up
– test shot
– test specimen
– test stand
– test station
– test technique
– test terminal
– test to failure
– test tree
– test unit
– test voltage
– test weld
– thermal test
– torsion test
– total-lot test
– toughness test
– towing test
– type test
– ultraviolet test
– unbiased test
– upsetting test
– vacuum test
– vibration-survival test
– voltage test
– Votchal-Tiffeneau test
– warranty test
– wear test
– weld test
– weldability test
Abel test for convergence — <math.> признак сходимости Абеля
distribution-free test of fit — непараметрический критерий согласия
international test conference — международная конференция по методам и средствам испытаний
most powerful test — <math.> критерий наиболее мощный
notched test bar — <metal.> образец надрезанный
pulse-reflection ultrasonic test — ультразвуковая дефектоскопия эхом
standard test solution — <energ.> раствор модельный
test compression factor — <comput.> коэффициент сжатия тестов
test for uniform convergence — признак равномерной сходимости
test statistical hypothesis — проверять статистическую гипотезу
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45 testing
испытание; испытания; проверка; контроль (см. тж test); тестирование- accelerated testing
- assembly testing
- at-speed testing
- autoranging testing
- beta testing
- bit testing
- black-box testing
- bottom-up testing
- branch testing
- built-in testing
- bulk testing
- burn-in testing
- chip-in-place testing
- clock-rate testing
- cluster testing
- code-based testing
- coincident current testing
- compact testing
- comparison testing
- complete testing
- compliance testing
- computerized testing
- conformance testing
- continuity testing
- core testing
- cross-validation testing
- demonstration testing
- design testing
- development testing
- disruptive testing
- edge-connector testing
- edge-pin testing
- electron-beam testing
- execution testing
- exhaustive pattern testing
- exhaustive testing
- ex-situ testing
- factory testing
- fault isolation testing
- feature testing
- FFT digital testing
- field testing
- file testing
- final testing
- finished testing
- free-race testing
- glass-box testing
- go/no-go testing
- hard testing
- hazardous testing
- in-circuit testing
- in-situ testing
- laissez-faire testing
- manufacturing testing
- margin testing
- module testing
- multipin testing
- nails testing
- near exhaustive testing
- noncoincident current testing
- nondisruptive testing
- normative testing
- on-chip testing
- operation testing
- parallel testing
- parametric testing
- path testing
- performance testing
- plane testing
- prescreening testing
- prescreen testing
- presence testing
- probe testing
- product testing
- production testing
- program testing
- pseudo-exhaustive testing
- random testing
- real-time testing
- redundancy testing
- regression testing
- release testing
- reliability testing
- retrofit testing
- saturation testing
- signature testing
- site testing
- soft testing
- start-small testing
- stimulus/response testing
- stored-response testing
- stress testing
- string testing
- stuck-fault testing
- syndrome testing
- testing normal cases
- testing the exceptions
- testing the extremes
- thread testing
- through-the-pins testing
- top-down testing
- transition count testing
- trial-and-error testing
- unit testing
- white box testingEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > testing
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46 assistant
Assistant for Automation, Joint Staff — помощник начальника объединенного штаба по АСУ
Assistant for Comptroller, Defense Nuclear Agency, Authorizations (House) — помощник по вопросам деятельности контрольно-финансовой службы, управления ЯО МО, решения дел в Палате представителей Конгресса
Assistant for Defense Legislation, Intelligence, Telecommunications — помощник по вопросам законодательства, разведки и связи МО
Assistant for Installations, Defense Logistics Agency — помощник по вопросам объектов управления тыла МО
Assistant for International Security Affairs, NATO, Defense Policy — помощник по вопросам международной безопасности, НАТО и военной политики (МО)
Assistant for JCS, Authorization, (Senate) — помощник председателя КНШ по вопросам решения дел в сенате конгресса
Assistant for Program Analysis and Evaluation, Budget, Public Affairs, Energy, Environment — помощник по вопросам анализа и оценки программ, бюджета, связей с общественностью, энергетики и окружающей среды (МО)
Assistant for Telecommunications, C2 — помощник по вопросам средств связи и оперативного управления (ВВС)
Assistant to the Chairman, JCS — помощник председателя КНШ;
Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, Review and Oversight — помощник МО по вопросам анализа и контроля
Command Administration/Assistant, NG — помощник командира подразделения [части] НГ по административным вопросам
deputy assistant to the Secretary of Defense, assessment — заместитель ПМО по вопросам оценки программ
deputy assistant to the Secretary of Defense, long range resource planning — заместитель помощника МО по перспективному планированию ресурсов
deputy assistant to the Secretary of Defense, military applications — заместитель помощника МО по вопросам военного предназначения программ
Special assistant to the Assistant to the Secretary for Defense Research and Engineering, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Appropriations — специальный помощник ПМО по вопросам НИОКР, деятельности управления перспективного планирования и бюджетных ассигнований МО
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