-
121 well
колодец; ниша; углубление; энергичный ( о действиях рычагами управления) -
122 близость
nearness
(расположения)
каждая деталь капота, подверженная влиянию высоких температур, благодаря близости расположения к выхлопной системе, должна быть жаропрочной. — each part of the cowling subject to high temperatures due to its nearness to exhaust system parts must be fireproof.
- земли (в полете, опасная) — ground proximity
- к земле (при снижении) — proximity to terrain
- к земле с убранными закрылками — proximity to terrain, flaps up
- к земле с убранными шасси — proximity to terrain, gear upРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > близость
-
123 вентилятор
fan
(лопаточный)
- (обдува гл. редуктора вертолета и радиаторов) — fan
- (турбовентиляторного двигателя) — fan
- внутреннего продува (напр. гироплатформы) — internal blower
-, всасывающий — suction fan
-, вытяжной — exhaust fan
- обдува (оборудования) — blower
- обдува (стекол) — demisting fan
- обдува радиоэтажерки — radio rack blower
- обдува шасси — landing gear blower
- продува (оборудования, грузовой кабины) — blowerРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > вентилятор
-
124 головка
head
- баллона — bottle head
- баллона огнетушителя — fire extinguisher control head
- баллона огнетушителя с пиропатроном (пирогоповка) — fire extinguisher squib control head
- баллона огнетушителя с электромагнитным клапаном — fire extinguisher solenoid control head
- болта — bolt head
- винта — screw head
-, воспроизводящая (магнита фона) — playback head
- главного шатуна, кривошипная (пд) (рис. 60) — master rod big end
- главного шатуна, поршневая (пд) — master rod small end
- жаровой трубы (камеры сгорания) — flame tube snout head
-, заводная (часов) — crown
- заклепки (рис. 156) — rivet head
- заклепки, высадная — snap rivet head
- заклепки, закладная — manufactured rivet head
- заклепки, замыкающая — snap rivet head
- записывающая (магнитофона) — (magnetic tape) recording head
- зуба шестерни — addendum (of gear tooth)
-, квадратная — square head
-, кольцевая (жаровой трубы) — annular snout head
-, магнитная (магнитофон) — magnetic tape head
dirt on the heads will impair sound quality of both recording and playback
- молотка — hammer head, hammer peon
молотки классифицируются по весу и форме головки (бойка) — the hammers are classified by the weight and type of the hammer
-, несущего винта — rotor head
-, пепенгаторная — star tracker
телескопический чувствительный элемент астропепенгатора для слежения за небесными светилами для определения курса самолета. — the star tracker is a telescopic sensing element of the astrotracker unit sighting сеlestial bodies of known position to determine direction.
- (винта) под крестообразную отвертку — cross-recessed head
-, полукруглая — round head
-, потайная — countersunk head
- прицепного шатуна, кривошинная (рис. 60) — articulated rod big end
- прицепного шатуна, поршневая (рис. 60) — articulated rod small end
- (винта) е крестообразным шпицем — cruciform recess head, crossrecessed head
-, стирающая (магнитофона) — (magnetic tape) erasing head
- топливной форсунки — fuel nozzle head
- торцевого ключа, сменная — socket (head)
- цилиндра (пд) — cylinder head
часть цилиндра, закрывающая его со стороны, наибопсе удаленной от оси коленчатого вала, и образующая вместе с днищем поршня при положении последнего в верхней мертвой точке камеру сгорания (камеру сжатия) (рис.6). — the portion of a cylinder barrel which covers the end of а cylinder. the cylinder heads usually contain the intake and exhaust valves, valve seats, spark plugs, etc.
-, цилиндрическая (винта) — fillister head
-, шестигранная — hexagon head
- шплинта — cotter pin head
- (наконечник) эпектропаяльинка — soldering iron tipРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > головка
-
125 ограничения
limitations
(раздел 2, рлэ)
данный раздел должен содержать ограничения no весам, летным характернстикам, нагрузке на пол кабин, центровке, силовой установке, скорости полета. — this section should contain the following limitations: weights, performance limitations, floor loading. center of gravity, powerplant, airspeed and mach number, miscellaneous.
- взлетного веса по градиенту набора высота — takeoff weight permitted by climb gradient limitations
- взлетного веса по достаточноcти располагаемых длин прерванного и продолженного взлета, и длины разбега и прерванного взлета — takeoff weight permitted by takeoff field length limitations
-, временные — temporary limitations
-, дополнительные (параграф раздела 2, рлэ) — additional limitations
например, ограничения, связанные с регулированием наддува кабин или обогрева лобовых стекол, а также ограничения по маневрированию ла на земле, обеспечивающие безопасность эксплуатации. — limitations which may be associated with such matters as control of cabin pressurization or windshield heating and limitations covering ground operations which may affect aircraft airworthiness.
