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1 óhóf
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2 umfram-
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3 umframupphæî
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4 OF
I)prep.1) with dat. and acc., over = yfir (fara of fjöll; sitja of borði); of time, = um; of haust or of haustum, in the autumn; of aptaninn, in the evening; of hríð, for a while; of allt, always;2) with acc. of, about (bera vitni of e-t);3) in a casual sense, poet.; of sanna sök, for a just cause, justly.an enclitic particle, chiefly placed before verbs; ek drykk of gat ens dýra mjaðar, I got a draught of the precious mead.n.3) pride, conceit (kirkjan verðr eigi svá mikil, at þar muni of þitt allt í liggja).adv.1) with adjectives and adverbs; too; of gamall, ungr, langr, stuttr, too old, young, long, short; of mjök, too much; of lengi, too long;2) with the neuter of a past part. over-much, too much; hafa of drukkit, to have drunk too much; hafa of gört, to have transgressed; hafa of mælt, to have said too much; hafa of tekið við e-n, to have gone too far.* * *1.prep. with dat. and acc., the form varies; umb is an obsolete and rare form, hence um, sounded umm, which is far the most common form in old writers, and has altogether superseded both umb and of: [the ‘of’ answers nearest to Ulf. uf; O. H. G. oba; Germ. ob; Gr. ὑπό; Lat. sub; Sansk. upa.] Most of the oldest vellums, as also the poets, prefer to use ‘of,’ yet not all, for the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda in nine cases out of ten writes um, so also did the Cod. Acad. primus (the Kringla) of the Hkr.; and this is important, for these two vellums are our chief sources for old poetry; on the other hand, the Cod. Reg. of the Snorra Edda prefers ‘of.’ Among other vellums the old fragment of the Orkn. S. (Arna-Magn. No. 325) mostly uses ‘of’ as of nóttina, Orkn. 110; of hans daga, 178; of Jól, 180; of daga þeirra bræðra, 182; but also ‘um’ e. g. ofan um sik, ofan um hann, id. The word will be given in full under letter U, so that a few references may suffice here:I. in the sense over, Lat. super, with dat. and acc.,α. jörð grær of ágætum barma, Eg. (in a verse); brann of fylki, Ýt.; of svírum, Hornklofi; dík flæði of líkum, Fms. xi. 191; sjár þýtr of árum, vi. (in a verse); of bý breiðum, Lex. Poët.β. with acc., of nýt regin, Vþm. 13; of dróttmögu, 11; of liðu, Sdm. 9; of sumar, Vsp. 40; of garð risa, Gs.; of lopt ok lög, Hkv.; úlfr gengr of ýnglings börn, Eg. (in a verse); vestr fór ek of ver, Höfuðl. 1; liggja of ungan Mörukára, Fms. vi. (in a verse).II. in a causal sense = Lat. ob; of sanna sök, for a just sake, justly, Fms. ii. 322 (in a verse); of minna, for a less cause, Glúm, (in a verse); of litla sök, Lex. Poët.; of sannar deildir, id.; of minni sorgir, Korm. (in a verse).2.and um, an enclytic particle, chiefly placed before verbs or participles, seldom before nouns; it is obsolete, and occurs only in old poetry and now and then in the oldest prose; the spelling varies, for here too the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda, as also the Kringla, mostly prefer um, so as to take examples from the poem Hm., um skoðask, um skygnask, 1; um getr, 8; um á ( owns), 9; þylsk hann um, um getr, 17; um farit, 18; síns um máls, 21; um gelr, 29; um þörf, 38; um getr, 58, 65; um dvelr, 59; um viðrir, 74; um lagit, 84; um vakin, 100; um komin, um sofin, 101; um kominn, 104; um gaf, 105; um geta, 123; um heilli, 129; um reist, 145; um stendr, 154; um kann, 163: of gat, 140; of alinn, 72; of kom, 145; of vitaðr, 100; of blótið, 145: vf, vf boðit, 67; vf heimtir, 14: thus in this single poem ‘um’ occurs about twenty-four times, ‘of’ five times, and ‘vf’ twice: for the other poems see Bugge’s Edition: on the other hand, of traddi, Gh. 2; of þrumir, Gm. 8; of hyggi, 34; at ek öllum öl yðr of heita, Hým. 3; of geta, 4; of teknir, 14; of heitt, 32:—in prose, ef maðr má eigi of koma, Grág. ii. 209; of förlar, Kb. 14; of telrat, 178; er héðan of sér, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 387; en ér of sét eigi ljós, but you see not the light, 645. 