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21 erd
1) Компьютерная техника: Emergency Recovery Disk, Emergency Rescue Disk, Engineering Review Diagram, Emergency Repair Disk (диск аварийного восстановления)2) Военный термин: Eastern Recruiting Division, Electronics Research Directorate, Emergency Reserve Decoration, External Requirements Document, electronic reflective device, equipment readiness date, equipment requirements data, estimated receival date, estimated release date, expenses for return of deserter3) Техника: energy recovery diode, error recording device, БОВ, Бурение с отходом от вертикали (Extended Reach Drilling( Чайво)), бурение с расширенным радиусом охвата4) Сокращение: Earth Resources Data, Electronic Radar Decoy, Entity-Relation Diagram, Entity Relations Diagram5) Электроника: Elastic Recoil Detection6) Вычислительная техника: Entity Reltionship Diagram, element relations diagram, entity-relationship diagramming, диаграмма "сущность-связь", entity-relationship diagram8) Деловая лексика: Engineering Research Division9) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: emergency response director, БРРО (бурение с расширенным радиусом охвата, extended reach drilling), БРРО-бурение с расширенным радиусом охвата (extended reach drilling)10) Сахалин Р: Shell Expro Engineering Reference Document, extended reach drilling11) Сахалин А: engineering reference document (shell Expro)12) Расширение файла: Emergency Repair Disk, Entity Relationship Diagram graphic file (Prosa)13) Аэропорты: Berdyansk, Ukraine, Eastern Region Dealers -
22 ERP
1) Компьютерная техника: Expensive Redundant Processing2) Биология: early receptor potential4) Военный термин: Equipment Reception Party, effective radiated power, electronic requirements plan, engineer regulation point, engineering requirements plan, equipment repair parts, equipment requirements program, extended range projectile5) Техника: effective radiated power level, emitted radio power, environmental restoration program, equipment requirements plan6) Шутливое выражение: Everyday Rob People7) Химия: Event Related Potential8) Математика: Error Reduction Parameter9) Финансы: премия за риск по акциям (equity risk premium)10) Страхование: extended reporting period11) Биржевой термин: Exchange Rate Protection12) Грубое выражение: Extra Rabbits Pissed13) Сокращение: Emitter Radiated Power, Equivalent Radiated Power, Evoked Response Potential, Exciter Receiver Processor, Expanded Return Program (bulk return of dead letter mail to companies), Extended Range Proximity14) Университет: Electronic Research Process15) Физика: Event Related Potentials16) Электроника: Extended Range Pyrometer17) Вычислительная техника: Enterprise Resource Planning (software), ИСУП, Интегрированная система управления предприятием18) Транспорт: Electronic Road Pricing, Enroute Reporting Point19) Экология: Environmental Resource Permit, Exposure Response And Prevention20) Деловая лексика: Enterprise Resource Production, Enterprise Resources Planning, Essential Requirement For Productivity, European Recovery Programme, Equal Risk Point21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: emergency response plan (ning), план ликвидации аварии (emergency response plan), emergency response plan (a document that identifies the management system and associated resources that control the impact of emergencies at a particular site or facility), enterprise resource planning (the co-ordination of all internal information by use of an integrated information system), стеновая панель с аварийными окнами (explosion relief panel)22) Нефтегазовая техника взрывопоглощающая переборка23) Производство: планирование ресурсов предприятия, система планирования бизнес ресурсов24) Образование: Excellent Results Pay, Extensive Reading Program25) Сетевые технологии: error recovery procedure, estimated retail price, планирование ресурсов в масштабах предприятия, процедура восстановления после ошибок26) ЕБРР: Enterprise Restructuring Project27) Сахалин Р: emergency response plan28) Медицинская техника: effective refractory period (ЭхоКГ)29) Авиационная медицина: event related brain potential, evoked (response) potential30) Расширение файла: Enterprise Resource Planning31) Нефть и газ: Emergency Response Procedure32) Общественная организация: The Edmunds Reading Project33) Международная торговля: European Recovery Program -