- на взлете и посадке (параграф раздела 2, рлэ) — performance limitations
ограничения по взлетному и посадочному весам, дистанции прерванного взлета, взлетной дистанции, разбегу, a также no высоте, температуре окружающего воздуха, скорости и направлению ветра, уклону впп. — the limitations should be listed in respect to: takeoff weight, landing weight, accelerate-stop distance, takeoff distance, takeoff run, if applicable, altitude, atmospheric temperatures. wind speed and direction, runway slope.
- no весу — weight limits
- no весу и загрузке — weight and loading distribution limitations
- no весу и центровка — weight and center of gravity limits
- no времени (работы на к-л. режиме:... минут, без ограничений, кратковременно) — (operating condition) time limits (... minutes, no limit, momentarily)
- по вспомогательной силовой установке (всу) — apu operating limitations
- по давлению масла (теплива) — oil (fuel) pressure limits
- по закрылкам — flaps setting limits
- по заправке и эксплуатации топливной системы — fuel loading and management limitations
- по летной годности — airworthiness limitations
- по летным данным — performance limitations
- по маневрированию (параграф раздела 2 рлэ) — maneuvers
- по массам (ла) — mass /weight/ limits
- по наземной эксплуатации (ла) — ground operation limitations
- по положению (агрегата) — limitations in mounting attitude
- по прочности (нагрузке) — load limitations
- по прочности конструкции ограничения, связанные с максимальными нагрузками на пол отсеков и распределением этих нагрузок. — structural limitations the maximum loads on the floor of the compartments and the structural limitations on their distribution.
- no силовой установке — power plant limitations
- по силовой установке (параграф раздела 2, рлэ) — power plant
ограничения, обеспечивающие безопасность эксплуатации двигателя, возд. винтов и агрегатов силовой установки, — the limitations to ensure the safe operation of the engine, propellers, and power plant accessories as installed in the airplane.
- no скорости — airspeed limitations
- no скорости и числам м (параграф раздела 2, рлэ) — airspeed and mach number limitations
ограничения по скорости и числам м должны выражаться в виде приборной скорости или приборного числа м. — airspeed limitations should be stated in terms of indicated airspeed (i.a.s.) and/or indicated mach number.
- по температуре газов за турбиной — exhaust gas temperature (egt) limits
- по температуре наружного воздуха — ambient (air) temperature limitations
- по управлению — (airplane) control system limitations
- no центровкам — center of gravity limits
- no шасси — landing gear operating limitations
- по электрооборудованию (или эпектросистеме) (параграф раздела 2, рлэ) — electrical system limitations the basic limitations affecting the safety of the airplane which are associated with the electrical system.
-, прочие — miscellaneous limitations
-, прочие (& разд. 2 рлэ) — miscellaneous
-, рабочие — operating limitations
-, разные (& разд. 2 рлэ) — miscellaneous
данный параграф должен включать: сертификационный статус, виды эксплуатации, ограничения no маневрированию, минимальный состав экипажа, максимальное числo лиц на борту ла, максимальную высоту полета, ограничения по курению и эксплуатации электрооборудования и автопилота, необходимые трафареты и надписи, и дополнительные ограничения. — this sub-section should include the following: certification status, type of operation, maneuvers, minimum crew, maximum number of occupants, maximum altitude, smoking, electrical system limitations, automatic pilot limitations, markings and placards, additional timitations.
-, регулировочные — adjustment limitations
-, установочные — installation limitations
-, утвержденные эксплуатационные — approved operating limitations the engine operates within approved operating limitations.
-, эксплуатационные — operating limitations
эксплуатационные ограничения, обеспечивающие безопасность эксплуатации, должны указываться в руководстве пo летной эксплуатации в виде надписей и трафаретов. без о. (о продолжительности режима работы) — the operating limitations necessary for safe operation must be included in flight manual, expressed in markings and placards. no limitРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > ограничения
-
126 отношение
relationship
(взаимосвязь)
- (математическая зависимость) — relation
- (параметр, представляющий собой отношение двух величин) — ratio
- веса к емкости — weight-to-capacity ratio
- водности облаков к среднемy эффективному диаметру капель — liquid water content vs mean effective drop diameter
- давлений — pressure ratio
- давлений в сопле — exhaust nozzle pressure ratio
- давлений на входе и выходе двигателя (степень повышения давления) — engine pressure ratio (epr)
- диаметра втулки винта к диаметру винта (относительный диаметр втулки) — hub ratio
- масс — mass ratio
- массы к площади — mass-area ratio
-, обратное — inverse ratio
-, передаточное (редуктора) — gear ratio
отношение угловых скоростей двух зубчатых колес.
