-
41 MANY
limbë, also prefix lin- (by assimilation it becomes lil- before l, as in lillassëa "having many leaves"; before m, r, s it would similarly become *lim-, *lir-, *lis-). Instead of using the early "Qenya" form limbë for "many", it may be safer to use the later form rimba, by Tolkien glossed "numerous" (q.v. for reference). –LT2:342, LI, Plotz letter -
42 MORE
ambë (adverb), amba (adjective/noun), “used of any kind of measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative” (note that amba is also the adverb “up”). Early material lists lil as a term for “more”. ONE MORE enta (another). (Note: a homophone means "that yonder"). MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, WHAT IS MORE entë, yëa, yé (Note: yé is also an interjection "lo! now see!") See FURTHERMORE. –PE17:91, PE14:80, VT47:15, 31 -
43 MORNING
(noun) arin (LT1:254 gives cálë, but this word means "light" in later writings), MORNING (used as adj?) arinya (early) –AR1 -
44 NEW
vinya (cf. Vinyamar "New Dwelling", Vinyalondë "New Haven"), sinya, céva (fresh). NEW MOON ceuran-, NEW SUN AFTER SOLSTICE ceuranar. Early "Qenya" also has: NEW LIFE laito, laisi (vigour, youth) –Silm:425, UT:471, SIN, VT48:7, LT1:267 -
45 NOOK
winca (corner) (QL:104, there written ‘winka). Read *vinca if this early “Qenya” form is to be adapted to LotR-style Third Age Quenya. -
46 OR
(conjunction) hya (also used as noun “other thing”), hela; early “Qenya” also had var –VT49:14, QL:100 -
47 PASS
(vb.) auta- (leave, go away); pa.t. oantë, oantië (in the physical sense "went away [to another place]", vánë ("the most frequently used past [tense]" – less "physical" than oantë, meaning *"disappeared" rather than "passed away"), also anwë (this pa.t. was "only found in archaic language"), perf. avánië (pl. avánier is attested); perf. vánië with no augment may occur in verse. –WJ:366; for the gloss "pass" see Silm:229 – mountain pass: falqua (cleft, ravine); pass between hills: cilya (cleft, gorge) (so in Etym, but \#cirya in the name Calacirya "Pass of Light" [gen. Calaciryo in Namárië] – though this clashes with cirya "ship". An early version of Namárië actually had Calacilyo not Calaciryo; see An Introduction to Elvish p. 5) –LT2:341, KIL -
48 RAISE
orta- (lift up, rise) (pa.t. ortanë is attested; orta- probably obsoletes orto- in LT1:256), in early "Qenya" also amu- –ORO, Nam, RGEO:67, LT2:335 -
49 RE-
(prefix) en- (as in entulessë "return" and envinyatar "renewer", q.v. Also used on verbs: \#enquat- "refill" [only fut. enquantuva is attested, see REFILL]. Before the consonants l, m, r, s, the prefix en- would be assimilated to *el-, *em-, *er-, and *es-, respectively. Very early [The Lost Tales] "Qenya" has an- instead of en- [see LT1:184].) -
50 RECEIVE
\#cam- (attested in the past tense \#camnë with pronominal endings added: camnelyes "you received it"). Early material also has tuvu- (same as in utúvienyes "I have found it"? See FIND) –VT47:21, GL:71 \#cam- (attested in the pa.t. \#camnë with pronominal affixes: camnelyes, "you received it") –VT47:21 -
51 REMAIN
lemya- (to tarry). Possibly this verb should have the past tense *lemnë rather than ?lemyanë, since intransitive verbs in –ya may seem to surrender this suffix in the past tense. REMAINS erin (evidently a verb; the ending -n for 3rd person rather than 1st person would not be valid in later Quenya. A verbal stem \#er- "remain" may perhaps be isolated, but the source is very early and writers should rather use lemya-.) –VT45:26, LT1:269 -
52 RULE
(vb) heru- (Note: In Tolkien’s later Quenya, heru is primarily the noun "lord", so the later verb tur- “govern” may be preferred to this early “Qenya” verb.). LT1:273 has vard- "rule, govern", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. RULE (noun, “a rule”) sanyë (Þ) (law), axan (commandment, law, as proceeding primarily from Eru; pl. axani is attested.) –LT1:272, STAN, WJ:399/VT39:30 -
