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101 present
I [ˈpreznt] adjective1) being here, or at the place, occasion etc mentioned:Who else was present at the wedding?
حاضِر، مَوجودNow that the whole class is present, we can begin the lesson.
2) existing now:الحاليthe present prime minister.
3) (of the tense of a verb) indicating action now:صيغَة الزَّمن الحاضِر II [prɪˈzent] verbIn the sentence "She wants a chocolate", the verb is in the present tense.
1) to give, especially formally or ceremonially:يُهْدي، يُعْطي هَدِيَّهHe was presented with a gold watch when he retired.
2) to introduce:يُقَدِّمMay I present my wife (to you)?
3) to arrange the production of (a play, film etc):يُقَدِّم، يَعْرِضThe Elizabethan Theatre Company presents "Hamlet", by William Shakespeare.
4) to offer (ideas etc) for consideration, or (a problem etc) for solving:She presents (=expresses) her ideas very clearly
يُقَدِّم، يَعْرِض، يُعَبِّرThe situation presents a problem.
5) to bring (oneself); to appear:يَظْهَر، يَجيء III [ˈpreznt] nounHe presented himself at the dinner table half an hour late.
a gift:هَدِيَّهbirthday presents.
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102 ელიზაბეტიანელი
nElizabethan -
103 ელიზაბეტიანური
aElizabethan -
104 Lee, Revd William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]d. c. 1615[br]English inventor of the first knitting machine, called the stocking frame.[br]It would seem that most of the stories about Lee's invention of the stocking frame cannot be verified by any contemporary evidence, and the first written accounts do not appear until the second half of the seventeenth century. The claim that he was Master of Arts from St John's College, Cambridge, was first made in 1607 but cannot be checked because the records have not survived. The date for the invention of the knitting machine as being 1589 was made at the same time, but again there is no supporting evidence. There is no evidence that Lee was Vicar of Calverton, nor that he was in Holy Orders at all. Likewise there is no evidence for the existence of the woman, whether she was girlfriend, fiancée or wife, who is said to have inspired the invention, and claims regarding the involvement of Queen Elizabeth I and her refusal to grant a patent because the stockings were wool and not silk are also without contemporary foundation. Yet the first known reference shows that Lee was the inventor of the knitting machine, for the partnership agreement between him and George Brooke dated 6 June 1600 states that "William Lee hath invented a very speedy manner of making works usually wrought by knitting needles as stockings, waistcoats and such like". This agreement was to last for twenty-two years, but terminated prematurely when Brooke was executed for high treason in 1603. Lee continued to try and exploit his invention, for in 1605 he described himself as "Master of Arts" when he petitioned the Court of Aldermen of the City of London as the first inventor of an engine to make silk stockings. In 1609 the Weavers' Company of London recorded Lee as "a weaver of silk stockings by engine". These petitions suggest that he was having difficulty in establishing his invention, which may be why in 1612 there is a record of him in Rouen, France, where he hoped to have better fortune. If he had been invited there by Henry IV, his hopes were dashed by the assassination of the king soon afterwards. He was to supply four knitting machines, and there is further evidence that he was in France in 1615, but it is thought that he died in that country soon afterwards.The machine Lee invented was probably the most complex of its day, partly because the need to use silk meant that the needles were very fine. Henson (1970) in 1831 took five pages in his book to describe knitting on a stocking frame which had over 2,066 pieces. To knit a row of stitches took eleven separate stages, and great care and watchfulness were required to ensure that all the loops were equal and regular. This shows how complex the machines were and points to Lee's great achievement in actually making one. The basic principles of its operation remained unaltered throughout its extraordinarily long life, and a few still remained in use commercially in the early 1990s.[br]Further ReadingJ.T.Millington and S.D.Chapman (eds), 1989, Four Centuries of Machine Knitting, Commemorating William Lee's Invention of the Stocking Frame in 1589, Leicester (N.Harte examines the surviving evidence for the life of William Lee and this must be considered as the most up-to-date biographical information).Dictionary of National Biography (this contains only the old stories).Earlier important books covering Lee's life and invention are G.Henson, 1970, History of the Framework Knitters, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1831); and W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867).M.Palmer, 1984, Framework Knitting, Aylesbury (a simple account of the mechanism of the stocking frame).R.L.Hills, "William Lee and his knitting machine", Journal of the Textile Institute 80(2) (a more detailed account).M.Grass and A.Grass, 1967, Stockings for a Queen. The Life of William Lee, the Elizabethan Inventor, London.RLH -
