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21 Lippman, Gabriel
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 16 August 1845 Hallerick, Luxembourgd. 14 July 1921 at sea, in the North Atlantic[br]French physicist who developed interference colour photography.[br]Born of French parents, Lippman's work began with a distinguished career in classics, philosophy, mathematics and physics at the Ecole Normale in Luxembourg. After further studies in physics at Heidelberg University, he returned to France and the Sorbonne, where he was in 1886 appointed Director of Physics. He was a leading pioneer in France of research into electricity, optics, heat and other branches of physics.In 1886 he conceived the idea of recording the existence of standing waves in light when it is reflected back on itself, by photographing the colours so produced. This required the production of a photographic emulsion that was effectively grainless: the individual silver halide crystals had to be smaller than the shortest wavelength of light to be recorded. Lippman succeeded in this and in 1891 demonstrated his process. A glass plate was coated with a grainless emulsion and held in a special plate-holder, glass towards the lens. The back of the holder was filled with mercury, which provided a perfect reflector when in contact with the emulsion. The standing waves produced during the exposure formed laminae in the emulsion, with the number of laminae being determined by the wavelength of the incoming light at each point on the image. When the processed plate was viewed under the correct lighting conditions, a theoretically exact reproduction of the colours of the original subject could be seen. However, the Lippman process remained a beautiful scientific demonstration only, since the ultra-fine-grain emulsion was very slow, requiring exposure times of over 10,000 times that of conventional negative material. Any method of increasing the speed of the emulsion also increased the grain size and destroyed the conditions required for the process to work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Photographic Society Progress Medal 1897. Nobel Prize (for his work in interference colour photography) 1908.Further ReadingJ.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston.Brian Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London. Gert Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.BC -
22 aperture
1) апертура, отверстие2) диафрагма (тонкая перегородка с отверстием)4) апертура, раствор, расходимость ( оптического пучка)5) кфт. кадровое окно6) (световой) вырез ( обтюратора)8) кфт. апертурная диафрагма•-
Academy aperture
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accelerating aperture
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angular aperture
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annular aperture
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aperture of bridge
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beam aperture
-
blocked aperture
-
camera aperture
-
cartridge aperture
-
clear aperture
-
collective aperture
-
collimating aperture
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continuous aperture
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coupling aperture
-
die aperture
-
diffracting aperture
-
door aperture
-
effective aperture
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entrance aperture
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exposure aperture
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fiber numerical aperture
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filled aperture
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film aperture
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film exit aperture
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focal aperture
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focused aperture
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gate aperture
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half-wave length aperture
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illuminated aperture
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iris aperture
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lens aperture
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mechanical aperture
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numerical aperture
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objective aperture
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offset-fed aperture
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parabolic aperture
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photographic aperture
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picture aperture
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picture-taking aperture
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pinhole aperture
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quantizing aperture
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radiating aperture
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relative aperture
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sampling time aperture
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scanning aperture
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screen aperture
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shutter aperture
-
stopped-down aperture
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synthetic aperture
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television aperture
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triangular aperture
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unblocked aperture
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unfilled aperture
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waveguide aperture
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window aperture
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zoned aperture -
23 element
2) (гальванический) элемент, первичный источник тока•-
flip-flop pneumatic logic element
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off delay timer pneumatic logic element
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on delay timer pneumatic logic element
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acid-forming element
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acoustic element
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active element
-
actuating element
-
adaptive element
-
adding element
-
addition element
-
age-hardening element
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alkaline elements
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alkaline-earth elements
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alloying element
-
analog element
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analog memory element
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AND element
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annular fuel element
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array element
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austenite promoting element
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ball-type element
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bare fuel element
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bearing element
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bending element
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bidirectional filter element
