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101 Devon.
сокр., геогр. Devonshire (польз.) -
102 Devon
['devn]= Devonshire -
103 broad
[brɔːd] 1. прил.1) широкий; обширныйSyn:Ant:2) просторный3) лингв. открытый ( о звуке)4) свободный5) терпимый, широких взглядов, толерантный, незашоренный6) общий; описанный в общих чертах7) главный, основной8) ясный, понятный; чёткий9) неприкрытый, откровенный; грубый, неприличныйA collection of comic but extremely broad ballads. — Сборник смешных, но уж очень неприличных стихов.
10) региональный, диалектный••2. нареч.it is as broad as it is long — что в лоб, что по лбу; какая разница; не мытьем, так катаньем
1) широкоBroad burst the lightnings, deep the thunders roll. (A. Pope) — Повсюду сверкают молнии, величественно гремит гром.
Syn:2) открыто, свободно; раскованно, откровенно; неприкрыто, прямо, без экивоков3) с резким акцентом; с использованием диалектизмов и жаргона ( о речи)We Devonshire men speak very broad — Мы, девонширцы, говорим как простолюдины.
4) вполне; полностью, целикомbroad awake / waking — бодрствующий, не спящий
Syn:5) мор. сбоку от курса3. сущ.1) наиболее широкая часть (какого-л. предмета)To lie on the broad of one's back. — Распластаться на спине.
2) озеро, образованное расширением русла реки3) ( broads) карт.; жарг. игральные карты4) тех. прибор для полировки (особенно внутренних поверхностей труб, цилиндров)5) сниж. баба, тёлка ( о женщине) -
104 cream
[kriːm] 1. сущ.1) сливкиclotted / Devonshire cream брит. — густые топлёные сливки, девонширские сливки
light / coffee / table cream — нежирные сливки (18-30% жирности)
3) ликёр-крем4) пена5) крем ( в косметике)6) избранное, лучшая частьSyn:7) кремовый, светло-жёлтый цвет2. прил.1) содержащий крем, сливки; сделанный из крема, сливок2) кремовый, имеющий консистенцию крема3) кремовый, кремового цветаSyn:3. гл.1) отстаиваться ( о молоке)2) пенитьсяSyn:3) = cream off снимать сливкиWhen we have creamed off the top of the milk, we can make butter with this cream. — Когда сливки сняты, из них можно делать масло.
4) = cream off отделять, откладывать лучшее, забирать лакомый кусок, снимать пенкиThe best students were creamed off by the grammar schools. — Классические средние школы отобрали лучших учеников.
Ring roads must be built to cream off the heavy industrial traffic. — Кольцевые дороги должны быть построены для того, чтобы на них можно было перевести движение грузовиков и других крупных транспортных средств.
5)а) добавлять сливки (в десерт, напитки)6) смешивать несколько продуктов, размалывая их, протирая; доводить до консистенции крема8) амер.; разг.Syn:б) нанести сокрушительное поражение, разгромитьHe was creamed in the first round. — Он потерпел поражение в первом раунде.
9) разбить, полностью разрушитьHe creamed the car on the turnpike. — Он всмятку разбил свою машину на автомагистрали.
Syn:wreck 2. -
105 regale
[rɪ'geɪl] 1. сущ.1)а) пир, пиршество; банкет; торжественный, званый обедSyn:б) приём, празднество, торжествоSyn:entertainment, fête 1.2) деликатес, лакомство; изысканное блюдоI may therefore hope to see the tables adorned with the regale of Devonshire cream. — Следовательно, я могу надеяться увидеть как украшение стола такой деликатес как девонширский крем.
Syn:dainty 1.2. гл.1) ( regale with) угощать, потчеватьThe generous host regaled his guests with wine and cheese. — Щедрый хозяин угостил гостей вином и сыром.
Syn:feast 2.2)а) пироватьб) угощаться•Syn:3) ( regale with) развлекать, веселить (шутками, разговорами и т. п.)4) вызывать приятные ощущения, радовать, услаждатьThe eye and the ear, and all the senses, are regaled amidst woodland scenery on a fine spring day. — В чудесный весенний день и зрение, и слух, и все чувства радуются пребыванию в лесу.
