-
1 EXACT
PENALTY, see PUNISH -
2 PENALTY
– exact or inflict penalty, see PUNISH -
3 AUTUMN
yávië (harvest – in the Calendar of Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period of 54 days, but the word was also used without any exact definition), lasselanta ("leaf-fall", used of the beginning of winter or as a synonym of quellë; see FADING. Also spelt lasse-lanta with a hyphen), narquelion ("fire-fading" – this word from Fíriel's Song and Etym seems to correspond to narquelië in LotR, but the latter is the name of the month corresponding to our October.) LT1:273 has yávan "autumn, harvest", but this word may be obsoleted by yávië. –LotR:1142, 1144, 1145/Silm:439/LT1:254, DAT, FS, NAR/KWAL, Letters:382 -
4 FORGIVE
\#avatyar- (imperative avatyara and the pl. aorist avatyarir are attested). The matter that is forgiven is the direct object, whereas the person that is forgiven appears in the ablative case: avatyara mello lucassemmar, "forgive us [lit. from us] our debts". This verb \#avatyar- occurs in certain versions of Tolkien's Quenya rendering of the Lord's Prayer; in the latest version he introduced the verb apsene- "remit, release, forgive" instead, with a slightly different syntax: the matter forgiven is still the direct object, but the person forgiven now appears in the dative case. The exact etymology of apsene- is somewhat obscure; the prefix ap- is apparently derived from a root AB- in a meaning which Tolkien according to other sources abandoned (see VT43:18-19); also, it is unclear whether the final –e of apsene- is just the connecting vowel of the aorist (before endings we would rather expect *apseni-) or an integral part of the verbal stem, which would make this an "E-stem" verb otherwise hardly attested. The verb apsene- is once attested with the object ending -t "them" attached: apsenet "[as we] forgive them". The alternative verb \#avatyar- is for many reasons less problematic and may be preferred by writers. –VT43:8, 9, 18-20 -
5 HARVEST
yávië (autumn) – evidently obsoleting yávan in LT1:273. In the Calendar of Imladris, yávië was a precisely defined period of 52 days, but the word was also used without any exact definition. Note: here yávië refers to harvest time, and it is unclear whether it can also mean "harvest" in the sense "harvested products", though it is derived from a stem meaning "fruit". –LotR:1142, 1145 -
6 LEAGUE
lár (basic meaning "pause" – in marches a brief halt was made for each league). A lár was defined as five thousand rangar; see YARD. A ranga was approximately 38 inches, so a lár was "5277 yards, two feet and four inches [ca. 4826 meters], supposing the equivalence to be exact" – close enough to our league of 5280 yards to justify this translation. –UT:285 -
7 PUNISH
paimeta- (= “exact or inflict a penalty; punish”), pa.t. perhaps *paimetánë; PUNISHMENT paimë –QL:72 -
8 SOUND
(verb, "to sound") lamya-; SOUND (noun) lamma (= sound in general?), hlón (evidently hlon-, pl. hloni is attested) (noise), róma (= loud sound, trumpet-sound. Note: róma also means "shoulder"), láma (according to Etym = "ringing sound, echo", but see below); SOUND OF WIND sú; SOUND-TASTE lámatyávë (pl. lámatyáver is attested), i.e., "individual pleasure in the sounds and forms of words". Tolkien seems undecided about the exact meaning of láma. Etym gives "ringing sound, echo"; in WJ:416 it is said that the stem LAMA refers "especially to vocal sounds, but was applied only to those that were confused or inarticulate. It was generally used to describe the various cries of beasts." But the word lámatyávë "sound-taste", by which an Elf chose or made a name for him/herself [see NAME-CHOOSING], seems to imply that láma can also be used of artuculated speech. –LAM, WJ:394/VT48:29, ROM, VT47:12, MR:215, 216 -
9 SPRING
(vb) tuia- (sprout); SPRING (noun; but for the season, see SPRING-TIME below) ehtelë (fountain, issue of water), SPRING OF WATER capalinda, WATER FALLING OUT SWIFTLY FROM A ROCKY SPRING celussë (freshet); SPRING, SPRING-TIME tuilë (this word literally means "budding, also collectively – buds, new shoots, fresh green" [LT1:269]. Also used = dayspring, early morn. In the Calendar of Imladris, tuilë was a precisely defined period of 54 days, but the word was also used without any exact definition. Besides tuilë, LT1:269 also has tuiliérë.) FIRST BEGINNING OF SPRING coirë ("stirring", according to the Calendar of Imladris a period of 54 days in early spring); "SPRING-SINGER" (i.e., swallow) tuilindo. SPRING TIDE, see TIDE. –TUY/LotR 1141, 1145, KEL, UT:426, LT1:260, Silm:429, LT2:338/LT1:269, VT39:7 -
