explained

n. counsel of wisdom or a council (?); hverr mér hugaðr á hlið standi, annarr þegn við óðræði, what other man shall stand by my side, as a friend, in the council? i. e. where am I now to look for friendly help and comfort? Stor. 14; this we believe is the bearing of the passage, and not as explained in Lex. Poët. (= a row, tumult, fight, from óðr, adj.)

m. [Ivar Aasen rosmaal; Engl. wal-rus and A. S. bors-hwæl are prob. corrupt forms of the same word: it is not known how the former part of the compd is to be explained]:—a walrus, Jb. 310, K. Þ. K. 112, Bs. i. 641; and in local names, Rosmhvala-nes, in Icel., whence Rosm-hvelingar, m. pl. the men from R., Sturl. i. 224: rosm-hvalr and rostungr are synonymous, so that in the Jb. some MSS. have the one word, some the other.

n. pl. a dub. απ. λεγ.; rosmufjöll Rínar, Akv. 17; this word might, if explained, throw light on rosm- in the preceding word.

skopti, skopta, to float atop (like hair); skopta ek upp, I rose to the surface, emerged, Fbr., Fb. ii. 215 (in a verse); this certainly is the sense, and not as explained in Lex. Poët.

(að), v. to derange, disturb (hví sturlar þú hjarta sjálfs þíns?).

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u, f. (or perh. better Stúrla, later corrupt form Stulli, a, m., Skíða R. 99); [this word is probubly not related to the verb sturla, but is better explained as a diminutive noun (qs. stjuri-la) from stjórr (or stjûrr), meaning a stirk, young bull, cp. mey-la; the ancient Gothic abounded in such diminutive proper names]:—a pr. name, Sturl., Landn.; hence Sturlungar, the Sturlungs, a family famous in Icel. in the 12th and 13th centuries. Sturlunga-saga, see List of Authors.

a, m. a ‘summer-slider,’ a sailor, mariner; the Saxon Chron. s. a. 871 says there arrived a ‘mycil sumar-liða,’ i. e. a great fleet of Vikings, as has been explained by Prof. Munch. Sumarliði as a pr. name is freq. in Icel., Landn.: cp. vetrliði.

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(gen. tár, pl. tær), f. toe; táin in mesta, the big toe.

n. path, walk (poet.).

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f., gen. tár, pl. tær, gen. tá, dat. tám; [A. S. tâ; Engl. toe; Germ. zehe; Swed. tå; cp. Lat. digitus; Gr. δάκτυλος]:— a toe; táin in mesta var miklu meiri á Ólafi enn á öðrum mönnum, Sd. 167; tána mestu, Nj. 245, Ó. H. 75; fimm tær, id.; tám eða hæl, Edda 42; horfa hælar í tá (gen. pl.) stað, en tær í hæls stað, N. G. L. i. 339, Bs. i. 423; standa á tá, to stand a-tiptoe: phrases, græða á tá og fingri, to make money with toe and finger, of one who grows quickly rich.

2. the tip of a ness; Skaga-tá: Örvandils-tá, a star, Rigel in Orion (?), Edda 59.

n. [Swed. taa = a bye-path, walk (= Icel. geil or tröð); Swed. tå also means a sheep-walk, in naut-tå, fä-tå, svin-tå, Rietz 770 b; the word also remains in Dan. for-tov = fore-path, pavement]:—a path, walk, as rightly explained by N.M.Petersen in his Nordisk Mythology; the word is only found in the phrase, standa á tái, to stand on the path, Skv. 2. 21; spruttu á tái tregnar iðir, … sprang up on the walk, Hðm. 1; gékk hón tregliga á tái sitja, she moodily sat down on the walk, Gh. 9: in prose only once, heimtusk nú á ta enir vitrostu menn, Mork. 17, (unless ‘ta’ be here but a misspelling for ta(l), see Fb. iii. 306 l. c.); uppi í hellunni sem liggr á táinu, D. N. vi. 339 (Fr.)

(gen. -ar; pl. -ir, acc. -u), m. a ten, decade, = tegr, tøgr, togr, tugr; tíu tigir manna, one hundred men; hálfan fjórða tøg skipa, thirty-five ships; sex ins fimta tigar, forty-six; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, thirty-nine years.

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tegr, also tögr, togr, tugr, m., gen. tigar, pl. tigir, acc. tigu (tögo, tugu), later tigi, Band. 36, Fb. iii. 578; [a Goth. tigus is suggested by the adj. -tigjus; A. S. tig, teg; O. H. G. zic, zuc; Germ. zebn; Dan. ty; Engl. ten.]