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106 Harley Street
Харли-стрит в Лондоне, застроенная в 1750-е гг., названа в честь Эдуарда Харли, 2-го графа Оксфордского (хотя его иногда называли филантропом, он более известен как библиофил и коллекционер). Этот район стал местом жительства и работы врачей в XIX в., и в начале XX в. там практиковали 157 докторов. Доктора различных специальностей обосновались на Харли-стрит, а модные, престижные семейные доктора (GPs) селились на Devonshire Place и других соседних улицах. В настоящее время на этой улице имеют свою практику 1400 докторов и дантистов и около трёх тысяч медицинских работников более низкого ранга. Эта улица и улицы, примыкающие к ней, являются местом, где обосновались восемь широко известных частных клиник. -
107 clotted cream
This specialty of Devonshire, England (which is why it is also known as Devon cream) is a 55% (min) milkfat product made by heating shallow pans of milk to about 82 degrees C, holding them at this temperature for about an hour and then skimming off the yellow wrinkled cream crust that forms. After cooling the thickened cream is removed. It can be spread on bread or spooned atop fresh fruit or desserts. The traditional English "cream tea" consists of clotted cream and jam served with scones and tea. Clotted cream can be refrigerated, tightly covered, for up to four days. -
108 toad in a hole
мясо или сосиски, запечённые в тестеHe still loved, too, such Devonshire dishes of his boyhood as "junket" and "toad in the hole"... (J. Galsworthy, ‘Caravan’, ‘A Portrait’) — Он с детства любил девонширские блюда - сладкий творог с мускатным орехом и сливками и мясо, запеченное в тесте.
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109 cottage pie
to make pie of smth. — перепутать всё на свете
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110 cream
1. n сливки; крем2. n пюре; суп-пюре, протёртый суп3. n помадка4. n ликёр-крем5. n косметический кремnormal/oily skin cream — крем для нормальной и жирной кожи
6. n крем, мазь7. n пена8. n самое лучшее, цвет9. n «соль»10. n кремовый цвет11. n буланая лошадь12. n отстой13. a содержащий сливки14. a приготовленный со сливками или сметаной15. a предназначенный для сливокclotted cream — густые топлёные сливки; сливочный варенец
normal/dry skin cream — крем для нормальной и сухой кожи
16. a с кремом17. a кремовый, кремового цвета18. a буланый19. v снимать сливкиscalded cream — пастеризованные сливки; заварной крем
pan-set cream — сливки, получаемые путем отстаивания
20. v забирать лучшее, снимать сливки, пенкиto cream off the best pupils and send them to special schools — отбирать лучших учеников для определения в специальные школы
feathering cream — сливки, образующие хлопья жира
21. v наливать сливкиcream puff — пирожное со взбитыми сливками, буше
22. v готовить со сливкамиheavy cream — густые, жирные сливки
23. v сбивать сливки; готовить крем24. v протирать25. v пениться26. v отстаиваться, давать отстой27. v амер. сл. убить28. v амер. сл. избить до полусмерти29. v амер. сл. разбить наголову; разгромить30. v амер. сл. спорт. разгромить, переиграть31. v сл. обвести вокруг пальца; втереть очки32. v сл. добиться без труда,Синонимический ряд:1. best (noun) best; choice; elite; fat; flower; pick; pride; prime; primrose; prize; top2. ointment (noun) balm; cerate; chrism; ointment; salve; unction; unguent3. spume (verb) churn; foam; froth; lather; spume -
111 cream
1. сливкиclotted cream — густые топлёные сливки; сливочный варенец
scalded cream — пастеризованные сливки; заварной крем
pan-set cream — сливки, получаемые путем отстаивания
2. снимать сливки -
112 Bath Brussels Lace
The 17th century name for Devonshire lace.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Bath Brussels Lace
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113 English Lace
All laces made in England, includes, laces of Devonshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, London, etc. -
114 Rochet
This word is the diminutive of the Anglo-Saxon Rox which signifies a loose upper garment. It was originally principally worn by women, assumed by the clergy in the Middle Ages and is now only known as an ecclesiastical vestment. In Devonshire a little blue cloth cloak was also so called. -
115 Shiny Thread
A term used by the lace-makers of Devonshire for gimp yarn used as heavy outline for the pattern. Made of flax. -
116 Ten-Stick
Term used in Devonshire for narrow braid made with 10 threads and used to make small rings or flower stems. In the vernacular bobbins are lace sticks. -
117 Bickford, William
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 1774 Devonshire, Englandd. 1834 Tuckingmill, Cornwall, England[br]English leather merchant, inventor of the safety fuse.[br]Having tried in vain to make his living as a currier in Truro, Cornwall, he set up as a leather merchant in Tuckingmill and became aware of the high casualty rates suffered by local tin-miners in shot-firing accidents. He therefore started attempts to discover a safe means of igniting charges, and came up with a form of safety fuse that made the operation of blasting much less hazardous. It was patented in 1831 and consisted of a cable of jute and string containing a thin core of powder; it provided a dependable means for conveying the flame to the charge so that the danger of hang fires was almost eliminated. Its accurate and consistent timing allowed the firing of several holes at a time without the fusing of the last being destroyed by the blast from the first. By 1840, a gutta-percha fuse had been developed which could be used in wet conditions and was an improvement until the use of dynamite for shot-firing.Accounts of the invention, after it had been described in the Report from the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines (1835, London) were widespread in various foreign mining journals, and in the 1840s factories were set up in different mining areas on the European continent, in America and in Australia. Bickford himself founded a firm at Tuckingmill in the year that he came up with his invention which was later controlled by his descendants until it finally merged with Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) after the First World War.