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bimorph element
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binary element
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bistable element
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bonded fuel element
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boundary element
-
breeder fuel element
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breeder element
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C element
-
capacitance element
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capacitor element
-
center-tapped element
-
chemical element
-
circuit element
-
cleanable filter element
-
coarse filter element
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code element
-
commutation element
-
comparison element
-
compression element
-
computing element
-
conditioning element
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conducting element
-
conductive plastic element
-
contacting element
-
control element
-
coolant maintenance element
-
coupling element
-
crack tip element
-
crystal element
-
current-responsive element
-
daisywheel typing element
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damping element
-
data element
-
decision element
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delay element
-
detectable element
-
detecting element
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digital element
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discrete element
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display element
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dissipative element
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distorting element
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distributed-constant element
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distributed element
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drafting element
-
driven element
-
driving element
-
dummy element
-
dummy filter element
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dynamic element
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electric heating element
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electrical element
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electroluminescence element
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electronic element
-
element of length
-
element of matrix
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element of surface of revolution
-
enclosing program element
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end-fed element
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end-fire element
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engine wear elements
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equally spaced elements
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equivalence element
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errorprone element
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exclusive OR element
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executive element
-
expansion element
-
expendable filter element
-
factory-made element
-
fed element
-
feed element
-
felt element
-
ferrite promoting element
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fertile fuel element
-
filler element
-
film registration element
-
filter element
-
final control element
-
finite element
-
finned fuel element
-
flexural element
-
fluid element
-
friction element
-
fuel element
-
fuse element
-
glass-forming element
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golf-ball typing element
-
graphite-carbon cloth friction element
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hardening element
-
heat-absorbing element
-
heater element
-
heat-exchange element
-
heating element
-
heat-protection element
-
higher-order element
-
hollow fuel element
-
hook-up element
-
IC element
-
identity element
-
image element
-
impurity element
-
inclusive OR element
-
indicator element
-
inside-out flow filter element
-
instantaneous element
-
interacting jet element
-
interstitial element
-
isoparametric element
-
knitting elements
-
L element
-
lamp sealed element
-
lens element
-
light-sensitive element
-
lineal element
-
list element
-
logical element
-
logic element
-
long-exposure fuel element
-
loop-forming elements
-
lossless element
-
lossy element
-
low-boiling element
-
lumped-constant element
-
lumped element
-
M element
-
magnet filter element
-
magnetic element
-
magnox fuel element
-
majority decision element
-
majority element
-
master element
-
matrix element
-
measuring element
-
memory element
-
memory pneumatic logic element
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metal edge filter element
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metal screen filter element
-
modular filter element
-
motor element
-
movable genetic element
-
movable operating element
-
moving element
-
NAND element
-
negation element
-
nondimensioned element
-
nondissipative element
-
nonequivalent element
-
nonlinear element
-
nonradiating element
-
NOR element
-
NOT element
-
NOT-AND element
-
NOTOR element
-
omnidirectional element
-
optical logic element
-
OR element
-
outside-in flow filter element
-
paper element
-
parasitic element
-
passive element
-
Peltier element
-
photographic element
-
picture element
-
piezoelectric ceramic element
-
piezoelectric crystal element
-
piezoelectric load measuring element
-
plain filter element
-
pleated filter element
-
plug-in element
-
poison element
-
precast element
-
prefabricated element
-
prestressed element
-
primary air cleaner element
-
primary element
-
prismatic fuel element
-
processing element
-
program element
-
pump barret element
-
pump element
-
pure fluid element
-
radiating element
-
rare earth elements
-
rectifying element
-
reference element
-
reinforcing element
-
residual element
-
resistance element
-
resistive element
-
resistor element
-
resolution element
-
ribbon fuel element
-
rod-type fuel element
-
rubbing element
-
safety element
-
scanning element
-
scene element
-
screening filter element
-
sealing element
-
secondary air cleaner element
-
self-cleaning filter element
-
semiconductor element
-
sensing element
-
signal element
-
simplex element
-
single element
-
solar collector element
-
solid finite element
-
solute hardener element
-
springing element
-
stabilizing element
-
standard element
-
static element
-
stiffening element
-
storage element
-
strain-sensing element
-
structural element
-
switching element
-
synthetic fiber filter element
-
tape-guiding element
-
target element
-
tensile element
-
thermal element
-
thermally sensitive element
-
thermoelectric element
-
thermostatic element
-
thorium-base fuel element
-
threshold element
-
throwaway filter element
-
time element
-
timing element
-
torsional element
-
trace element
-
tracer elements
-
transfer elements
-
transitional element
-
tread element
-
trimming element
-
tubular electric heating element
-
tubular fuel element
-
tuning element
-
two stage filter element
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two-terminal element
-
typing element
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unbonded fuel element
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undriven element
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uranium-base fuel element
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water absorption filter element
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wound-wire filter element