81; at eigi of sá á miðli, Íb. 11; má of rannsaka, 677. 6; þó at báðum of göri, 2; ok af því of eykr eigi atkvæði, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; sem menn of bera megu, Hom. (St.); at hann megi jafnfúss of vera, id., and passim in that old vellum, see Fritzner’s Dict. s. v.; ef því um náir, Grág. (Kb.) 209; ef þeir um sitja, 74; um ves, 76; um taki, 89; um göra (twice), 109; um telrat, 194; urn býðr, 230; um komi, 234; ef sól um sæi, if the sun was to be seen, ch. 29.II. seldom before nouns; síns um máls, Hm. (see above); um þörf, 38; as hans of dólgr, Skv.; Baldrs of barmi, Haustl.; öll of rök, Alm. 9; of sköpt, kinsmen, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.; of tregi, Gkv. 1. 3 (thus Bugge in two words); Þórs of rúni, Haustl.; of kúgi, an oppressor, Fms. vii. (in a verse); with adjectives, of reiðr, Skm.: it remains in some old sayings or phrases, án er íllt um gengi; um seinan, Nj. 91.3.adv. [this particle is closely akin to the prep. of; the extended form ofr- (q. v.) is mostly used in compds, not singly, and answers to Gr. ὑπέρ, Lat. super, Engl. above]:1. as subst. excess, pride, conceit; því at hón verðr eigi svá mikil, at þar muni of þitt allt í liggja, Ld. 318; við of, to excess, Ísl. ii. 154; þótti hirðmönnum hans við of, hversu mikit, they thought it was beyond measure, Vígl. 17; um of, to excess: the phrase, of sem van, too much or too little; það er of sem van.2. with gen., of fjár, immensity of wealth, Nj. 9, 27, Eg. 68, Ó. H. 198; of liðs, a vast host of men, Hkr. ii. 265; of manna, Fms. vi. 146.B. Adv. too, Lat. nimis, and may be used with any adjective; when with adjectives it is better written separately, of gamall, too old; of ungr, too young, Ld. 262; of langr, of stuttr, Art. 96; of stórr, of lítill, Eg. 50; of harðr, of linr, of góðr, of vándr, of kaldr, of heitr, of magr, of feitr, of digr, of breiðr, of mjór, of hár, of lágr, of víðr, of þröngr, of margr, of fár, of mart, Njarð. 372; of þögull, of heimskr, of máligr, Art. 30, 82.2. with adverbs; of mjök, too much, Eg. 226, Ísl. ii. 391; of fjarri, Fms. ii. 181; of lengi, too long, x. 379; of seint, too late. Art. 96; of snemma, of árla, too early; cp. um of viða, of sjaldan, of opt, etc.II. with the neut. of a past part., overmuch, too much, with the notion of having overdone or sometimes wishing not to have done it; hafa of drukkit, to have drunk too much, Gm. 51; hafa of aukit, Eg. 202, Hkr. ii. 209; hafa of gefit, to have given more than one likes, Ld. 318; hafa of gört, to have transgressed, Nj. 221, Fms. xi. 333; eigi of hefnt, Grett. 124; hafa of keypt, bought too dear, Jb. 372; hafa of mælt, Fms. i. 163; þykjast hafa of talað, wish one had not said it; sé mér þetta of mælt, Mar.; hafa of tekið við e-n, to have gone too far, Fms. viii. 258; hafa of seinat, too late, Ld. 144, Fas. i. 196; um seinat, Fms. viii. 162:—‘of’ is opp. to ‘van-,’ too much, too little, hafa van-dæmt, of-dæmt, of-mælt, Gþl. 378; van-refst of-refst, 272; of-talt van-talt, 477; of-alnir, van-alnir, Grág. i. 455.III. rarely with verbs; of-tala, to talk too much. -
5 AUKA