23 ERT
1) Медицина: эстрогензаместительная терапия, ферментозаместительная терапия2) Военный термин: Executive Reference Time, educational requirement test, estimated repair time, execution reference time, engineer reconnaissance team3) Техника: emergency repair team, employee response team, equipment removal tag, event response team, extended research telescope4) Фармакология: European registered toxicologist5) Сокращение: Earth Resources Technology, Группа по обзору данных (Evidence Review Team)6) Физиология: Estrogen Replacement Therapy7) Электроника: Emergency response time8) Вычислительная техника: Earth Resources Technology (Space)9) Нефть: продолжительность ремонта оборудования (equipment repair time), расчётная продолжительность ремонта (expected repair time)10) СМИ: Espn Regional Television, Espn Regional Tv11) Контроль качества: equipment repair time12) Сахалин А: emergency response team13) Пожарное дело: emergency rescue tender14) Нефть и газ: Emergency Response Team formed under regime of high alert15) НАСА: Earth Received Time -
24 ert
1) Медицина: эстрогензаместительная терапия, ферментозаместительная терапия2) Военный термин: Executive Reference Time, educational requirement test, estimated repair time, execution reference time, engineer reconnaissance team3) Техника: emergency repair team, employee response team, equipment removal tag, event response team, extended research telescope4) Фармакология: European registered toxicologist5) Сокращение: Earth Resources Technology, Группа по обзору данных (Evidence Review Team)6) Физиология: Estrogen Replacement Therapy7) Электроника: Emergency response time8) Вычислительная техника: Earth Resources Technology (Space)9) Нефть: продолжительность ремонта оборудования (equipment repair time), расчётная продолжительность ремонта (expected repair time)10) СМИ: Espn Regional Television, Espn Regional Tv11) Контроль качества: equipment repair time12) Сахалин А: emergency response team13) Пожарное дело: emergency rescue tender14) Нефть и газ: Emergency Response Team formed under regime of high alert15) НАСА: Earth Received Time -
25 allocation
n1) назначение; ассигнование2) выделение; отчисление3) pl средства4) распределение (сумм, кредитов); размещение (капитала)
- additional allocations
- advertising allocations
- asset allocation
- budget allocations
- budgetary allocations
- centralized allocations
- cost allocations
- currency allocation
- current allocations
- defence allocations
- earmarked allocations
- estimated allocations
- extra-budgetary allocations
- financial allocations
- foreign exchange allocation
- income allocation
- large allocations
- overhead allocation
- percentage allocations
- planned allocations
- proportional allocation
- resources allocation
- share allocation
- site allocation
- space allocation
- storage allocation
- supplementary allocations
- tax allocation
- undrawn allocations
- allocations for pensions
- allocations for social needs
- allocation of capital
- allocation of charges
- allocation of costs
- allocation of credit
- allocation of credit facilities
- allocation of currency
- allocation of duties
- allocation of exhibition space
- allocation of expenses
- allocation of funds
- allocation of financial resources
- allocation of funds to a project
- allocation of import quotas by auction
- allocation of labour
- allocation of money
- allocation of priorities
- allocation of profits
- allocation of responsibilities
- allocation of shares
- allocation of stocks
- allocation to reserve
- administer allocations
- cut allocations
- increase allocations
- make allocations
- reduce allocations
- use allocationsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > allocation
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26 каков
мест.;
муж.;
жен. какова, ср. каково, мн. каковы what;
what sort of;
(such) as каковы результаты ≈ what are the facts? каков он собой? ≈ what does he look like? я тебе расскажу, каковы эти люди ≈ I'll tell you what kind of people they are каков он есть ≈ such as he is каков! ≈ just look (at him) !;
how do you like him!мест.