-, передаточное (от рычагов к поверхностям управления) — gearing ratio
-, передаточное (коэффициент усиления в автоматической системе управления) — gain
- площадей — area ratio
- площадей критического и выходного сечения (сопла) — throat/exit area ratio
- подъемной силы к лобовомy сопротивлению — lift-drag ratio, l/d ratio
-, прямое — direct ratio
-, самонастраивающееся передаточное (системы управления) — adaptive gain
- тяги к весу — thrust-weight ratio, t/w ratio
по о. (при определении взаимных перемещений) определяться о. — relative to, with respect to... be defined by the relationРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > отношение
-
127 цикл
cycle
автоматического торможения воздушные тормоза сокращают продолжительность цикла автоматического торможения. — anti-skid cycling speed brakes shorten the anti-skid cycling period.
- двигателя, рабочий — engine cycle
последовательность процесcoв, периодически повторяющихся в двигателе для обеспечения его нормальной бесперебойной работы. — the series of events or routine operations which an engine must go through in order to operate continuously and deliver power.
-, испытательный — test cycle
-, контрольно-тренировочный (аккумулятора) (ктц) — (test) cycle of charge/discharge
-, поверочный — test cycle
- проверок (полный) — (complete) check cycle
проверки по фазам обычно приводят к незначительному увеличению трудоемкости при проведении полного цикла проверок. — phased checks usually cause а small increase in the required manhours for the complete check cycle.
-, рабочий (работы) — operating /working/ cycle
- уборки и выпуска шасси — landing gear retraction/extension cycle
-, четырехтактный — four-stroke cycle
рабочий цикл пд, совершенный за четыре такта: впуск, сжатие, рабочий ход и выпуск (рис. 64). — four strokes of the piston to complete four events: suction, compression, power stroke, exhaust.
в конце ц. — at end of cycle
в начале ц. — at start of cycleРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > цикл
-
128 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, Englandd. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England[br]English civil and mechanical engineer.[br]The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
См. также в других словарях:
Exhaust gas — A diesel powered truck emits a large amount of exhaust gas while starting its engine. Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline/petrol, diesel fuel, fuel oil or coal. According to the… … Wikipedia
Exhaust brake — Since diesel engines lack a throttle valve on the intake manifold, there is no intake vacuum when the engine is not fueling. The intake vacuum creates the slowing effect felt in gasoline engines when they are going down a hill with the foot off… … Wikipedia
Valve gear — The valve gear of a steam engine is the mechanism that operates the inlet and exhaust valves to admit steam into the cylinder and allow exhaust steam to escape, respectively, at the correct points in the cycle. It is sometimes referred to as the… … Wikipedia
Top Gear challenges — are a segment of the Top Gear television programme where the presenters are challenged by the producers, or by each other, to prove or do various things related to automobiles. Contents 1 Novelty/stunt challenges 2 Challenge reviews 3 How hard… … Wikipedia
Gresley conjugated valve gear — The Gresley conjugated valve gear was a valve gear for steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, assisted by Harold Holcroft. It enables a three cylinder locomotive to operate with only the two sets… … Wikipedia
Bulleid chain-driven valve gear — and were based upon motor vehicle practice in an attempt to create a compact, but efficient design with a minimum of service requirements. Design principles Oliver Bulleid s decision to have three cylinders, all driving the middle coupled axle of … Wikipedia
Feed gear — Feed Feed, n. 1. That which is eaten; esp., food for beasts; fodder; pasture; hay; grain, ground or whole; as, the best feed for sheep. [1913 Webster] 2. A grazing or pasture ground. Shak. [1913 Webster] 3. An allowance of provender given to a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
detoxing gear — /diˈtɒksɪŋ gɪə/ (say dee toksing gear) noun a mechanism on a motor vehicle designed to reduce the level of toxins in the exhaust …
valve gear — A mechanism that operates the intake and exhaust valves; includes the cams, pushrods, rocker arms, etc. but not the valves themselves … Dictionary of automotive terms
automobile — automobilist /aw teuh meuh bee list, moh bi list/, n. /aw teuh meuh beel , aw teuh meuh beel , aw teuh moh beel, beuhl/, n. 1. a passenger vehicle designed for operation on ordinary roads and typically having four wheels and a gasoline or diesel… … Universalium
Steam locomotive — A steam locomotive is a locomotive powered by steam. The term usually refers to its use on railways, but can also refer to a road locomotive such as a traction engine or steamroller.Steam locomotives dominated rail traction from the mid 19th… … Wikipedia