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woven screen filter element -
24 opening
1) отверстие2) просвет; проём; проход; внутренний габарит3) метал. раствор ( валков); зазор ( между валками)4) устье ( горловины конвертора)5) раскрытие; открытие6) выработка8) разрыхление, рыхление10) эл. отключение, размыкание; разрыв; обрыв11) электрон. окно12) вскрытие ( окна в слое оксида)13) раскрыв; раствор14) кфт. кадровое окно; световое отверстие15) гидр. пролив•-
admission opening
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advanced opening
-
air opening
-
asbestos fiber opening
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bond opening
-
breaker opening
-
bridge opening
-
carcass opening
-
checker opening
-
circuit opening
-
clear door width opening
-
clear opening
-
contact opening
-
core drive opening
-
crack opening
-
daylight opening
-
delayed opening
-
development opening
-
die opening
-
discharge opening
-
diversion opening
-
door opening
-
drain opening
-
edger opening
-
end openings
-
exit opening
-
exposure opening
-
eye opening
-
faulted phase opening
-
film gate opening
-
finger opening
-
flare opening
-
fly opening
-
gate opening
-
gathering opening
-
hide opening
-
hinged opening
-
hook opening
-
hopper opening
-
inlet opening
-
inspection opening
-
intake opening
-
jaw opening
-
joint opening
-
lateral opening
-
leg opening
-
lens opening
-
main opening
-
mask opening
-
maximum opening
-
mesh opening
-
mine opening
-
navigational opening
-
nozzle opening
-
opening of groove
-
opening of helix
-
opening of mill
-
opening of river
-
opening of taphole
-
pocket opening
-
progressive opening
-
raise opening
-
roll opening
-
roof hatch opening
-
rotary table opening
-
runner opening
-
runner-vane opening
-
screen opening
-
seam opening
-
shutter opening
-
side-guide opening
-
spillway opening
-
sprue opening
-
switch opening
-
threaded opening
-
throat opening
-
tonnage opening
-
tunnel opening
-
underground opening
-
ventilation opening
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vertical opening
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via opening
-
water opening
-
water table opening
-
window opening
-
wrench opening -
25 double
1) двойник
2) двойной
3) двуследный
4) двухвенцовый
5) двухвороночный
6) двухзаходный
7) двухниточный
8) двухоборотный
9) двухпроводной
10) двухрядный
11) махровый
12) сдвоенный
13) суперфантомный
14) удаваивать
15) дву-
16) двойное количество
17) парный
18) дважды
19) удваивать
20) увеличить вдвое
21) двоякий
22) двукратный
23) дублер
24) двухразовый
25) двойственный
26) дублировать
27) сдублировать
28) сдваивать
– double antenna
– double arrow
– double bell-and-hopper
– double block
– double bridge
– double calorimeter
– double carburetion
– double covering
– double crystallization
– double current
– double cusp
– double cut
– double door
– double exposure
– double face
– double filtration
– double form
– double frame
– double furnace
– double furrow
– double gate
– double harrowing
– double helix
– double hook
– double image
– double injection
– double integral
– double layer
– double line
– double log frame
– double manipulator
– double modulation
– double pendulum
– double point
– double precision
– double preselection
– double prime
– double ratio
– double reflection
– double refraction
– double root
– double rule
– double sampling
– double shear
– double slit
– double spiral
– double tenon
– law of double negation
double convex lens — <opt.> линза двояковыпуклая
double flip-flop circuit — <comput.> схема двухперекидная
double rhombic antenna — < radio> антенна двойная ромбическая
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26 только
•The absorption of hydrogen atoms alone (or of only hydrogen atoms) is studied.
•No band can be assigned solely to any particular group of atoms.
•If a sample is irradiated with just one laser,...
•The electron's transitions are confined to just one of the ladders in the energy diagram.
•But nineteen other units employ some transistors.
•In plants absorbing carbon dioxide only the stripping problem is more acute.
•The magnitude of the shifts depends solely upon some property of the solvent.
•The ultimate resolution is determined exclusively by the objective lens.
•Such filters have not been used except in experimental manner.
II•Maximum viscosity was not reached until September 1.
•Cases are known in which beryliosis did not appear until 15 years following exposure.
•Several of the items listed cannot be adjusted except during manufacture.
•It was not until the early part of this century that the glass container became modernized.
•Only then did we find out that...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > только
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27 aperture
1) апертураа) диафрагма; отверстие3) окно, отверстие (напр. в ИС или печатной плате)4) щель; зазор; промежуток•- angular aperture
- annular aperture
- antenna aperture
- antenna array aperture
- antenna effective aperture
- antenna maximum effective aperture
- beam aperture
- blocked aperture
- camera aperture
- cartridge aperture
- chevron aperture
- circular aperture
- clear aperture
- collecting aperture
- collimating aperture
- cosine tapered aperture
- coupling aperture
- effective aperture
- element aperture
- exposure aperture
- focal aperture
- gate aperture
- hologram recording aperture
- illuminated aperture
- interpolating aperture
- iris aperture
- lens aperture
- numerical aperture
- objective aperture
- parabolic aperture
- pressure-equalizing aperture
- projected aperture
- radiating aperture
- rectangular aperture
- relative aperture
- scanning aperture
- slit-shaped aperture
- synthetic aperture
- television aperture
- triangular aperture
- unblocked aperture
- zoned aperture -
28 aperture
1) апертураа) диафрагма; отверстиеб) раскрыв (антенны); эффективная площадь (антенны)3) окно, отверстие (напр. в ИС il или il печатной плате)4) щель; зазор; промежуток•- angular aperture
- annular aperture
- antenna aperture
- antenna array aperture
- antenna effective aperture
- antenna maximum effective aperture
- beam aperture
- blocked aperture
- camera aperture
- cartridge aperture
- chevron aperture
- circular aperture
- clear aperture
- collecting aperture
- collimating aperture
- cosine tapered aperture
- coupling aperture
- effective aperture
- element aperture
- exposure aperture
- focal aperture
- gate aperture
- hologram recording aperture
- illuminated aperture
- interpolating aperture
- iris aperture
- lens aperture
- numerical aperture
- objective aperture
- parabolic aperture
- pressure-equalizing aperture
- projected aperture
- radiating aperture
- rectangular aperture
- relative aperture
- scanning aperture
- slit-shaped aperture
- synthetic aperture
- television aperture
- triangular aperture
- unblocked aperture
- zoned apertureThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > aperture
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29 scale
1) шкала2) масштабная линейка3) масштаб (отношение размера объекта к размеру его изображения) || устанавливать масштаб; определять масштаб- in scale- scale- scale up- em-scaleАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > scale
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30 system
1) система2) устройствоАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > system
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31 intermediate
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
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