development+process

• В данной главе мы будем заниматься подобными процессами. - This chapter will be concerned with such processes.

• В общем случае, такой процесс выполняется... - In general, such a process is carried out...

• В процессе выполнения мы основываем нашу работу на... - In doing this, we base our work on...

• Возможно, что этот процесс более ясно объясняется (чем-л). - The process is perhaps explained more clearly by...

• Давайте исследуем более детально процесс (решения и т. п.)... - Let us investigate in more detail the process of...

• Данный процесс заканчивается, если... - The process terminates if...

• Данный процесс легко автоматизируется. - The process is easy to automate.

• Данный процесс может быть проиллюстрирован несколькими примерами. - The process may be illustrated by a few examples.

• Действительно, этот процесс (= способ) является значительно более мощным (= сильным), чем... - Indeed, this process is much more powerful than...

• Для лучшего понимания процесса необходимо... - In order to have a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to...

• Как иллюстрируется рис. 1, этот процесс может быть понят в терминах... - As illustrated in Figure 1, this process can be understood in terms of...

• На более поздней стадии процесса мы... - Later in the process, we...

• Обычно это трудный процесс. - This is usually a difficult operation.

• Однако оба этих процесса легко могут быть применены в/к... - However, both of these processes may easily be adapted to...

• Однако в основном данный процесс приведет к... - But generally the process will lead to...

• Повторять этот процесс неопределенно долго. - Repeat the process indefinitely.

• Подобные процессы просто не происходят (= не случаются, не возникают). - Such processes simply do not occur.

• Подобные процессы, в основном, будут зависеть от... - Such processes will depend largely upon...

• Понятно, что только один этот процесс не мог бы привести к... - Clearly such a process alone could not lead to...

• Продолжая этот процесс, мы обнаруживаем, что... - Continuing this process we find that...

• Процесс затем повторяется до тех пор, пока не... - The process is then repeated until...

• Процесс приводит к замене в... - The process leads to a change in...

• Процесс решения усложняется наличием... - The solution process is complicated by the presence of...

• С течением времени процесс будет изменяться в сторону стационарного распределения. - As time progresses, the process will move toward a steady state distribution.

• Такие процессы наиболее удобно могут описываться в терминах... - Such processes can most conveniently be described in terms of...

• Теперь мы обсудим эти три процесса. - We shall now discuss these three operations.

• Это выражение игнорирует ряд процессов, которые... - The expression neglects a number of processes which...

• Это процесс, в котором... - This is a process in which...

• Этот процесс будет продолжаться до тех пор, пока мы не обнаружим, что... - This process will continue until we find that...

• Этот процесс ведет к возникновению... - This process leads to the development of...

• Этот процесс медленный, потому что... - This process is slow because...

• Этот процесс может быть остановлен, если... - This process may be terminated if...

• Этот процесс можно повторить несколько раз. - This process may have to be repeated several times.

• Этот процесс обнаруживается путем наблюдения... - The process is detected by the observation of...

• Этот процесс управляется (чем-л). - This process is governed by...

1. growth

(увеличение) increase; vegetation

бот. movement

(бърз, ненормален) overgrowth

процес на растеж a process of growth

спирам растежа на stunt

2. прен. growth, development

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растѐж,

м., само ед.

1. growth; ( увеличение) increase; vegetation; бот. movement; ( бърз, ненормален) overgrowth; спирам \растеж на stunt; dwarf;

2. прен. growth, development.

