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1 elinvar
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2 elinvar
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3 elinvar
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4 елинвар
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5 elinwar
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6 Guillaume, Charles-Edouard
[br]b. 15 February 1861 Fleurier, Switzerlandd. 13 June 1938 Sèvres, France[br]Swiss physicist who developed two alloys, "invar" and "elinvar", used for the temperature compensation of clocks and watches.[br]Guillaume came from a family of clock-and watchmakers. He was educated at the Gymnasium in Neuchâtel and at Zurich Polytechnic, from which he received his doctorate in 1883 for a thesis on electrolytic capacitors. In the same year he joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres in France, where he was to spend the rest of his working life. He retired as Director in 1936. At the bureau he was involved in distributing the national standards of the metre to countries subscribing to the General Conference on Weights and Measures that had been held in 1889. This made him aware of the crucial effect of thermal expansion on the lengths of the standards and he was prompted to look for alternative materials that would be less costly than the platinum alloys which had been used. While studying nickel steels he made the surprising discovery that the thermal expansion of certain alloy compositions was less than that of the constituent metals. This led to the development of a steel containing about 36 per cent nickel that had a very low thermal coefficient of expansion. This alloy was subsequently named "invar", an abbreviation of invariable. It was well known that changes in temperature affected the timekeeping of clocks by altering the length of the pendulum, and various attempts had been made to overcome this defect, most notably the mercury-compensated pendulum of Graham and the gridiron pendulum of Harrison. However, an invar pendulum offered a simpler and more effective method of temperature compensation and was used almost exclusively for pendulum clocks of the highest precision.Changes in temperature can also affect the timekeeping of watches and chronometers, but this is due mainly to changes in the elasticity or stiffness of the balance spring rather than to changes in the size of the balance itself. To compensate for this effect Guillaume developed another more complex nickel alloy, "elinvar" (elasticity invariable), whose elasticity remained almost constant with changes in temperature. This had two practical consequences: the construction of watches could be simplified (by using monometallic balances) and more accurate chronometers could be made.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1920. Corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences. Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1937. Physical Society Duddell Medal 1928. British Horological Institute Gold Medal 1930.Bibliography1897, "Sur la dilation des aciers au nickel", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 124:176.1903, "Variations du module d"élasticité des aciers au nickel', Comptes rendushebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 136:498."Les aciers au nickel et leurs applications à l'horlogerie", in J.Grossmann, Horlogerie théorique, Paris, Vol. II, pp. 361–414 (describes the application of invar and elinvar to horology).Sir Richard Glazebrook (ed.), 1923 "Invar and Elinvar", Dictionary of Applied Physics, 5 vols, London, Vol. V, pp. 320–7 (a succinct account in English).Further ReadingR.M.Hawthorne, 1989, Nobel Prize Winners, Physics, 1901–1937, ed. F.N.Magill, Pasadena, Salem Press, pp. 244–51.See also: Le Roy, PierreDVBiographical history of technology > Guillaume, Charles-Edouard
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7 елінвар
ru\ \ элинварen\ \ [lang name="English"]elinvar, constant-modulus alloy, isoelastic, Ni-spande\ \ [lang name="German"]Elinvar, Elinvarlegierungfr\ \ \ elinvarзалізо-нікелевий сплав, що відзначається постійним значенням модуля пружності у певному інтервалі температур (до 373—473 К); містить 42—44% Ni, 5—6% Cr, добавки Ti і Al при вкрай малій кількості шкідливої домішки — вуглецю -
8 элинвар
ua\ \ елінварen\ \ [lang name="English"]elinvar, constant-modulus alloy, isoelastic, Ni-spande\ \ [lang name="German"]Elinvar, Elinvarlegierungfr\ \ \ elinvarжелезо-никелевый сплав, отличающийся постоянством модуля упругости в определенном интервале температур (до 373—473 К); содержит 42—44% Ni, 5—6% Cr, добавки Ti и Al при крайне малом количестве вредной примеси — углерода -
9 элинвар
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10 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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11 элинвар
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12 элинвар
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13 Hetzel, Max
