established+or+founded

   The history of Portuguese dance includes traditional, regional folk dances, modern dance, and ballet. Portuguese folk dances have historic origins in the country's varied regions and are based on traditions associated with the historic provinces. At least by the 18th century, these folk dances, performed in traditional garb, were popular and became differentiated by region. In the south of the country, there were colorful, passionate lively dances by rural folk in the Algarve, the corridinho; and in the Ribatejo, the fandango, the dance most celebrated and known outside Portugal. In northern Portugal, even more folk dances were developed and preserved in each historic province. In Trás-os-Montes, there were the chulas and dancas do pauliteros, in which dancers used sticks and stick play. Each region had its own special folk dances and costumes, with typical jewelry on display, and with some dances reflecting regional courting and matrimonial traditions. Perhaps richest of all the provinces as the home of folk dance has been the Minho province in the northwest, with dances such as the viras, gotas, malháo, perim, and tirana. For the most part, folk dances in Portugal are slower than those in neighboring Spain.

   Various factors have favored the preservation of some of these dances including local, regional, and national dance organizations that, for recreation, continue this activity in Portugal, as well as abroad in resident Portuguese communities in Europe, the Americas, and Africa. As a part of entertainment for visitors and tourists alike, performances of folk dances with colorful costumes and lively movements have continued to interest onlookers from abroad. Such performances, usually accompanied by singing traditional folk songs, can occur in a variety of settings including restaurants, fado houses, and arenas. Such dances, too, are performed in traditional, commemorative parades on the Tenth of June from Lisbon and Oporto to Newark, New Jersey, Toronto, and France.

   In modern dance activities, Portugal has made a diversified contribution, and in recent decades ballet has received intense attention and commitment as a performing art. An outstanding example has been the professional company and its performances of the notable Ballet Gulbenkian, established and financed by the Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon. Founded in 1964, Ballet Gulbenkian became an outstanding ballet company, featuring both Portuguese and international ballet dancers and directors. For decades, Ballet Gulbenkian made a distinguished contribution to the performing arts in Portugal. In 2005, unexpectedly and controversially, by fiat of the Foundation's administration, the Ballet Gulbenkian was closed down. The extinction of this ballet company provoked strong national and international protest among fans of ballet, and amounting as it did to a crisis in one division of the performing arts in a country that had expected unstinting financial support from the Foundation established from the financial legacy of notable collector, philanthropist, and financier Calouste Gulben- kian, a resident of Portugal from 1942 to 1955.

    See also Music.

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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Born Elinor Coade, she never married but adopted, as was customary in business in the eighteenth century, the courtesy title of Mrs. Following the bankruptcy and death of her father, George Coade, in Exeter, Eleanor and her mother (also called Eleanor) moved to London and founded the works at Lambeth, South London, in 1769 that later became famous as the Coade factory. The factory was located at King's Arms Stairs, Narrow Wall. During the eighteenth century, several attempts had been made in other businesses to manufacture a durable, malleable artificial stone that would be acceptable to architects for decorative use. These substances were not very successful, but Coade stone was different. Although stories are legion about the secret formula supposedly used in this artificial stone, modern methods have established the exact formula.

Coade stone was a stoneware ceramic material fired in a kiln. The body was remarkable in that it shrank only 8 per cent in drying and firing: this was achieved by using a combination of china clay, sand, crushed glass and grog (i.e. crushed and ground, previously fired stoneware). The Coade formula thus included a considerable proportion of material that, having been fired once already, was unshrinkable. Mrs Coade's name for the firm, Coade's Lithodipyra Terra-Cotta or Artificial Stone Manufactory (where "Lithodipyra" is a term derived from three Greek words meaning "stone", "twice" and "fire"), made reference to the custom of including such material (such as in Josiah Wedgwood's basalt and jasper ware). The especially low rate of shrinkage rendered the material ideal for making extra-life-size statuary, and large architectural, decorative features to be incorporated into stone buildings.

Coade stone was widely used for such purposes by leading architects in Britain and Ireland from the 1770s until the 1830s, including Robert Adam, Sir Charles Barry, Sir William Chambers, Sir John Soane, John Nash and James Wyatt. Some architects introduced the material abroad, as far as, for example, Charles Bulfinch's United States Bank in Boston, Massachusetts, and Charles Cameron's redecoration for the Empress Catherine of the great palace Tsarkoe Selo (now Pushkin), near St Petersburg. The material so resembles stone that it is often mistaken for it, but it is so hard and resistant to weather that it retains sharpness of detail much longer than the natural substance. The many famous British buildings where Coade stone was used include the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, Carlton House and the Sir John Soane Museum (all of which are located in London), St George's Chapel at Windsor, Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, and Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland.