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growth: economical растеж - икономически растеж, interrupt the process of растеж - прекъсвам процеса на растеж; evolution (еволюция); growing; increase (увеличение); upgrowth; vegetation

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Metallurgy

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Coolidge obtained his BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1896, and his PhD (physics) from the University of Leipzig in 1899. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1904, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the General Electric Company's research laboratory at Schenectady. In 1905 Schenectady was trying to make tungsten-filament lamps to counter the competition of the tantalum-filament lamps then being produced by their German rival Siemens. The first tungsten lamps made by Just and Hanaman in Vienna in 1904 had been too fragile for general use. Coolidge and his life-long collaborator, Colin G. Fink, succeeded in 1910 by hot-working directly dense sintered tungsten compacts into wire. This success was the result of a flash of insight by Coolidge, who first perceived that fully recrystallized tungsten wire was always brittle and that only partially work-hardened wire retained a measure of ductility. This grasped, a process was developed which induced ductility into the wire by hot-working at temperatures below those required for full recrystallization, so that an elongated fibrous grain structure was progressively developed. Sintered tungsten ingots were swaged to bar at temperatures around 1,500°C and at the end of the process ductile tungsten filament wire was drawn through diamond dies around 550°C. This process allowed General Electric to dominate the world lamp market. Tungsten lamps consumed only one-third the energy of carbon lamps, and for the first time the cost of electric lighting was reduced to that of gas. Between 1911 and 1914, manufacturing licences for the General Electric patents had been granted for most of the developed work. The validity of the General Electric monopoly was bitterly contested, though in all the litigation that followed, Coolidge's fibering principle was upheld. Commercial arrangements between General Electric and European producers such as Siemens led to the name "Osram" being commonly applied to any lamp with a drawn tungsten filament. In 1910 Coolidge patented the use of thoria as a particular additive that greatly improved the high-temperature strength of tungsten filaments. From this development sprang the technique of "dispersion strengthening", still being widely used in the development of high-temperature alloys in the 1990s. In 1913 Coolidge introduced the first controllable hot-cathode X-ray tube, which had a tungsten target and operated in vacuo rather than in a gaseous atmosphere. With this equipment, medical radiography could for the first time be safely practised on a routine basis. During the First World War, Coolidge developed portable X-ray units for use in field hospitals, and between the First and Second World Wars he introduced between 1 and 2 million X-ray machines for cancer treatment and for industrial radiography. He became Director of the Schenectady laboratory in 1932, and from 1940 until 1944 he was Vice-President and Director of Research. After retirement he was retained as an X-ray consultant, and in this capacity he attended the Bikini atom bomb trials in 1946. Throughout the Second World War he was a member of the National Defence Research Committee.

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f 1. < Comp> development; 2. < Geschäft> advancement, Ertrag evolution; 3. < Ind> development; 4. <V&M> eines Produkts development; 5. <Vw> development

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f

1. development; von Ideen, Tierarten, Verfahren etc.: auch evolution; neuer Produkte: auch research (+ Gen on oder into); von Kenntnissen: advancement, furthering; in der Entwicklung sein be developing; Kind: auch be growing, be at the ( oder a) formative stage; Verfahren etc.: be at the development stage, be under ( oder in the course of) development; zur Entwicklung bringen develop; (Anlagen etc.) auch bring out ( oder on); in der Entwicklung zurückgeblieben sein körperlich: be physically underdeveloped, be a late developer (physically); in der Entwicklung zurückgebliebene Kinder retarded ( oder special needs) children; geistig: mentally retarded children; lernbehindert: children with a learning disability

2. konkret: (Geschehen) development; (Tendenz) trend

3. (Erzeugung) generation, production

4. FOT. developing, development; von Dias: processing

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evolution; deployment; development; evolvement

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f -, -en

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1) (the process or act of developing: a crucial stage in the development of a child.) development

2) (something new which is the result of developing: important new developments in science.) development

3) (gradual working out or development: the evolution of our form of government.) evolution

4) (a general tendency towards a habit, point of view etc: There's a movement towards simple designs in clothing these days.) movement

5) (movement forward; advance: the progress of civilization.) progress

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1. (das Entwickeln) development

[noch] in der \Entwicklung sein [o sich akk befinden] to be [still] in the development stage

in der \Entwicklung in one's [or during] adolescence

2. (das Entwerfen) eines Plans, einer Theorie evolution, development

3. FOTO development, processing

4. (das Vorankommen) progress, progression

die \Entwicklung der Verhandlungen wird positiv beurteilt the negotiations are judged to be progressing positively