[br]b. 5 March 1921 Basle, Switzerland[br]Swiss electrical engineer who invented the tuning-fork watch.[br]Hetzel trained as an electrical engineer at the Federal Polytechnic in Zurich and worked for several years in the field of telecommunications before joining the Bulova Watch Company in 1950. At that time several companies were developing watches with electromagnetically maintained balances, but they represented very little advance on the mechanical watch and the mechanical switching mechanism was unreliable. In 1952 Hetzel started work on a much more radical design which was influenced by a transistorized tuning-fork oscillator that he had developed when he was working on telecommunications. Tuning forks, whose vibrations were maintained electromagnetically, had been used by scientists during the nineteenth century to measure small intervals of time, but Niaudet- Breguet appears to have been the first to use a tuning fork to control a clock. In 1866 he described a mechanically operated tuning-fork clock manufactured by the firm of Breguet, but it was not successful, possibly because the fork did not compensate for changes in temperature. The tuning fork only became a precision instrument during the 1920s, when elinvar forks were maintained in vibration by thermionic valve circuits. Their primary purpose was to act as frequency standards, but they might have been developed into precision clocks had not the quartz clock made its appearance very shortly afterwards. Hetzel's design was effectively a miniaturized version of these precision devices, with a transistor replacing the thermionic valve. The fork vibrated at a frequency of 360 cycles per second, and the hands were driven mechanically from the end of one of the tines. A prototype was working by 1954, and the watch went into production in 1960. It was sold under the tradename Accutron, with a guaranteed accuracy of one minute per month: this was a considerable improvement on the performance of the mechanical watch. However, the events of the 1920s were to repeat themselves, and by the end of the decade the Accutron was eclipsed by the introduction of quartz-crystal watches.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNeuchâtel Observatory Centenary Prize 1958. Swiss Society for Chronometry Gold Medal 1988.Bibliography"The history of the “Accutron” tuning fork watch", 1969, Swiss Watch \& Jewellery Journal 94:413–5.Further ReadingR.Good, 1960, "The Accutron", Horological Journal 103:346–53 (for a detailed technical description).J.D.Weaver, 1982, Electrical \& Electronic Clocks \& Watches, London (provides a technical description of the tuning-fork watch in its historical context).DV
См. также в других словарях:
elinvar — ELINVÁR s.n. Aliaj de oţel, crom şi nichel, cu elasticitate constantă la temperatura de lucru, folosit în construcţia unor instrumente de măsură de precizie. – Din el[asticitate] + invar[iabilă]. Trimis de LauraGellner, 12.06.2004. Sursa: DEX 98… … Dicționar Român
Elinvar — is a nickel steel alloy with a modulus of elasticity which does not change much with temperature changes. The name is a contraction of the French Elasticité invariable. It was invented around the 1920s by Charles Édouard Guillaume, a Swiss… … Wikipedia
Élinvar — ● Élinvar nom masculin (de élastique et invariable) Nom déposé d aciers alliés contenant 40 à 42 % de nickel et possédant un module élastique quasi constant entre − 50 et + 100 °C, ce qui permet leur emploi dans la fabrication des ressorts… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Élinvar — L’élinvar est un alliage d acier au nickel (36% de nickel, 12% de chrome)[1] découvert par le physicien suisse Charles Édouard Guillaume vers 1920, et caractérisé par une très faible variation de son module d élasticité avec la température, d où… … Wikipédia en Français
elinvar — elinvaras statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis 44–49% Fe, 33–43% Ni, 5–16% Cr, ir kt. metalų priedų lydinys. atitikmenys: angl. elinvar rus. элинвар … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
Elinvar — noun Elinvar is a trademark for a kind of steel used for watch springs because its elasticity is constant over a wide range of temperatures • Syn: ↑chrome nickel steel • Usage Domain: ↑trademark • Hypernyms: ↑alloy steel … Useful english dictionary
Elinvar — /el in vahr /, Trademark. an alloy of iron, nickel, chromium, and other constituents, resistant to rust and magnetization and having a low rate of thermal expansion. * * * … Universalium
Elinvar — Смотри Элинвар … Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии
elinvar — el·in·var … English syllables
Элинвар — [Elinvar] общее название группы сплавов на Fe Ni основе (около 36 % Ni и 8 % Cr, остальное Fe), упругие свойства которых мало зависят от температуры. Основные причины аномалии: уменьшение сил связи в кристаллической решетке при переходе ее в… … Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии
Physiknobelpreis 1920: Charles Édouard Guillaume — Der Franzose erhielt den Nobelpreis für die Entdeckung der Anomalien bei Nickelstahllegierungen und für seine Präzisionsmessungen. Biografie Charles Édouard Guillaume, * Fleurier (Kanton Neuchâtel) 15. 2. 1861, ✝ Sèvres (Frankreich) 13. 6 … Universal-Lexikon