Apart from the qualities of the material, the Coade firm established a high reputation for the equally fine quality of its classical statuary. Mrs Coade employed excellent craftsmen such as the sculptor John Bacon (1740–99), whose work was mass-produced by the use of moulds. One famous example which was widely reproduced was the female caryatid from the south porch of the Erechtheion on the acropolis of Athens. A drawing of this had appeared in the second edition of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens in 1789, and many copies were made from the original Coade model; Soane used them more than once, for example on the Bank of England and his own houses in London.

Eleanor Coade was a remarkable woman, and was important and influential on the neo-classical scene. She had close and amicable relations with leading architects of the day, notably Robert Adam and James Wyatt. The Coade factory was enlarged and altered over the years, but the site was finally cleared during 1949–50 in preparation for the establishment of the 1951 Festival of Britain.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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David Dale, the son of a grocer, began his working life by herding cattle. His connection with the textile industry started when he was apprenticed to a Paisley weaver. After this he travelled the country buying home-spun linen yarns, which he sold in Glasgow. At about the age of 24 he settled in Glasgow as Clerk to a silk merchant. He then started a business importing fine yarns from France and Holland for weaving good-quality cloths such as cambrics. Dale was to become one of the pre-eminent yarn dealers in Scotland. In 1778 he acquired the first cotton-spinning mill built in Scotland by an English company at Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. In 1784 he met Richard Arkwright, who was touring Scotland, and together they visited the Falls of the Clyde near the town of Lanark. Arkwright immediately recognized the potential of the site for driving water-powered mills. Dale acquired part of the area from Lord Braxfield and in 1785 began to build his first mill there in partnership with Arkwright. The association with Arkwright soon ceased, however, and by c.1795 Dale had erected four mills. Because the location of the mills was remote, he built houses for the workers and then employed pauper children brought from the slums of Edinburgh and Glasgow; at one time there were over 400 of them. Dale's attitude to his workers was benevolent and humane. He tried to provide reasonable working conditions and the mills were well designed with a large workshop in which machinery was constructed. Dale was also a partner in mills at Catrine, Newton Stewart, Spinningdale in Sutherlandshire and some others. In 1785 he established the first Turkey red dye works in Scotland and was in partnership with George Macintosh, the father of Charles Macintosh. Dale manufactured cloth in Glasgow and from 1783 was Agent for the Royal Bank of Scotland, a lucrative position. In 1799 he was persuaded by Robert Owen to sell the New Lanark mills for £60,000 to a Manchester partnership which made Owen the Manager. Owen had married Dale's daughter, Anne Caroline, in 1799. Possibly due in part to poor health, Dale retired in 1800 to Rosebank near Glasgow, having made a large fortune. In 1770 he had withdrawn from the established Church of Scotland and founded a new one called the "Old Independents". He visited the various branches of this Church, as well as convicts in Bridewell prison, to preach. He was also a great benefactor to the poor in Glasgow. He had a taste for music and sang old Scottish songs with great gusto.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Sir Alfred Ewing was one of the leading engineering academics of his generation. He was the son of a minister in the Free Church of Scotland, and was educated at Dundee High School and Edinburgh University, where he studied engineering under Professor Fleeming Jenkin. On Jenkin's nomination, Ewing was recruited as Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Tokyo, where he spent five years from 1878 to 1883. While in Tokyo, he devised an instrument for measuring and recording earthquakes. Ewing returned to his home town of Dundee in 1883, as the first Professor of Engineering at the University College recently established there. After seven years building up the department in Dundee, he moved to Cambridge where he succeeded James Stuart as Professor of Mechanism and Applied Mechanics. In thirteen creative years at Cambridge, he established the Engineering Tripos (1892) and founded the first engineering laboratories at the University (1894). From 1903 to 1917 Ewing served the Admiralty as Director of Naval Education, in which role he took a leading part in the revolution in British naval traditions which equipped the Royal Navy to fight the First World War. In that war, Ewing made an important contribution to the intelligence operation of deciphering enemy wireless messages. In 1916 he returned to Edinburgh as Principal and Vice-Chancellor, and following the war he presided over a period of rapid expansion at the University. He retired in 1929.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Reinhard Mannesmann and his four brothers developed the engineering works at Remscheid that had been founded by their father. With his brother Max, Reinhard devised c. 1885 a method of producing seamless tubes by a rolling process. Factories for manufacturing tubes by this process were established at Remscheid, at Bous in the Saar district and at Komotau in Bohemia. Further developments of the process were patented by the brothers in the years following the initial patent of 1885. The British patent rights for the Mannesmann process were purchased by the Landore Siemens Steel Company in 1888, and the Mannesmann Tube Company was established at Landore in South Wales. This company went into liquidation in 1899 after ten years of production and the Tube Works was then purchased by the Mannesmann family, and a new company, the British Mannesmann Tube Company, was formed. Reinhard and Max Mannesmann took up residence near the Landore works and the business prospered so that by 1914 Landore was employing 1,500 men and producing 35,000 tons of tubing each year. The company was taken over during the First World War by the Custodian of Enemy Property, and after the war a new tube works which had been planned in 1914 was built at Newport, Monmouthshire. The Mannesmann family were able to resume control in 1926 for some ten years, but in 1938 the company became part of the Stewarts \& Lloyds organization.