5. ÖKON, POL (Fortschritt) development

die \Entwicklung eines Landes the development of a country

6. CHEM (Entstehung) production, generation

die \Entwicklung entzündlicher Flüssigkeiten the production of inflammable liquids

7. ÖKON, POL trend

eine rückläufige \Entwicklung der Arbeitslosenzahlen a falling trend in unemployment figures

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1) (auch Fot.) development

2) (einer Theorie usw.) elaboration

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Entwicklung f

1. development; von Ideen, Tierarten, Verfahren etc: auch evolution; neuer Produkte: auch research (+gen on oder into); von Kenntnissen: advancement, furthering;

in der Entwicklung sein be developing; Kind: auch be growing, be at the ( oder a) formative stage; Verfahren etc: be at the development stage, be under ( oder in the course of) development;

zur Entwicklung bringen develop; (Anlagen etc) auch bring out ( oder on);

in der Entwicklung zurückgeblieben sein körperlich: be physically underdeveloped, be a late developer (physically);

in der Entwicklung zurückgebliebene Kinder retarded ( oder special needs) children; geistig: mentally retarded children; lernbehindert: children with a learning disability

2. konkret: (Geschehen) development; (Tendenz) trend

3. (Erzeugung) generation, production

4. FOTO developing, development; von Dias: processing

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1) (auch Fot.) development

2) (einer Theorie usw.) elaboration

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development n.

evolution n.

expansion n.

growth n.

progress n.

(v.) = hasten + process

Ex. The development of digital technology has hastened this process until the point where we are today: the capacity to produce unbelievable volumes of information.

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start, beginning, kickoff.

a comienzos del siglo XX at the beginning of the twentieth century

dar comienzo (a algo) to start (something), to begin (something)

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comenzar.

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► nombre masculino

1 start, beginning

\

a comienzos de at the beginning of

dar comienzo to begin, start

estar en sus comienzos to be in its early stages

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1) (=principio) [de película, historia, partido] beginning, start; [de proyecto, plan] beginning; [de enfermedad] onset

2)

3)

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masculino beginning

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= beginning, inception, starting, commencement, onset, start, initiation, dawning, input stage, kick-off, eruption, startup [start-up], start time, opening.

Ex. In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.

Ex. Automated cataloging support systems, with any pretense to sophistication, did not begin to appear until the inception of the LC/MARC II (Library of Congress/Machine-Readable Cataloging) project in late 1967.

Ex. The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.

Ex. The development of the course since its commencement is reviewed, and the reasons for changes in the course structure are discussed.

Ex. In the 1980s came the onset of the 'new' immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Ex. Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.

Ex. The increase in emphasis on regional cooperation has resulted in the initiation of many regional projects.

Ex. The Internet heralds the dawning of a new information age = Internet premoniza el amanecer de una nueva era de la información.

Ex. To rephrase this in terms already used, they involve effort at the input stage in order to reduce effort at the output stage = Expresando esto con términos ya usados, suponen un esfuerzo en la etapa inicial con objeto de reducir el esfuerzo en la etapa final.

Ex. The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.

Ex. Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.

Ex. This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.

Ex. Reservations are held for 20 minutes after the slated event start time.

Ex. Some of the common auxiliaries are allocated notations in which the facet indicators possess both an opening and a closure sign.

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* abocado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed from + the beginning, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the start.

* a comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.

* a comienzos de + Fecha = in the early + Fecha, in the early part of + Fecha.

* a comienzos de + Período de Tiempo = by the turn of + Período de Tiempo, at the turn of + Período de Tiempo.

* al comienzo = early on, at the outset, to start with, at startup.

* al comienzo de = at the start (of), in the early days (of), at the outbreak of, at the onset of, early in.

* comienzo de la guerra = outbreak of the war, breakout of + the war.

* comienzo de la menstruación = menarche.