105 Momma (Mumma), Jacob
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. early seventeenth century Germanyd. 1679 England[br]German (naturalized English) immigrant skilled in the manufacture and production of brass, who also mined and smelted copper.[br]The protestant Momma family were well known in Aachen, the seventeenth-century centre of German brass production. Subjected to religious pressures, some members of the family moved to nearby Stolberg, while others migrated to Sweden, starting brass manufacture there. Jacob travelled to England, establishing brassworks with two German partners at Esher in Surrey in 1649; theirs was the only such works in England to survive for more than a few years during the seventeenth century.Jacob, naturalized English by 1660, is often referred to in England as Mummer or another variant of his name. He became respected, serving as a juror, and was appointed a constable in 1661. During the 1660s Momma was engaged in mining copper at Ecton Hill, Staffordshire, where he was credited with introducing gunpowder to English mining technology. He smelted his ore at works nearby in an effort to secure copper supplies, but the whole project was brief and unprofitable.The alternative imported copper required for his brass came mainly from Sweden, its high cost proving a barrier to viable English brass production. In 1662 Momma petitioned Parliament for some form of assistance. A year later he pleaded further for higher tariffs against brass-wire imports as protection from the price manipulation of Swedish exporters. He sought support from the Society of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly (see Dockwra, William) claiming jurisdiction over the country's working of brass, but neither petition succeeded. Despite these problems with the high cost of copper supplies in England, Momma continued his business and is recorded as still paying hearth tax on his twenty brass furnaces up to 1664. Although these were abandoned before his death and he claimed to have lost £6,000 on his brassworks, his wire mills survived him for a few years under the management of his son.[br]Further ReadingJ.Morton, 1985, The rise of the modern copper and brass industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished thesis: University of Birmingham, 16–25.J.Day, 1984, "The continental origins of Bristol Brass", Industrial Archaeology Review 8/1: 32–56.John Robey, 1969, "Ecton copper mines in the seventeenth century", Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historic Society 4(2):145–55 (the most comprehensive published account).JD
См. также в других словарях:
Elizabethan — E*liz a*beth an, prop. a. Pertaining to Queen Elizabeth I. or her times, esp. to the architecture or literature of her reign; as, the Elizabethan writers, drama, literature. n. One who lived in England in the time of Queen Elizabeth. Lowell.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Elizabethan — ► ADJECTIVE ▪ relating to or characteristic of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558 1603). ► NOUN ▪ a person, especially a writer, of the Elizabethan age … English terms dictionary
Elizabethan — (adj.) 1807 (Elizabethean); Coleridge (1817) has Elizabethian, and Carlyle (1840) finally attains the modern form. Belonging to the period of Queen Elizabeth I (1558 1603). The noun is first attested 1881. See ELIZABETH (Cf. Elizabeth). John Knox … Etymology dictionary
Elizabethan — [ē liz΄ə bē′thən, iliz΄ə bē′thən] adj. of or characteristic of the time when Elizabeth I was queen of England n. an English person, esp. a writer, of the time of Queen Elizabeth I … English World dictionary
Elizabethan — /i liz euh bee theuhn, beth euhn/, adj. 1. of or pertaining to the reign of Elizabeth I, queen of England, or to her times: Elizabethan diplomacy; Elizabethan music. 2. noting or pertaining to an English Renaissance style of architecture of the… … Universalium
Elizabethan — E|liz|a|be|than [ıˌlızəˈbi:θən] adj relating to the period 1558 1603 when Elizabeth I was queen of England ▪ Elizabethan drama >Elizabethan n ▪ The Earl of Essex was a famous Elizabethan … Dictionary of contemporary English
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Elizabethan — adjective connected to the period 1558 1603 when Elizabeth I was queen of England: Elizabethan drama Elizabethan noun (C): The Earl of Essex was a famous Elizabethan … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Elizabethan — UK [ɪˌlɪzəˈbiːθ(ə)n] / US [ɪˌlɪzəˈbɪθn] adjective relating to the time when Elizabeth I was the queen of England, 1558–1603 Derived word: Elizabethan UK / US noun countable Word forms Elizabethan : singular Elizabethan plural Elizabethans … English dictionary
Elizabethan — E•liz•a•be•than [[t]ɪˌlɪz əˈbi θən, ˈbɛθ ən[/t]] adj. 1) why of or pertaining to the reign of Elizabeth I, queen of England, or to her times: Elizabethan drama[/ex] 2) why a person who lived in England during the Elizabethan period, esp. a poet… … From formal English to slang
Elizabethan — adjective Date: 1807 of, relating to, or characteristic of Elizabeth I of England or her reign • Elizabethan noun … New Collegiate Dictionary