10 SUMMER
lairë (Note: a homophone means "poem". In the Calendar of Imladris, lairë was a precisely defined period of 72 days, but the word was also used without any exact definition), saiwen (cf. saiwa "hot".) "EVER-SUMMER" oiolairë, "SUMMER-SNOW-WHITE" lairelossë (evergreen trees brought to Númenor by the Eldar) –LotR:1141, 1145/VT45:26, Letters:282, LT1:265, UT:167, 458, UT:167, 449 -
11 WINTER
hrívë, in Tolkien’s early “Qenya” also Yelin, Hesin. In the Calendar of Imladris, hrívë was a precisely defined period of 72 days, but the word was also used without any exact definition. Lasselanta "leaf-fall" could be used for the beginning of winter, but the usual translation of this word is "autumn". "WINTER ONE" Hescil (a title of Nienna "who breedeth winter", LT1:66, 255) –LotR:1141, 1145; LT1:255, LT1:260
См. также в других словарях:
exact — exact … Dictionnaire des rimes
exact — exact, exacte [ ɛgza(kt), ɛgzakt ] adj. • XVIe; lat. exactus « poussé jusqu au bout, accompli », de exigere « achever » I ♦ 1 ♦ Vx ou littér. Qui est fait avec soin, en observant les règles prescrites, les normes. ⇒ minutieux, rigoureux,… … Encyclopédie Universelle
exact — EXÁCT, Ă, exacţi, te, adj., adv. I. adj. 1. Care este conform cu realitatea, care este în deplină concordanţă cu adevărul. ♢ Ştiinţe exacte = ştiinţe în care formulările se pot prezenta în formă matematică. ♦ Care reproduce întocmai un model,… … Dicționar Român
Exact — Ex*act , a. [L. exactus precise, accurate, p. p. of exigere to drive out, to demand, enforce, finish, determine, measure; ex out + agere to drive; cf. F. exact. See {Agent}, {Act}.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a standard, a fact, or the truth;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
exact — ex‧act [ɪgˈzækt] verb [transitive] formal to demand and get something from someone, especially using forceful methods: • My client is only claiming the return of taxes exacted under an unlawful demand. exaction noun [uncountable] : • The company… … Financial and business terms
exact — exact, acte (é gza, ou, suivant la prononciation la plus commune, è gzakt, c et t sonnant, gzak t . Il y a des divergences pour la prononciation du masculin : plusieurs disent è gza, ne faisant pas plus sonner ct que dans respect ; Richelet note… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
exact — Exact, [ex]acte. adj. Regulier, ponctuel, soigneux, qui observe ponctuellement tout ce qu il faut jusqu aux moindres choses dans ce qu il fait, dans ce qu il dit. Il est fort exact. autheur exact. vous n estes pas assez exact. il faut estre exact … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
Exact — Ex*act , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Exacted}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Exacting}.] [From L. exactus, p. p. of exigere; or fr. LL. exactare: cf. OF. exacter. See {Exact}, a.] To demand or require authoritatively or peremptorily, as a right; to enforce the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
exact — [eg zakt′, igzakt′] adj. [L exactus < pp. of exigere, to drive out, measure, determine < ex , out + agere, to do: see ACT1] 1. characterized by, requiring, or capable of accuracy of detail; very accurate; methodical; correct [an exact… … English World dictionary
exact — I adjective accurate, admitting of no deviation, allowing no departure from the standard, careful, clear cut, close, correct, defined, detailed, diligens, exactus, explicit, express, faithful, literal, meticulous, minute, particular, plain,… … Law dictionary
exact — [adj1] accurate, precise bull’s eye*, careful, clear, clear cut, correct, dead on*, definite, distinct, downright, explicit, express, faithful, faultless, identical, literal, methodical, nailed down*, nice, on target*, on the button*, on the… … New thesaurus