53 SEIZE
mapa- (grasp) This word was struck out in one of Tolkien's earlier word-lists, but in Etym it was restored. In early material we have map- "seize, take" with pa.t. nampë. –MAP, LT2:339, QL:59 -
54 SLAY
nahta- (see also SLAYER concerning a possible alternative form \#nehta-). Passive participle nahtana in the phrase *nahtana ló Turin *”slain by Túrin” (VT49:24). The verb mac- meant “slay” in early material (LT1:259), but in a much later source reproduced in VT39.11, this verb is translated "hew with a sword" instead. -
55 STATE
(more or less = *"condition", not a "state" as a political unit) indo (perhaps especially a state of mind, since indo is translated "heart, mood" in the Etymologies, stem ID), in early material also sóma, explicitly glossed “state, condition”. –VT39:23, QL:85$ -
56 STIRRING
coirë (according to the Calendar of Imladris a period of 54 days in early spring) –LotR:1141, 1142 -
57 STRIPPED
\#racina (only pl. racinë is attested) (deprived). STRIPPED SIGN \#racina tengwë (only pl. racinë tengwi is attested). Also translated "deprived sign", this was in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant with no following vowel; the vowel was held to have disappeared or been omitted. –VT39:16 -
58 THAT
(1) (demonstrative): tana (an adjectival word, VT49:11; in one version of the language also tanya, as in tanya wendë "that maiden", MC:215-16). Also yana with meaning “the former” (e.g. *loa yana “that year” referring to a former year). Adj. OF THAT SORT taitë; IN THAT WAY tanen; THAT MATTER tama. Also see THIS regarding the word talumë “at this [or, that] time”. –TA, YA, VT49:11, 18 (2) (pronoun) ta, also translated “it”. (Notice that in some versions of the language, Tolkien wanted ta to be a plural pronoun “they, them” used of non-living things. See the various entries on ta in the Quenya-English wordlist.) Sa, normally translated “it”, is also defined as “that” in one source. IT IS THAT náto, IT IS NOT THAT uito. –VT49:11, TA, VT49:18, 28 (3) (relative pronoun "who, which, that"). According to VT47:21, the relative pronoun is ye with reference to a person (*i Elda ye tirnen "the Elf who/that I watched"), plural i (e.g. *Eldar i... "Elves that..."). The impersonal relative pronoun ("that = which") is ya (e.g. *i parma ya hirnen "the book that/which I found"), pl. presumably *yar (*i parmar yar... "the books that..."). This gives a system with great symmetry, but Tolkien also used i in a singular sense, in the sentence i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa "the One who is [or, that is] above all thrones", though i is indeed plural in i carir quettar ómainen "those who [or, those that] form words with voices". A relative pronoun ya *"which" is found in the "Arctic" sentence; a long variant yá also occurs in the corpus (VT43:27-28). Case-forms: The plural locative of ya is attested as yassen "in which" in Nam (sg. *yassë), the genitive and ablative forms of ye are attested as yëo and yello respectively in VT47:21, and the same source gives ion and illon as the corresponding plural forms. –VT47:21, WJ:391, UT:305, 317, Arct(4) (conjunction, as in "I know that you are here") i, cf. the sentence savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe Elessar really existed and that he was a king of Gondor” (VT49:27). In one version of early “Qenya”, this conjunction appeared as ne instead (PE14:54). -
59 THEN
tá (VT49:11); the “Qenya” form san occurring in early material (MC:216) rather looks like the dative form of sa “it” in Tolkien’s later versions of the language. Another word glossed “then”, tai, is used for “they, them” elsewhere (VT49:33). -
60 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES.
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