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θεμελιόω (s. θεμέλιος) fut. θεμελιώσω; 1 aor. ἐθεμελίωσα. Pass.: 1 aor. 3 sg. ἐθεμελιώθη LXX; pf. τεθεμελίωμαι; plpf. 3 sg. τεθεμελίωτο (on the missing augment s. B-D-F §66, 1; W-S. §12, 4; Mlt-H. 190) (X., Cyr. 7, 5, 11; SIG 1104, 15; synagogue ins fr. Jerus.: SEG VIII, 170, 9 [before 70 A.D.]; LXX; En; TestSol; JosAs 12:3 [cod. A ch. 19 p. 69, 18 Bat.]; Philo, Op. M. 102)

① to provide a base for some material object or structure, lay a foundation, found, lit. τὶ someth. τὴν γῆν (Job 38:4; Pr 3:19; En 18:12; 21:2; JosAs 12:3) Hb 1:10; Hm 12, 4, 1 v.l. (Ps 101:26). θεμελιώσας τ. γῆν ἐπὶ ὑδάτων (who) founded the earth upon the waters Hv 1, 3, 4 (cp. Ps 23:2). In the same sense ἐπί w. acc. τεθεμελίωτο ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν Mt 7:25; Lk 6:48 v.l.

② to provide a secure basis for the inner life and its resources, establish, strengthen, fig. ext. of mng. 1 (Diod S 11, 68, 7 βασιλεία καλῶς θεμελιωθεῖσα; 15, 1, 3).

ⓐ of believers, whom God establishes 1 Pt 5:10, or to whom he gives a secure place Hv 1, 3, 2. Pass. Eph 3:17; Col 1:23; Hv 3, 13, 4; 4, 1, 4.

ⓑ of revelations that H. receives: πάντα τεθεμελιωμένα ἐστίν they are all well-founded Hv 3, 4, 3.—Of the church viewed as a tower: τεθεμελίωται τῷ ῥήματι τοῦ παντοκράτορος καὶ ἐνδόξου ὀνόματος it has been established by the word of the almighty and glorious name (of God) Hv 3, 3, 5.—DELG s.v. θεμός. M-M. TW.

1) General subject: bottomed, est

2) Mathematics: based (on), based on, founded

3) Religion: laid the foundation

4) Economy: based

5) Telecommunications: set up

6) Programming: focused

7) Makarov: established

1) General subject: well-founded reputation, solid reputation

2) Economy: established reputation

3) Mass media: lasting image

•... находится в самом основании современной математики. -... lies at the very foundation of modern mathematics.

• В данной главе мы заложим теоретические основания для... - In this chapter we lay the theoretical foundations for...

• В общем случае у нас нет оснований ожидать... - In the general case, we cannot reasonably expect...

• Возникает слабое основание сомневаться в том, что... - There appears to be little reason to doubt that...

• Для изучения множества А имеется много различных оснований. - There are many reasons for our study of A.

• Есть все основания полагать, что... - There is good reason to believe that...

• Имеется некоторое основание, чтобы предложить... - There is some evidence to suggest that...

• Имеется основание считать, что... - There is reason to believe that...

• Имеются все основания полагать, что... - We can safely assume that...; We have every reason to believe that...

• Имеются основания думать, что... - There are reasons to think that...

• Имеются основания надеяться на то, что... - There is reason to hope that...

• Имеются основания полагать, что... - There is reason to believe that...; It is reasonable to suppose that...; There are good grounds for believing that...

• Конечно, нет оснований (= аргументов), почему мы не должны комбинировать... с... - There is, of course, no reason why we should not combine... with...

• Можно с достаточными основаниями предположить, что... - One can reasonably suggest that...

• На основании данного факта мы строим... - This fact is the foundation on which we build...

• На основании ряда физических соображений он установил, что... - Не established, on several physical grounds, that...

• Нет никаких логических оснований для... - There is no logical reason for...

• Нет оснований предполагать, что... - There is no reason to suppose that...

• Нет оснований считать, что... - There is no reason to believe that...

• Основание данного утверждения находится в... - The basis for this assertion lies in...

• Основанием для этой аргументации является то, что... - The basis of the argument is that...

• По-видимому, есть основания утверждать, что... - It seems reasonable to say that...

• Следовательно, имеет основание то, что... - It is therefore justifiable to...

