-
121 Singer, Isaac Merritt
[br]b. 27 October 1811 Pittstown, New York, USAd. 23 July 1875 Torquay, Devonshire, England[br]American inventor of a sewing machine, and pioneer of mass production.[br]The son of a millwright, Singer was employed as an unskilled labourer at the age of 12, but later gained wide experience as a travelling machinist. He also found employment as an actor. On 16 May 1839, while living at Lockport, Illinois, he obtained his first patent for a rock-drilling machine, but he soon squandered the money he made. Then in 1849, while at Pittsburgh, he secured a patent for a wood-and metal-carving machine that he had begun five years previously; however, a boiler explosion in the factory destroyed his machine and left him penniless.Near the end of 1850 Singer was engaged to redesign the Lerow \& Blodgett sewing machine at the Boston shop of Orson C.Phelps, where the machine was being repaired. He built an improved version in eleven days that was sufficiently different for him to patent on 12 August 1851. He formed a partnership with Phelps and G.B. Zieber and they began to market the invention. Singer soon purchased Phelps's interest, although Phelps continued to manufacture the machines. Then Edward Clark acquired a one-third interest and with Singer bought out Zieber. These two, with dark's flair for promotion and marketing, began to create a company which eventually would become the largest manufacturer of sewing machines exported worldwide, with subsidiary factories in England.However, first Singer had to defend his patent, which was challenged by an earlier Boston inventor, Elias Howe. Although after a long lawsuit Singer had to pay royalties, it was the Singer machine which eventually captured the market because it could do continuous stitching. In 1856 the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important pooling arrangement in American history, was formed to share the various patents so that machines could be built without infringements and manufacture could be expanded without fear of litigation. Singer contributed his monopoly on the needle-bar cam with his 1851 patent. He secured twenty additional patents, so that his original straight-needle vertical design for lock-stitching eventually included such refinements as a continuous wheel-feed, yielding presser-foot, and improved cam for moving the needle-bar. A new model, introduced in 1856, was the first to be intended solely for use in the home.Initially Phelps made all the machines for Singer. Then a works was established in New York where the parts were assembled by skilled workers through filing and fitting. Each machine was therefore a "one-off" but Singer machines were always advertised as the best on the market and sold at correspondingly high prices. Gradually, more specialized machine tools were acquired, but it was not until long after Singer had retired to Europe in 1863 that Clark made the change to mass production. Sales of machines numbered 810 in 1853 and 21,000 ten years later.[br]Bibliography12 August 1851, US patent no. 8,294 (sewing machine)Further ReadingBiographies and obituaries have appeared in Appleton's Cyclopedia of America, Vol. V; Dictionary of American Biography, Vol XVII; New York Times 25 July 1875; Scientific American (1875) 33; and National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (provides a thorough account of the development of the Singer sewing machine, the competition it faced from other manufacturers and production methods).RLH -
122 DDR
DDR, daily demand rate————————DDR, decoy discrimination radar————————DDR, Бр The Devonshire and Dorset RegimentEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > DDR
-
123 DEVON
DEVON, Бр Devonshire RegimentEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > DEVON
-
124 kuru