1. вопр. what?;
~ он собой? what`s he like to look at?;
2. относ. (присоединяет придаточные определительные) as;
(присоединяет придаточные дополнительные) what (kind of) ;
мы выяснили, ~ы наши ресурсы we estimated what resources we had;
~.., таков... like... like;
он-то ~! he`s a fine one!;
~ поп таков и приход е like master, like man. -
27 оценка запасов
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > оценка запасов
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28 EAR
1) Общая лексика: Electrical Appliance Register, ожидаемая средняя потребность2) Военный термин: end of air refueling, engineering abstract report, engineering analysis report, escape and rescue3) Техника: electromagnetic activity receiver, electronic audio recognition, event analysis report, experimental array radar4) Экономика: Европейское Агентство Развития (European Agency for Reconstruction)5) Бухгалтерия: Equivalent Annual Rate, effective annual rate (of interest)6) Страхование: erection all risks (все монтажные риски)7) Сокращение: Echelon Audio Receiver, Electronically Agile Radar, Export Administration Regulations8) Физиология: Emergency Artificial Respiration, Expired Air Resuscitation9) Вычислительная техника: Early Access Release10) Нефть: estimated additional resources11) Воздухоплавание: Employee Appraisal Record12) Программирование: Exclusive Allow Read13) Расширение файла: External Access Register14) Нефть и газ: external air resuscitation, Environmental Annual Report, Annual Environmental Report15) Должность: Earnings After Retirement, Emerging Artist Representative16) Аэропорты: Kearney, Nebraska USA -
29 ear
1) Общая лексика: Electrical Appliance Register, ожидаемая средняя потребность2) Военный термин: end of air refueling, engineering abstract report, engineering analysis report, escape and rescue3) Техника: electromagnetic activity receiver, electronic audio recognition, event analysis report, experimental array radar4) Экономика: Европейское Агентство Развития (European Agency for Reconstruction)5) Бухгалтерия: Equivalent Annual Rate, effective annual rate (of interest)6) Страхование: erection all risks (все монтажные риски)7) Сокращение: Echelon Audio Receiver, Electronically Agile Radar, Export Administration Regulations8) Физиология: Emergency Artificial Respiration, Expired Air Resuscitation9) Вычислительная техника: Early Access Release10) Нефть: estimated additional resources11) Воздухоплавание: Employee Appraisal Record12) Программирование: Exclusive Allow Read13) Расширение файла: External Access Register14) Нефть и газ: external air resuscitation, Environmental Annual Report, Annual Environmental Report15) Должность: Earnings After Retirement, Emerging Artist Representative16) Аэропорты: Kearney, Nebraska USA -
30 production
(pdn)n вир., ком., ек. 1. виробництво; вироблення; виготовлення, видобуток; продукція; a виробничий; 2. виробіток; продуктивність1. процес перетворення матеріалів, праці, капіталу та знань у товари (goods) і послуги (service¹) для задоволення людських потреб; ♦ під поняттям «виробництво» розуміється не лише процес виготовлення фізичних товарів, а також і надання різного роду послуг, напр.: послуги фінансових установ, банківські операції; послуги, які забезпечені урядом і які не продаються, напр. бібліотек, поліції, заходи з охорони здоров'я, контроль якості харчових продуктів і т. ін.; зусилля лікарів, адвокатів, постачальників транспорту, торговців тощо; 2. кількість чого-небудь, виготовленого в результаті трудової діяльності═════════■═════════agricultural production сільськогосподарське виробництво; annual production річний виробіток; assembly-line production конвеєрне виробництво; automatic production автоматичне виробництво; average daily production середньодобова продуктивність; basic production виробництво основного продукту; batch production серійне виробництво • виготовлення продукції партіями; by-product production виробництво побічних продуктів; continuous production неперервне виробництво; contract production виготовлення продукції за контрактом; controlled production контрольоване виробництво; current production поточне виробництво; daily production добова продукція • денний виробіток; efficient production ефективне виробництво • високий виробіток; estimated production розрахункова продуктивність; flexible production гнучке виробництво; flow-line production потокове виробництво; full production серійне виробництво; full-scale production повномасштабне виробництво • серійне виробництво; high-run production великосерійне виробництво; high-volume production масове виробництво; incomplete production незавершене виробництво; industrial production промислове виробництво; inefficient production неефективне виробництво • низька продуктивність; in-line production потокове виробництво; jobbing production дрібносерійне виробництво; job lot production дрібно-серійне виробництво; joint production спільне виробництво; just-in-time production система виробництва «точно в строк»; large-lot production великосерійне виробництво; large-scale production великосерійне виробництво; least-cost production виробництво з найменшими витратами; lot production серійне виробництво • виготовлення продукції партіями; machine production машинне виробництво; mass production масове виробництво; material production матеріальне виробництво; medium-size lot production середньосерійне виробництво; monthly production місячний виробіток • місячна продуктивність; multiple production великосерійне виробництво; multistage production багаторівневе виробництво • багатоступеневе виробництво; net production чистий обсяг виробництва; nonstandard production нестандартне виробництво; overall production загальний обсяг виробництва; planned production планове виробництво; primary production виробництво сировини • видобувна промисловість; profitable production прибуткове виробництво; programmed production програмне виробництво; prototype production прототипне виробництво; quality