• Следовательно, у нас имеются веские основания, чтобы заявить, что... - Thus, we have good grounds for saying that...

• Тем не менее, развитые нами методы дают основание для... - However, the methods we have developed provide a basis for...

• У нас есть все основания полагать, что... - We have good reason to believe that...

• Эта критика не имеет под собой твердого основания. - These criticisms do not appear to be well founded.

• Это само по себе является достаточным основанием, чтобы... - This in itself appears to be sufficient justification for...

• Это фундаментальная идея, лежащая в основании (процесса и т. п.)... - This is the fundamental idea behind...

adv. in the space of... (time period)

prep. in them (3rd person plural fem.)

v. be built, constructed; established, founded

v. be understood, comprehended, grasped

v. to build, construct; establish, found; rebuild

v. to found, establish, base

v. to understand, comprehend; study; interpret

aged; member of; worthy of, deserving

boy, son, child (male), sonny

adj. rooted; established, founded, ingrained, implanted, incorrigible, inveterate

adj. based, founded, established, grounded

v. be founded, established

stock, pillory, gyve

1. (stabil) Mauern, Material etc.: solid, robust, strong; Schuhe: sturdy, strong; solide Möbel (good,) solid ( oder sturdy) furniture

2. (fundiert) Verhältnisse, Ausbildung, Kenntnisse: sound; Grundlage: firm, sound; eine solide Arbeit a sound piece of work; (Möbelstück etc.) auch a good, solid piece of workmanship; eine solide Mahlzeit a good square meal

3. (anständig, seriös) Person: respectable; Firma: auch sound, reputable; Preise: reasonable; er ist solide geworden he’s become a respectable citizen, he’s settled down; solider Lebenswandel solid, respectable lifestyle

1. (stabil) solide gebaut well-built, solidly built

2. ganz solide leben live a solid and respectable life

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substantial; steady; strong; solid; sound; reasonable

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1. adj

2. adv

1)

2)

3) (= gründlich) arbeiten thoroughly

4) (= überzeugend) begründen solidly

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1) (firmly; strongly: solidly-built houses.) solidly

2) (full; thorough: a sound basic training.) sound

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I. adj

1. (haltbar, fest) solid

\solidee Kleidung durable [or hard-wearing] clothes npl

\solidees Möbel solid [or sturdy] furniture

2. (fundiert) sound, thorough

eine \solidee Ausbildung a sound education

3. (untadelig) respectable, steady-going

ein \solidees Leben a steady life

4. (finanzkräftig) solid, sound, well-established attr; (zuverlässig, seriös) sound

II. adv

1. (haltbar, fest)

\solide gebaut solidly constructed

2. (untadelig) respectably

\solide leben to lead a steady life, to live respectably

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1) solid <rock, wood, house>; sturdy <shoes, shed, material, fabric>; solid, sturdy < furniture>; [good-]quality < goods>

2) (gut fundiert) sound <work, workmanship, education, knowledge>; solid <firm, business>

3) (anständig) respectable <person, life, occupation, profession>

1) solidly < built>; sturdily < made>

2) (gut fundiert) soundly <educated, constructed>

3) (anständig) < live> respectably, steadily

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A. adj

1. (stabil) Mauern, Material etc: solid, robust, strong; Schuhe: sturdy, strong;

solide Möbel (good,) solid ( oder sturdy) furniture

2. (fundiert) Verhältnisse, Ausbildung, Kenntnisse: sound; Grundlage: firm, sound;

eine solide Arbeit a sound piece of work; (Möbelstück etc) auch a good, solid piece of workmanship;

eine solide Mahlzeit a good square meal

3. (anständig, seriös) Person: respectable; Firma: auch sound, reputable; Preise: reasonable;

er ist solide geworden he’s become a respectable citizen, he’s settled down;

solider Lebenswandel solid, respectable lifestyle

B. adv

1. (stabil)

solide gebaut well-built, solidly built

2.

ganz solide leben live a solid and respectable life

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1) solid <rock, wood, house>; sturdy <shoes, shed, material, fabric>; solid, sturdy < furniture>; [good-]quality < goods>

2) (gut fundiert) sound <work, workmanship, education, knowledge>; solid <firm, business>

3) (anständig) respectable <person, life, occupation, profession>

1) solidly < built>; sturdily < made>

2) (gut fundiert) soundly <educated, constructed>

3) (anständig) < live> respectably, steadily

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solid adj.

steady adj. adv.

solidly adv.

1) требование; претензия; притязание; иск; рекламация; право (на что-л.)

2) разг. утверждение, заявление

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- claim to foreign territory

1) предъявлять требование, предъявлять претензию, предъявлять иск; заявлять права (на что-л.)

2) разг. утверждать, заявлять

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