"1. dry; dried. 2. dead (plant). 3. emaciated, thin. 4. bare, unadorned, unfurnished. 5. empty, hollow, vain, meaningless. 6. dry, unfeeling, curt (utterance). 7. slang hashish, hash. - başına all alone. - başına kalmak to be left without friends or relatives, be all on one´s own. - çeşme dry fountain. - duvar dry wall. - ekmek dry bread, bread eaten with nothing else. - erik prune. - fasulye 1. dried beans. 2. a dish made of stewed dried beans. - filtre dry filter (for an air conditioner). - gürültü 1. meaningless excitement, much ado about nothing. 2. bluster, empty talk. - hava dry air. - havuz naut. dry dock, floating dock, floating dry dock. - iftira sheer calumny. - incir dried fig. - kafes mere skeleton, skin and bones. - kalabalık 1. crowd of idle onlookers. 2. useless and worn-out things, junk. -da kalmak naut. (for a ship or boat) to be grounded at low tide. - kaymak clotted cream, Devonshire cream. - köfte grilled meat patty. - kuruya uselessly, in vain. - kuyu dry well, cesspool, sink. - laf empty promise(s). - laf karın doyurmaz. proverb Empty promises don´t fill one´s belly. - meyve bot. nut. - ot 1. hay. 2. dried herb. - öksürük dry cough. - poğaça a flaky, savory pastry. - sıkı 1. blank (shot). 2. bluff, empty threat. - sıkı atmak to utter empty threats. - soğuk dry cold. - tahtada kalmak to be left without a stick of furniture in one´s house. - tekne hull, hulk. - temizleme dry cleaning. - temizleyici dry cleaner. - üzüm raisins. - vaat empty promise. -nun yanında/arasında yaş da yanar. proverb Sometimes the innocent suffer along with the guilty. - yemiş 1. dried fruit. 2. (edible) nuts. - yemişçi seller of dried fruit and nuts." -
125 tejföl
sour cream, clotted cream, Devonshire cream
См. также в других словарях:
Devonshire — may refer to: An alternative name for Devon, a county in South West England The short form of the Duke of Devonshire actually from Derbyshire Devonshire, Dallas, Texas Devonshire, Boise, Idaho Devonshire Parish, Bermuda Devonshire tea, another… … Wikipedia
Devonshire — [ devnʃɪə], englischer Adelstitel, geführt in der Familie Cavendish, die 1618 den Titel eines Earl, 1694 den eines Herzogs von Devonshire erhielt. Bekannt v. a.: Spencer Compton Cavendish [ kævəndɪʃ], 8. Herzog von Devonshire, bis zum Tod… … Universal-Lexikon
Devonshire [1] — Devonshire (spr. Dewwenschirr), Grafschaft, so v.w. Devon 1) … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Devonshire [2] — Devonshire (spr. Dewwenschirr). Der erste Viscount von D. war 1) Balduin, welchen Wilhelm der Eroberer zu der Würde erhob, dessen Sohn Richard I. st. ohne Leibeserben, u. nun erhielt 2) Richard v. Redvers die Grafschaft D.; nach seines Enkels… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Devonshire [1] — Devonshire (spr. déww nschĭr, kurz De von), Grafschaft im südwestlichen England, zwischen dem Kanal von Bristol und dem Englischen Kanal gelegen, östlich von den Grafschaften Dorset und Somerset, westlich von Cornwall begrenzt, umfaßt einen… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Devonshire [2] — Devonshire oder Devon, engl. Adelstitel, der, seit Heinrich I. bestehend, 1335 von dem Haus Redvers auf das Haus Courtenay überging, das seit Heinrich II. in England ansässig war. Thomas Courtenay, sechster Graf von D., wurde in der Schlacht von… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Devonshire — (spr. déww nschĭr), engl. Grafen und Herzogstitel; 1618 William, Baron Cavendish von Hardwick (gest. 1625) von Jakob I. zum Grafen von D. ernannt. William, 4. Graf von D., der für die Thronbesteigung Wilhelms III. tätig war, ward von diesem 1694… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Devonshire — [dev′ən shir΄, dev′ənshər] DEVON2 (the county) … English World dictionary
Devonshire — This name, with variant forms Devonish, Devenish and Devon, is of English regional origin from Devonshire in South West England. Recorded variously as Defenascir and Defnascir in The Anglo Saxon Chronicle under the dates 851 and 894 respectively … Surnames reference
Devonshire — Devon (comté) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Devon. Devon Administration Statut … Wikipédia en Français
Devonshire MS — The Devonshire MS (British Library, MS Add. 17492) is a verse miscellany from the 1530s and early 1540s, compiled by three women who attended the court of Anne Boleyn: Mary Shelton, Mary Fitzroy (née Howard), and Lady Margaret Douglas. Although… … Wikipedia