[br]Further ReadingF.Heise, 1904, Sprengstoffe und Zündung der Sprengschüsse, Berlin (provides a detailed description of the development).W.J.Reader, 1970, Imperial Chemical Industries. A History, Vol. I, London: Oxford University Press (throws light on the tight international connections of Bickford's firm with Nobel industries).WK -
118 Paxton, Sir Joseph
[br]b. 3 August 1801 Milton Bryant, Bedfordshire, Englandd. 8 June 1865 Sydenham, London, England[br]English designer of the Crystal Palace, the first large-scale prefabricated ferrovitreous structure.[br]The son of a farmer, he had worked in gardens since boyhood and at the age of 21 was employed as Undergardener at the Horticultural Society Gardens in Chiswick, from where he went on to become Head Gardener for the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth. It was there that he developed his methods of glasshouse construction, culminating in the Great Conservatory of 1836–40, an immense structure some 277 ft (84.4 m) long, 123 ft (37.5 m) wide and 67 ft (20.4 m) high. Its framework was of iron and its roof of glass, with wood to contain the glass panels; it is now demolished. Paxton went on to landscape garden design, fountain and waterway engineering, the laying out of the model village of Edensor, and to play a part in railway and country house projects.The structure that made Paxton a household name was erected in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was aptly dubbed, by Punch, the Crystal Palace. The idea of holding an international exhibition for industry had been mooted in 1849 and was backed by Prince Albert and Henry Cole. The money for this was to be raised by public subscription and 245 designs were entered into a competition held in 1850; however, most of the concepts, received from many notable architects and engineers, were very costly and unsuitable, and none were accepted. That same year, Paxton published his scheme in the Illustrated London News and it was approved after it received over-whelming public support.Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed and erected in association with the engineers Fox and Henderson, was a prefabricated glasshouse of vast dimensions: it was 1,848 ft (563.3 m) long, 408 ft (124.4 m) wide and over 100 ft (30.5 m) high. It contained 3,300 iron columns, 2,150 girders. 24 miles (39 km) of guttering, 600,000 ft3 (17,000 m3) of timber and 900,000 ft2 (84,000 m) of sheet glass made by Chance Bros, of Birmingham. One of the chief reasons why it was accepted by the Royal Commission Committee was that it fulfilled the competition proviso that it should be capable of being erected quickly and subsequently dismantled and re-erected elsewhere. The Crystal Palace was to be erected at a cost of £79,800, much less than the other designs. Building began on 30 July 1850, with a labour force of some 2,000, and was completed on 31 March 1851. It was a landmark in construction at the time, for its size, speed of construction and its non-eclectic design, and, most of all, as the first great prefabricated building: parts were standardized and made in quantity, and were assembled on site. The exhibition was opened by Queen Victoria on 1 May 1851 and had received six million visitors when it closed on 11 October. The building was dismantled in 1852 and reassembled, with variations in design, at Sydenham in south London, where it remained until its spectacular conflagration in 1936.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1851. MP for Coventry 1854–65. Fellow Linnaean Society 1853; Horticultural Society 1826. Order of St Vladimir, Russia, 1844.Further ReadingP.Beaver, 1986, The Crystal Palace: A Portrait of Victorian Enterprise, Phillimore. George F.Chadwick, 1961, Works of Sir Joseph Paxton 1803–1865, Architectural Press.DY -
119 Pole, William
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 22 April 1814 Birmingham, Englandd. 1900[br]English engineer and educator.[br]Although primarily an engineer, William Pole was a man of many and varied talents, being amongst other things an accomplished musician (his doctorate was in music) and an authority on whist. He served an apprenticeship at the Horsley Company in Birmingham, and moved to London in 1836, when he was employed first as Manager to a gasworks. In 1844 he published a study of the Cornish pumping engine, and he also accepted an appointment as the first Professor of Engineering in the Elphinstone College at Bombay. He spent three pioneering years in this post, and undertook the survey work for the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Before returning to London in 1848 he married Matilda Gauntlett, the daughter of a clergyman.Back in Britain, Pole was employed by James Simpson, J.M.Rendel and Robert Stephenson, the latter engaging him to assist with calculations on the Britannia Bridge. In 1858 he set up his own practice. He kept a very small office, choosing not to delegate work to subordinates but taking on a bewildering variety of commissions for government and private companies. In the first category, he made calculations for government officials of