* * *I)(eyk, jók, jókum, aukinn), v.1) to augment, increase (auka virðing e-s; auka ætt sína; auka vandræði);to prolong (auka þing);aukanda ferr am e-t, something goes on increasing;eigi er þat aukit (it is no exaggeration) þó at hann sé sagðr ríkastr maðr á Íslandi;orðum aukit, exaggerated;aukin ( more than) þrjú hundruð manna;2) to add, with dat. (jók ek því es mér varð síðar kunnara);auka synd á synd ofan, to heap sin upon sin;auka e-u við, to add;aukast orðum við, to come to words, to converse;with acc., auka ný vandræði (= nýjum vandræðum) á hin fornu, to add new difficulties to old ones;impers., jók stórum hans harm, his grief increased greatly;3) to surpass, exceed;þat er eykr sex aura, þá á konungr hálft þat er eykr, if it exceeds six ounces, the king takes half the excess.(að), v. (a Norse form) = the preceding.* * *jók, jóku (mod. juku), aukit [Lat. augere; Gr. αυξειν; Ulf. aukan; A. S. eacan or ecan; Engl. to eche or eke; O. H. G. auhon]; pres. ind. eyk; subj. eyki or yki, mod. jyki. A weak form (aukar, aukaði, aukat) also occurs, esp. in Norse, and (as a Norwegianism) in Icel. writers, esp. after the year 1260, e. g. aukaðu, augebant, Barl. 138; aukaðist, augebatur, aukaði, augebat. Barl. 180, Fms. i. 140, 184, x. 21 (MSS. aukuðu or aukaði, and some even jóku), Róm. 234; subj. aukaðist, augeretur, Fms. vii. 158 in three Icel. vellum MSS.; only one has ykist, the strong genuine form. Pres. aukar, auget, and aukast, augetur, instead of eykr, eykst, Stj. 32: part. aukat (= aukit), O. H. L. 46; aukuð, aucta, Fms. x. 236. Even Snorri in the Edda has aukaðist, p. 3, both in the vellum MSS. Ob. and Kb.,—a form which is thoroughly unclassical; the poets use the strong form, and so Ari, who has jókk = jók ek, in the preface to Íb.;—so also the great bulk of the classical literature. Since the Reformation the strong form is the only one used either in speaking or writing.I. Lat. augere, to augment, increase, with acc., eykr hann þar ætt sína, Fms. iii. 82; jók Njáll ekki hjón sín, Nj. 59; hét hann þeim at auka virðing þeirra, Eg. 33; þessi orð jóku mjök sök Adams, Sks. 542; jók nafn hans, Hom. 51, Nj. 33; var þá síðan aukuð (= aukin) veizlan, Fms. x. 236: absol., þat hálft er eykr, that half which is over and above, Js. 75: in the phrase, aukanda ferr um e-t, a thing is increasing, Nj. 139.II. Lat. addere, to add to the whole of a thing; with the thing added in the dat., ok jókk (= jók ek) því es mér varð síðan kunnara, Íb. (pref.): impers., jók miklu við, increased greatly, Ld. 54; þá eykst enn ellefu nóttum við, eleven nights are still added, Rb. 28: followed by ‘við,’ auka e-u við e-t, to add to it, Nj. 41; ‘til’ is rare and unclassical, and seems almost a Danism, as ‘föie til,’ þetta til aukist, Vm. 7: auka synd (dat.) á synd (acc.) ofan, to heap sin upon sin, Stj. 274: aukast orðum við, to come to words, speak, Eg. ch. 58, v. l. (rare); ef þú eykr orði, if tbou say’st a word more, Lex. Poët.β. with acc. (a rare and unclassical Latinism), auka ny vandræði (= nyjum vandræðum) á hin fornu, Bs. i. 751.γ. impers. in the phrase, aukar á, it increases, Róm. 234.III. to surpass, exceed; þat er eykr sex aura, þá á konungr hálft þat er eykr, if it exceeds six ounces, the king takes half the excess, N. G. L. i. 281, Js. § 71; en ármaðr taki þat er aukit er, what is over and above, N. G. L. i. 165. Esp. used adverbially in the part. pass, aukit, aukin, more than, above, of numbers; aukin þrjú hundruð manna, three hundred men well told, Eg. 530, Fms. ix. 524, v. l.; með aukit hundrað manna, x. 184, Ld. 196; aukin hálf vætt, Grett. 141 new Ed.β. in the phrases, þat er (eigi) aukat (aukit), it is no exaggeration, Jd. verse 22, the Ed. in Fms. xi. 169 has ‘árla’ (a false reading); pat er aukat, O. H. L. 1. c.; orðum aukið, exaggerated, Thom. 73. -
6 á-kafi
a, m. [ákafr], eagerness, vehemence; þá görðist svá mikill á. á, at …, it went to such an excess, that…, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 35, xi. 389; með á. miklum, vehemently, Eg. 457; í ákafa, adverbially, eagerly, impetuously, Nj. 70, Fms. xi. 117.2. the gen. ákafa is prefixed,α. to a great many adjectives, in the sense of a high degree, very, e. g. á. reiðr, furious, Fms. vii. 32, x. 173; á. fjölmennr, very numerous, Ísl. ii. 171; á. fögr, beautiful (of Helena), Ver. 25.β. to some substantives; á. Drífa, a heavy snow drift, Sturl. iii. 20; á. maðr, an eager, hot, pushing man, Eg. 3, Fms. i. 19, vii. 257, Grett. 100 A: in this case the ákafa may nearly be regarded as an indecl. adjective. -