production виробництво високоякісних виробів; quarterly production квартальний виробіток; roundabout production непряме виробництво • автоматизоване виробництво • технологічно містке виробництво; serial production серійне виробництво; short-run production дрібносерійне виробництво; small-lot production дрібносе-рійне виробництво; small-scale production дрібносерійне виробництво; standard production стандартне виробництво; tertiary production сфера надання послуг; total production загальний обсяг виробництва; volume production потоково-серійне виробництво • масове виробництво; waste-free production безвідходне виробництво; wasteful production затратне виробництво • збиткове виробництво═════════□═════════efficiency in production ефективність виробництва; factors of production; production account виробничий рахунок; production analysis аналіз виробництва; production capacity виробничі потужності; production cartel виробничий картель; production ceiling верхня межа виробництва; production control контроль виробництва; production cost; production cost accounting облік витрат виробництва; production costs in the long-run виробничі витрати у довгостроковому періоді; production cutback скорочення обсягу виробництва; production deficit дефіцит виробництва; production facilities виробниче обладнання; production function виробнича функція; production goods; production grid виробнича сітка; production in bulk масове виробництво; production incentive стимулювання виробництва; production index індекс обсягу виробництва; production-indifference curve крива постійного обсягу виробництва • ізокванта; production in lots серійне виробництво • виготовлення продукції партіями; production line; production line supervisor керівник виробничої лінії; production machinery виробниче устаткування; production management управління виробництвом; production manager керівник виробництва • начальник виробничого відділу; production methods методи виробництва; production optimum виробничий оптимум • оптимальна програма виробництва • оптимальний план виробництва; production overheads; production per hour погодинна продуктивність; production per man-hour продукція за людино-годину; production plan виробничий план; production planning планування виробництва; production planning and control планування і контроль виробництва; production possibilities виробничі можливості • виробничий потенціал; production processes процеси виробництва; production set виробнича множина • виробничі можливості; production reorganization реорганізація виробництва; production resources виробничі ресурси; production run серійне виробництво • масове виробництво; production schedule виробничий календарний план; production scheduling складання виробничого календарного плану; production sequence послідовність виробничих операцій; production standstill затримка виробництва; production subsidies субсидії на виробництво; production supplies виробничий запас; production technique виробнича технологія • технологія виробництва; production under license виробництво за ліцензією; production volume обсяг виробництва; production volume variance; to boost production збільшувати/збільшити виробництво; to check production гальмувати/загальмувати виробництво; to commence production починати/почати виробництво; to curb production зменшувати/зменшити виробництво; to curtail production зменшувати/зменшити виробництво; to cut down on production зменшувати/зменшити виробництво; to cut off production припиняти/припинити виробництво; to go into full production розгортати/розгорнути виробництво на повний обсяг; to hold back production гальмувати/загальмувати виробництво; to increase production збільшувати/збільшити виробництво; to phase out production звужувати/звузити виробництво; to put into production запускати/запустити у виробництво; to put into full production розгортати/розгорнути виробництво на повний обсяг; to reduce production зменшувати/зменшити виробництво; to restrict production обмежувати/обмежити виробництво; to set up production налагоджувати/ налагодити виробництво; to slow down production гальмувати/загальмувати виробництво; to start production починати/почати виробництво; to step up production прискорювати/прискорити виробництво; to stop production припиняти/припинити виробництво; to switch over production переключати/переключити виробництво; to withdraw from production знімати/зняти з виробництва -
31 value
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32 Introduction
Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.LAND AND PEOPLEThe Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into theAtlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)1864 4,287,000 first census1890 5,049,7001900 5,423,0001911 5,960,0001930 6,826,0001940 7,185,1431950 8,510,0001960 8,889,0001970 8,668,000* note decrease1980 9,833,0001991 9,862,5401996 9,934,1002006 10,642,8362010 10,710,000 (estimated) -
33 Arkwright, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 23 December 1732 Preston, Englandd. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England[br]English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.[br]Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1786.Bibliography1769, British patent no. 931.1775, British patent no. 1,111.Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).RLH -
34 EAR
- правила администрирования экспорта в США
- отчёт по результатам анализа события (на АЭС)
- зажим (электрический)
- дополнительные расчётные ресурсы
дополнительные расчётные ресурсы
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
1. Часть вывода электрического изделия, аппарата или устройства
зажим
Одна или несколько частей вывода, необходимые для механического крепления и электрического присоединения одного или нескольких проводников
[ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]
зажим
Проводящая часть одного полюса, состоящая из одного или более зажимного устройства и изолированная, если необходимо.