A. A ten, decade. The ancient Scandinavians and Teutons had no indeclinable numeral adjectives from twenty to a hundred; the word tigr (like hundrað and þúsund) being a regular substantive. The ancient way of counting is therefore complex and curious; e. g. forty-one was called ‘four tens and one’ or ‘one of the fifth decade;’ forty-eight was called ‘four tens and eight,’ or by counting back, ‘five tens short of two,’ cp. the Lat. un-de-viginti, duo-de-triginta: forty-five was called ‘half the fifth ten,’ and so on, as will best be seen from the references below; and so it goes on to ‘one hundred and twenty,’ for in Icel. a hundred means the duodecimal hundred. In the 14th century (in deeds) ‘tigr’ began to lose its character of a substantive, eg. þrjátigir, fimtigir …, or þrjátigi, fimtigi (used inclecl.), whence at last came the mod. þrjátíu, fjörutíu, fimtíu …, the tíu being a contracted form from the acc. pl. tigu. At the same time hundrað and þúsund became indecl. adjectives, e. g. þrjátiu, brjúhundruð, þrjuþúsund skipum, for the old þrem tiguin hundruðum, þúsundum skipa.

B. REFERENCES: þessi vetr fylidi annan tög aldrs Magnúss konungs, this winter completed the second ten, i. e. the twentieth year, of king Magnus’ life, Fms. vi. 90; þat skipti tögum, it amounted to tens, several tens, ii. 32; þrjá tigu manna, three tens of men, Eg. 41; á þrem tigum daga, on three tens of days, 656 A. ii. 14; þrír tigir hundraða, Dipl. v. 2; níu tigu manna, Eg. 62; þrettán tigi aura, Band. 36; nær fjórum tigum faðma töðu, well-nigh four tens of fathoms, i. e. forty, Dipl. v. 18; fjóra togo dægra, 655 iii. 3; sex togo hundraða, D.I. i. 350; sex tigir manna, Grág. ii. 194; sex tigir þúsunda manna, Post.; sex tigu hundraða, six tens of hundreds, i. e. sixty hundred, i. e. six thousand, Orkn. 416 old Ed.; tíu tigir manna, ten tens of men, i. e. one hundred, Nj. 191; tíu tigo fjár, K. Þ. K. 140; tíu tigum ásauðar, a hundred sheep, Dipl. v. 19; tíu tegu bæja, Fms. viii. 203: ellifu tigir vætta skreiðar, eleven tens, i. e. one hundred and ten, 655 iii. 4; even, þrettán tigi aura, thirteen tens, i. e. one hundred and thirty, Band. 36; fimtán tigum sinna, fifteen tens, i. e. one hundred and fifty, Dipl. ii. 14: repeating, fjóra tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, four tens of winters and four winters, i. e. forty-four years, ÓH. (pref.); með tveim skipum ok átta togum skipa, Fms. x. 394; sex tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, Ó. H. (pref.); þrjá tigi ára ok sex ár, three tens of years and six years, Bs. i. 30; eitt skip ok sjau tigu skipa, i. e. seventy-one, Fms. x. 344; hálfan fjórða tög vetra, half the fourth decade, i. e. thirty-five, vi. 430; hálfan fjórða tög skipa, i. 76; hálfr fimti tugr kúgilda, half the fifth decade, i. e. forty-five, Dipl. v. 18; hálfr þriði tögr manna, Ísl. ii. 387, Ld. 292; hálfr átti tögr kirkna, seventy-five, Clem.; á einu ári ins fimmta tigar konungdóms Hákonar, on the first year of the fifth ten, i. e. forty-first, Sturl. iii. 308; hann hafði vetr ens sétta tigar, one winter of the sixth ten, i. e. fifty-one, Fms. ix. 534; á öðru ári ens fjórða tigar, i. 67; annann vetr ens fjórða tigar konungdóms hans, Fms. x. 33, Bs. i. 74; fjóra vetr ens tíunda tegar, Ó. H. (pref.); sex ens fjórða tigar, i. e. thirty-six, Thorodd; vikur tvær ens sétta tegar, i. e. fifty-two, Íb. 7; hann hafði sjau vetr ens sjaunda tigar, i. e. sixty-seven, Ld. 330; á enum sjaunda vetri ens sjaunda tugar aldrs síns, Eb. 125 new Ed.; á enum sétta vetri ens átta tugar aldrs síns, Sturl. ii. 187; Þorkell hafði átta vetr ens fimta tigar þá er hann druknaði, i. e. forty-eight, Ld. 326; átta dagar ens níunda tegar, i. e. eighty-two, 1812. 49; átta aurar ens fimta tigar, Grág. ii. 144; á níunda ári ens sjaunda tigar ens tíunda hundraðs, in the ninth year of the seventh ten of the tenth hundred (i. e. 969 A. D.), Fms. i. 67; þá var Egill á níunda tigi, then was Egil in the ninth ten ( between eighty and ninety years of age), Eg. 764; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, one year short of four tens, i. e. thirty-nine, Fms. x. 2, v. l.; lítið fátt í fimm tigi vetra, iii. 60; einu ári fátt í fimm tigi, i. e. forty-nine, … vetri einum fátt í níu tigi ára gamall, i. e. aged eighty-nine, Fb. iii. 578: curious is the phrase, af-tig gamall, = Lat. unde-viginti, aged ‘lacking twenty,’ i. e. nineteen years old, Fms. vii. 84 (in a verse); the context and chronology shew that this is the sense, and not as explained in Lex. Poët. s. v. afstigr: níu tigir ok tvau ár (elliptically dropping gen. ára), Dipl. v. 3; whence lastly as adj., þrítigir álnir (sic) lérepts, id.; fjöre-tiger manns, Bs. i. 867. As this method was somewhat unwieldy, the counting by twenty was also resorted to, cp. Gramm. xxi, sex merkr ok tuttugu; spænir þrír ok tuttugu, … sjautján merkr ok tuttugu, Bs. i. 874 (Laur. S.), or the word tigr was altogether discarded, and replaced by skor or sneis (Engl. score, Dan. snees). ☞ As in vellums the numbers are mostly represented by Roman figures, and abbreviations used, the editions cannot in these cases be implicitly relied on; the same is the case with old texts preserved in mod. paper transcripts.