7 gegnd
f. moderation, reason; það er engi gegnd í því, ‘tis unreasonable; ó-gegnd, excess; í ó-gegnd, excessively; það er mesta ó-gegnd, id.: gegndar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), = gegniligr; gegndar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), unreasonable, exorbitant. -
8 HÓF
n. heathen temple.* * *n. [from a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf], moderation, measure; hóf ok stilling, Fms. ii. 38; kunna hóf, to shew moderation; allt kann sá er hófit kann, a saying, Gísl. 27; görit þeim þá ina fyrstu hríð, at þeir kunni hóf sín, i. e. give them a good lesson! Fms. xi. 94; Klaufi, kunn þú hóf þitt, K., be not so mad! Sd. 147; ætla hóf fyrir sér, Eg. 21; þeir eru ofsamenn svá at þeir hafa ekki hóf við, 175:—proportion, at því hófi, in the same proportion, equal degree, Grág. ii. 177, Al. 131, Fms. vi. 225; slíkt víti … á sitt hóf, in his turn, Ld. 136; vel er þessu í hóf stillt, ‘tis fairly done, fair and just, Nj. 54; e-t gegnir hófi, it is fair, Fms. vii. 132; þá er hóf at, then it is all right, Fs. 25; nú er nær hófi, 15; at hófi, tolerably, Fms. vi. 102; vel at hófi, pretty well, xi. 11, 48; við hóf, reasonable, Edda 48:—a rule, standard, at þú hafir þar einskis manns hóf við nema þitt, Eg. 714; ó-hóf, excess, intemperance, hófs-maðr, m. a temperate, just man, Hkr. i. 309, Eg. 50, Ísl. ii. 190.II. a feast, banquet; hóf eðr hátíð, Stj. 186; halda mikit hóf, 188, Fas. i. 420, 462; drekka hóf, Fms. xi. 436: in mod. usage esp. of a wedding. -
9 hóf-leysa
u, f. excess, intemperance, licence, Stj. 626, Bs. ii. 98, 115. -
10 of-gangr
m. ‘over-going’ excess, Fms. iii. 39; ganga ofgöngum, Gísl, 79, N. G. L. i. 169; ganga ofgangi, Fms. vii. 269: o. sjóvar, Barl. 19; elds o., D. N. ii. 95; o. frosts ok jökla, Sks. 12 new Ed. -
11 ofr-efli
n. overwhelming force, odds, Eg. 351, Fms. i. 199, viii. 90, Ísl. ii. 363: beyond one’s strength, Oddr kvað sér þat ekki ofrefli Korm. 38, Eb. 112, Fms. i. 203; með ofrefli, Al. 134: excess, immensity o. frosts, Sks. 36 new Ed.; mikit o. gulls, Mar.: gen., ofreflis fjöldi, immensity, Stj. 95. -
12 ofsa
(að), v. to puff oneself up, be arrogant (o. sér til vansa);refl., ofsast, to grow unruly (Jupiter þótti fólkit ofsast).* * *að, to overdo, do to excess; hinum bótum er þeir ofsa eðr vansa er í dómum sitja, N. G. L. i. 184; opt eru íll vitni ofsuð fyrir skaps sakir, 247:—ofsa sik, to puff oneself up, be haughty, arrogant; ef þú ofsar þik eigi þér til vansa, Hrafn. 29.II. reflex. to grow unruly; Jupiter þótti fólkit ofsask, Bret. 6; opt verðr ofsat til vansa, a saying = pride goes before a fall, Al. 138.2. hence mod. afsast, dep. to rave, rage. -
13 yfir-burðr
m. a deck-cargo, of a ship; nú hitta menn í storma, þá skal öllum y. fyrst kasta, N. G. L. ii. 278 (Jb. 390, 391).2. excess; y. um þat er login segja, Fms. viii. 278.3. mod., esp. in plur. superiority, superior strength or quality.II. yfir-burða, gen. pl. as adv. very; y. góðr, very good. -
14 hófleysa
f. immoderation, excess. -
15 ofgangr
m. excess; ganga ofgangi (ofgöngum) yfir e-n, to tyrannize. -
16 ofrefli
n.1) overwhelming force (þessi maðr brýzt í móti miklu ofrefli);2) Oddr kvað sér þat eigi ofrefli, O. said it was not beyond his strength;3) excess, immensity (ofrefli frosts ok kulda). -
17 ofskvaldr
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18 úhóf
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19 úhófsemd
f. excess. -
20 úprýði
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- 2
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