* comienzo difícil = bumpy start.

* comienzo fallido = false start.

* comienzos = early days.

* comienzo tardío = late start.

* condenado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed from + the beginning, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the start.

* dar comienzo a = give + a start to.

* dar un comienzo a = give + a start to.

* de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.

* desde el comienzo = from the outset, from the start, from the beginning, ab initio, from the word go, from the word get-go.

* desde el comienzo de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.

* desde los comienzos = from an early stage.

* desde sus comienzos = from + its/their + inception, from + its/their + beginnings, since + its/their + beginnings, since + its/their + inception.

* en los comienzos de = at the birth of.

* en + Posesivo + comienzos = in + Posesivo + early days, in + Posesivo + early years.

* en sus comienzos = budding.

* fecha de comienzo = starting date, beginning date, date of commencement.

* hora de comienzo = starting time, start time.

* indicador de comienzo de subcampo = delimiter sign.

* los comienzos de = the dawn of.

* marcar el comienzo = usher in.

* nuevo comienzo = new beginning, clean slate, new leaf.

* posición de comienzo = offset value.

* predestinado al fracaso desde el comienzo = doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed to + failure.

* tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.

* un nuevo comienzo = a fresh start.

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masculino beginning

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beginning

al comienzo at first, in the beginning

el proceso fue muy lento en sus comienzos initially, the process was very slow

dio comienzo al año lectivo it marked the beginning of the academic year

dieron comienzo a la función con la tocata they began the performance with the toccata

el concierto dará comienzo a las nueve the concert will begin at 9 o'clock

los comienzos son siempre difíciles the first months ( o steps etc) are always difficult

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1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

◊ al comienzo el día at the beginning of the day;

◊ el proyecto está en sus comienzos the project is still in its early stages

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♦ ver comenzar

♦ nm

start, beginning;

lo sabían desde el comienzo they knew from the start o beginning;

y esto es sólo el comienzo and this is just the start;

tuvo unos comienzos poco prometedores it got off to an inauspicious start;

a comienzos del siglo XX at the beginning of the 20th century;

al comienzo in the beginning, at first;

dar comienzo (a algo) to start (sth), to begin (sth);

la función dio comienzo a las siete y media the performance started at half past seven;

el secretario dio comienzo a la reunión the secretary began o opened the meeting

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m beginning;

al comienzo, en un comienzo at first, in the beginning;

desde el o

un comienzo from the start;

a comienzos de junio at the beginning of June

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comienzo nm

1) : start, beginning

al comienzo : at first

dar comienzo : to begin

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comienzo n beginning

vicissitude, coming and going, ups and downs, going back and forth.

1 transformation.

la vida es un continuo devenir life is a continual process of change

2 to become, to turn into.

3 to happen, to take place, to come about, to occur.

4 to come to happen to.

Me devino un accidente An accident came to happen to me.

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► nombre masculino

1 flux

► verbo intransitivo

1 to happen, occur

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2. SM

1) (=movimiento progresivo) process of development

2) (=transformación) transformation

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verbo intransitivo (liter) to become

masculino (Fil) becoming; (liter) ( desarrollo) evolution

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= materialisation [materialization, -USA].

Ex. A mathematical expression is derived to describe the creation and materialisation of an invention.

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verbo intransitivo (liter) to become

masculino (Fil) becoming; (liter) ( desarrollo) evolution

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devenir¹ [ I31 ]

( liter); to become

cuando la promesa deviene realidad when the promise becomes reality

1 ( Fil) becoming

2 ( liter) (desarrollo) evolution

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♦ nm

1. [evolución] transformation;

el devenir de la historia the course of history;

la vida es un continuo devenir life is a continual process of change

2. Filosofía becoming

♦ vi

devenir en to become, to turn into;

la discusión devino en reyerta con navajas the argument developed into a knife fight

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devenir en become

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devenir {87} vi

1) : to come about

devenir en : to become, to turn into