(pl. -ir), f.

1) time;

langa (skamma) tíð, for a long (short) while;

also as masc. in phr., í þann (or þenna) tíð;

2) hour (á níundu tíð dags);

3) pl. divine service, prayers (syngja tíðir);

fylgja tíðum, fara (sœkja) til tíða, to attend divine service.

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f.; the curious phrase í þann tíð is prob. not to be explained as an old masc., but rather by þan = þá, ‘þan’ being an obsolete pron. form with a final n, cp. þansi on the Runic stones: [A. S. tîd; Engl. tide; Dan.-Swed. tid; Germ. zeit]:—tide, time; langa tíð, a long while, Íb. 12; skamma tíð, a short while; alla tíð, all times, ever; Ísland bygðisk í þann tíð es …, Jb. 4; í þann tíð árs, Anal. 291; í þann tið var úfriðr, Blas. 43, Hkr. ii. 211 (þenna tíð, Ó. H. l. c.), Grág. i. 500; þeirrar tíðar, then and there, Fms. vi. (in a verse); skamrar tiðar ríki, 656; nökkuri tíð, once upon a time, Fms. iv. 46; á þeim tíðum, Ver. 7; áðr á tíðum, in days of yore, Hallgr.

2. the season; hin bezta tíð mun koma yfir Egiptaland, Stj.; góðrar tíðar, in a happy hour, Fms, x. 432 (in a verse); sá er borinn var beztrar tíðar, id., vi. (in a verse); hæstrar tíðar, ix. (in a verse); íllrar tíðar, in an evil hour, Hallfred, Stor. 8 (allrar tíðar Cod.): freq. in mod. usage of the weather, season, það er góð tíð, bezta tíð til lands og sjóar; ó-tið, a bad season, bad time, bad weather; Páskar eru helgari enn aðrar tíðir, Anal. 291; at hann hafi haft þrjár tíðir á sínum dögum, Fms. x. 276; skal vanda tíð at eiðfæra úmaga … eigi skal færa um Langaföstu né löghelgar tíðir, Grág. i. 245; konur skal taka á tíðum ( in season) en eigi á útíðum (cp. Dan. i utide = out of season), N. G. L. i. 16; á helgum tíðum, on sacred days, 10: the phrase, á öllum árs tíðum.

3. an hour;á níundu tíð dags, Stj.; leið eigi helmingr einnar tíðar, áðr …, Fms. x. 347; þriðjung tíðar, hálfa fimtu tíð, Rb. 480, 524; á enni fyrstu tíð nætrinnar, 623. 32; sem leið at þriðju tíð nætr, Al. 168.