the main drainage of the metropolis and for its water supply. He lectured on engineering to the Royal Engineers' institution at Chatham, and served on a Select Committee to enquire into the armour of warships and fortifications. He became a member of the Royal Commission on the Railways of Great Britain and Ireland (the Devonshire Commission, 1867) and reported to the War Office on the MartiniHenry rifle. He also advised the India Office about examinations for engineering students. The drafting and writing up of reports was frequently left to Pole, who also made distinguished contributions to the official Lives of Robert Stephenson (1864), I.K. Brunel (1870) and William Fairbairn (1877). For other bodies, he acted as Consulting Engineer in England to the Japanese government, and he assisted W.H.Barlow in calculations for a bridge at Queensferry on the Firth of Forth (1873). He was consulted about many urban water supplies.Pole joined the Institution of Civil Engineers as an Associate in 1840 and became a Member in 1856. He became a Member of Council, Honorary Secretary (succeeding Manby in 1885–96) and Honorary Member of the Institution. He was interested in astronomy and photography, he was fluent in several languages, was an expert on music, and became the world authority on whist. In 1859 he was appointed Professor of Civil Engineering at University College London, serving in this office until 1867. Pole, whose dates coincided closely with those of Queen Victoria, was one of the great Victorian engineers: he was a polymath, able to apply his great abilities to an amazing range of different tasks. In engineering history, he deserves to be remembered as an outstanding communicator and popularizer.[br]Bibliography1843, "Comparative loss by friction in beam and direct-action engines", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 2:69.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, London.Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 143:301–9.AB -
120 Savery, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. c. 1650 probably Shilston, near Modbury, Devonshire, Englandd. c. 15 May 1715 London, England[br]English inventor of a partially successful steam-driven pump for raising water.[br]Little is known of the early years of Savery's life and no trace has been found that he served in the Army, so the title "Captain" is thought to refer to some mining appointment, probably in the West of England. He may have been involved in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, for later he was well known to William of Orange. From 1705 to 1714 he was Treasurer for Sick and Wounded Seamen, and in 1714 he was appointed Surveyor of the Water Works at Hampton Court, a post he held until his death the following year. He was interested in mechanical devices; amongst his early contrivances was a clock.He was the most prolific inventor of his day, applying for seven patents, including one in 1649, for polishing plate glass which may have been used. His idea for 1697 for propelling ships with paddle-wheels driven by a capstan was a failure, although regarded highly by the King, and was published in his first book, Navigation Improved (1698). He tried to patent a new type of floating mill in 1707, and an idea in 1710 for baking sea coal or other fuel in an oven to make it clean and pure.His most famous invention, however, was the one patented in 1698 "for raising water by the impellent force of fire" that Savery said would drain mines or low-lying land, raise water to supply towns or houses, and provide a source of water for turning mills through a water-wheel. Basically it consisted of a receiver which was first filled with steam and then cooled to create a vacuum by having water poured over the outside. The water to be pumped was drawn into the receiver from a lower sump, and then high-pressure steam was readmitted to force the water up a pipe to a higher level. It was demonstrated to the King and the Royal Society and achieved some success, for a few were installed in the London area and a manufactory set up at Salisbury Court in London. He published a book, The Miner's Friend, about his engine in 1702, but although he made considerable improvements, due to excessive fuel consumption and materials which could not withstand the steam pressures involved, no engines were installed in mines as Savery had hoped. His patent was extended in 1699 until 1733 so that it covered the atmospheric engine of Thomas Newcomen who was forced to join Savery and his other partners to construct this much more practical engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1706.Bibliography1698, Navigation Improved.1702, The Miner's Friend.Further ReadingThe entry in the Dictionary of National Biography (1897, Vol. L, London: Smith Elder \& Co.) has been partially superseded by more recent research. The Transactions of the Newcomen Society contain various papers; for example, Rhys Jenkins, 1922–3, "Savery, Newcomen and the early history of the steam engine", Vol. 3; A.Stowers, 1961–2, "Thomas Newcomen's first steam engine 250 years ago and the initial development of steam power", Vol. 34; A.Smith, 1977–8, "Steam and the city: the committee of proprietors of the invention for raising water by fire", 1715–1735, Vol. 49; and J.S.P.Buckland, 1977–8, "Thomas Savery, his steam engine workshop of 1702", Vol. 49. Brief accounts may be found in H.W. Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press, and R.L. Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press. There is another biography in T.I. Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.RLH
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