[ ГОСТ Р 51324.1—2005 (МЭК 60669-1-2000)]
контактный зажим
-
[Интент]
зажим
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]EN
terminal
conductive part of a device provided for electrical connection to external circuits
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]FR
borne
partie conductrice d'un appareil prévue pour le raccordement électrique à des circuits extérieurs
[IEC 60947-1, ed. 5.0 (2007-06)]Любое электрическое изделие, аппарат или устройство, будь то резистор, трансформатор, выключатель и т. п., имеет выводы, через которые осуществляется соединение с другими изделиями, аппаратами или устройствами. Соединение может быть неразборным (например, выполненное пайкой), разъемным (например, состоящим из вилки и розетки) и разборным. В последнем случае вывод оснащен зажимом, который служит для механического крепления и электрического присоединения одного или нескольких проводников.
[Интент]-
5.4.49. Напряжение на зажимах электродвигателей и в цепях управления ими при всех режимах работы электрооборудования крана должно быть не ниже 85% номинального. [ПУЭ]
- 6.2.15. В щитках без отключающего аппарата на вводе должны быть зажимы для присоединения проводников питающей цепи. [ ГОСТ Р 51778-2001]
-
6.3.1. В щитках должны быть предусмотрены следующие виды контактных зажимов (далее — зажимы) для присоединения внешних проводников:
-
вводные зажимы для присоединения фазных проводников питающей цепи (при отсутствии аппарата на вводе щитка);
-
зажимы для присоединения нулевых рабочих проводников N питающей и групповых цепей;
-
зажимы для присоединения нулевых защитных проводников РЕ или PEN-проводников питающей цепи и проводников РЕ групповых цепей.
[ ГОСТ Р 51778-2001]
-
вводные зажимы для присоединения фазных проводников питающей цепи (при отсутствии аппарата на вводе щитка);
-
Способ крепления проводов к зажимам должен обеспечивать надежный контакт, чтобы не возникало опасности ослабления соединения или чрезмерного нагрева. [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 61038-2001]
-
В некоторых случаях, например при ослаблении контакта в зажимах, недостаточном механическом давлении или при неправильном монтаже в соединениях, может выделяться большое количество теплоты, что также зависит от конструкции соединений и значения проходящего через них тока. [ ГОСТ 27924-88( МЭК 695-2-3-84)]
Параллельные тексты EN-RU
There is a wide range of cable terminal solutions for 1,5 – 95mm² cables
[ABB]Контактные зажимы допускают присоединение кабелей сечением 1,5…95 мм2.
[Перевод Интент]
2. Отдельное устройство (приспособление) для механического крепления и электрического присоединения проводника или его экранирующей оплетки, например:
Рис. Phoenix Contact
Рис. Phoenix ContactНедопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
- вывод, зажим электрический
Классификация
>>>Обобщающие термины
Действия
Синонимы
Сопутствующие термины
EN
- binder
- binding post
- clamp
- clamp-type terminal
- cleat
- clip
- connecting terminal
- connection terminal
- connection terminal block
- dog
- ear
- electrical connection
- fixture
- grip
- jack
- mechanical lug
- post
- retaining clip
- staple
- terminal
- terminal clamp
- terminal point
FR
отчёт по результатам анализа события (на АЭС)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
правила администрирования экспорта в США
—
[http://www.rfcmd.ru/glossword/1.8/index.php?a=index&d=23]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > EAR
- 1
- 2
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