4. service-time, bora canonica in the eccl. law; miðs-morguns tíð, dagmála tíð, miðs dags tíð, eykðar tíð, aptan-söngs tíð, Hom. (St.): esp. in plur., syngja tíðir, Fb. ii. 295; flytja tíðir, Stat. 267; syngja yfir líki þær tíðir er til byrjar, N. G. L. i. 14; kaupa tíðir, 12; til kirkju þeirrar er hann kaupir tíðir at, 19; var þat lengi at hann mátti eigi syngja tíðirnar, Nj. 279; sækja tíðir, fylgja tíðum, etc., passim; Máríu-tíðir, Þorláks-tíðir, the service, chant to the Virgin Mary, St. Thorlac, Bs. i. 847.

5. gramm., Skálda 179, 185, Edda 124.

COMPDS: tíðabók, tíðafærr, tíðaför, tíðagata, tíðagörð, tíðahald, tíðakaup, tíðalauss, tíðamaðr, tíðaoffr, tíðarenta, tíðaskrá, tíðasókn, tíðasöngr, tíðaveizla.

(-s, -ar), m. wolf; ala e-m úlfa, to breed wolves for one, plan mischief (spyr ek þat frá, at Danir muni enn ala oss úlfa); fig. enemy.

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m., úlf-gi, Ls. 39; [Ulf. wulfs; A. S. and Hel. wulf; Engl.-Germ. wolf; North. E. Ulf-, in pr. names, Ulpha, Ulverston; Dan.-Swed. ulv; cp. Lat. lupus and vulpes; Gr. λύκος]:—a wolf, Grág. ii. 122; lýsa þar vígi, … kallask hvárki úlfr né björn nema svá heiti hann, N. G. L. i. 6l; úlfa þytr mér þótti íllr vera hjá söngvi svana, Edda (in a verse); úlfa hús, wolf-pits, Gþl. 457: freq. in poets, where ‘to feed the wolf,’ ‘cheer the wolf’ are standing phrases, see Lex. Poët.: a warrior is hence called úlf-brynnandi, -gæðandi, -grennir, -nestir, -seðjandi, -teitir, i. e. the refresher, cheerer, … gladdener of the wolf; úlf-vín, wolf’s wine, i. e. blood, Lex. Poët.

2. sayings, fæðisk úlfr í skógi, the wolf is born in the wood, Mkv.; etask af úlfs munni, and úlfar eta annars eyrindi, see eta (2. δ); eigi hygg ek okkr vera úlfa dæmi, at vér mynim sjálfir um sakask, Hðm. 30; fangs er ván at frekum úlfi, see fang (III. 4); auðþekktr er úlfr í röð; þar er mér úlfs ván er ek eyru sé’k, I know the wolf when I see the ears, Fm. 35, Finnb. 244; hafa úlf undir bægi, evidently from the fable of the wolf in sheep’s clothes; sem úlfr í sauða dyn, Sd. 164; ala e-m úlfa, to breed wolves to one, brood over evil; spyr ek þat frá, at Danir muni enn ala oss úlfa, Fms. viii. 303, Kormak; sýna úlfs ham, to appear to a person in a wolf’s skin, i. e. savagely; eigi heldr þykkisk eg honum eðr öðrum fátækum prestum þann úlfs ham sýnt hafa, at þeir megi eigi mér opinbera neyð sína, H. E. iii. 438 (in a letter of bishop Gudbrand); hafa úlfs hug við e-n, má vera at Guðrúnu þykki hann úlfs hug við okkr hafa, Fas. i. 211; skala úlf ala ungan lengi, Skv. 3. 12; annas barn er sem úlf at frjá, Mkv.; úlfr er í ungum syni, Sdm. 35: for legends of were-wolves cp. Völs. S. ch. 8.

3. úlfa þytr, howling; þær báðu honum ílls á móti, var inn mesti úlfa þytr ( wailing) til þeirra at heyra, Grett. 98; finnr Sigmundr menn ok lét úlfs röddu, Fas. i. 131; úlfum líkir þykkja allir þeir sem eiga hverfan hug, Sól. 31.

II. in poets, wolves are the ‘steeds’ on which witches ride through the air during the night, Edda. At nightfall wizards were supposed to change their shape, hence the nickname kveld-úlfr, evening wolf, of a were-wolf; in Icel. the fretful mood caused by sleepiness in the evening is called kveld-úlfr; thus the ditty, Kveldúlfr er kominn hér | kunnigr innan gátta | sólin líðr sýnisk mér | senn er mál að hátta, Icel. Almanack 1870; or, Kveldúlfr er kominn í kerlinguna mína, the evening wolf has entered my child, a lullaby, Sveinb. Egilsson’s Poems, cp. en dag hvern er at kveldi kom, þá görðisk hann styggr, svá at fáir menn máttu orðum við hann koma; hann var kveld-svæfr, þat var mál manna at hann væri mjök hamramr, hann var kallaðr Kveldúlfr, Eg. ch. 1. In the mythology there is the wolf Fenrir, Edda; whence Úlfs-bági, the ‘Wolf’s foe’ = Odin, Stor.; Úlfs-faðir, the Wolf’s father = Loki, Ls.: mock suns were imagined to be wolves persecuting the sun, Gm. 37; hence in popular Icel., úlfa-kreppa, u, f. ‘wolf-strait,’ when the sun is surrounded by four mock suns (sól í úlfa kreppu), Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 658.

III. freq. in pr. names, Úlfr, Úlfarr, Úlf-hamr, Úlf-héðinn, Úlf-ljótr, Úlf-kell; women, Úlf-hildr, Úlf-eiðr, Úlf-rún; esp. as the latter part in men’s names, being then sounded (and often spelt) -ólfr, Ás-ólfr, Auð-ólfr, Bót-ólfr, Brynj-ólfr, Björg-ólfr, Eyj-ólfr, Grím-ólfr, Ing-ólfr, Ís-ólfr, Herj-ólfr, Þór-ólfr, Þjóð-ólfr, Stein-ólfr, Rún-ólfr, Ljót-ólfr, Örn-ólfr, Móð-úlfr, etc.: contracted are, Snjólfr = Snæ-úlfr, Hrólfr = Hróð-úlfr, Sjólfr = Sæ-úlfr, Bjólfr = Bý-úlfr = A. S. Beowulf (Bee-wolf, i. e. honey-thief, a name of the bear, from popular tales, in which the bear, being fond of honey, is made to rob hives; the name has of late been thus explained by Mr. Sweet).

m. a helmet of terror; the word is explained under hjálmr (3), q. v.

(i. e. ør-), a prefixed particle, altered from us-; the s remains in usall = vesall, see p. 699, col. 2; also spelt er-, er-vita, Hkv.; or eyr-, eyr-grynni, Ó. H. 106; evr-lygi, Eg. (in a verse): [Ulf. us-; O. H. G. ur-; when uncompounded, see ór, mod. úr, p. 472; as a prefix to nouns, ör- or ör-, for which see p. 469, col. 2. Indeed, there is a strong probability that the negative prefix ó- is a contraction, not of un-, but of or-, so that ó-bættr is from or-bættr, ó-verðr from or-verðr, by agglutination of r, whereby the vowel becomes long (as the O. H. G. prefix ar- in A. S. appears â-): this would account for the fact, that in the very oldest and best vellums there is hardly a single instance of ú- for ó-, and this is the sole modern form not only all over Iceland, but also in most popular idioms of Norway and Sweden; a farther proof is that in many words or-, the ancient form, is preserved in a few vellums, especially of the Norse laws, in such rare forms as ör-sekr, ör-bætiligr, ör-vænt, and ó-vænt, where the current form is ó-sekr, etc.; so also, ör-keypis and ó-keypis, ör-grynni and ó-grynni, ör-hóf and ó-hóf. Therefore or-, not un-, is, we believe, the phonetical parent of the later Scandinavian negative prefix ó-. The extensive use of ör- and the utter absence of ú- or un- may be explained by the supposition that, for the sake of uniformity, all words beginning with ör- and un- gradually took the same form; for though in ancient days ör- was more extensively used than it is at present, it can hardly have been the sole form in all words now beginning with ó-]:—ör- is used as denoting a negative, as ör-grynni, a being bottomless; or lack or loss of, as ör-sekr, out of being sekr; ör-verðr.

2. special usages are, what is of yore, as in ör-lög (cp. Germ. ur-, as in ur-theil, Engl. or-deal), ör-nefni, ör-gelmir, ör-vasi.

3. in mod. usage ör- is prefixed to adjectives, = utterly, but only in instances denoting ‘smallness,’ or something negative, e. g. ör-grannr, ör-stuttr, ör-skammr, ör-grunnr, ör-mjör, ör-fátækr, ör-snauðr, ör-eyða, ör-taka, ör-reyta, qq. v.

1) easily explained (of a dream);

2) easy to manage (of a boat).