Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

development+planning+techniques

  • 1 методы планирования развития

    Русско-английский политический словарь > методы планирования развития

  • 2 urbanismo

    m.
    1 town planning.
    2 urbanism, city planning, town planning.
    * * *
    1 town planning
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=planificación) town planning; (=desarrollo) urban development
    2) Caribe real-estate development
    * * *
    masculino city (AmE) o (BrE) town planning
    * * *
    = city planning, urbanism, social graces.
    Ex. City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.
    Ex. The article ' Urbanism and the university' attempts to synthesize some the major views of what constitutes the urban way of life and to integrate those ideas with notions of the functions of the university in urban society today.
    Ex. In all public contacts, one strives to maintain a basic level of social graces by deploying the force and warmth of one's personality to ensure that the other person is at ease.
    ----
    * departamento de urbanismo, el = building department, the.
    * * *
    masculino city (AmE) o (BrE) town planning
    * * *
    = city planning, urbanism, social graces.

    Ex: City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.

    Ex: The article ' Urbanism and the university' attempts to synthesize some the major views of what constitutes the urban way of life and to integrate those ideas with notions of the functions of the university in urban society today.
    Ex: In all public contacts, one strives to maintain a basic level of social graces by deploying the force and warmth of one's personality to ensure that the other person is at ease.
    * departamento de urbanismo, el = building department, the.

    * * *
    city ( AmE) o ( BrE) town planning
    estudios de urbanismo urban studies
    * * *

    urbanismo sustantivo masculino
    city (AmE) o (BrE) town planning
    urbanismo sustantivo masculino town planning
    ' urbanismo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    directoria I
    - directorio
    English:
    planning
    - town planning
    - city
    - town
    * * *
    town planning, city planning
    * * *
    m city planning, Br
    town planning

    Spanish-English dictionary > urbanismo

  • 3 pensar

    m.
    1 thinking.
    2 thinking, way of thinking.
    v.
    1 to think.
    pensar en algo/en alguien/en hacer algo to think about something/about somebody/about doing something
    piensa en un número/buen regalo think of a number/good present
    dar que pensar a alguien to give somebody food for thought
    no pienses mal… don't get the wrong idea…
    pensar mal de alguien to think badly o ill of somebody
    pensar algo de alguien/algo to think something of somebody/something
    pienso que no vendrá I don't think she'll come
    Esa chica piensa That girls thinks.
    2 to think about or over (reflexionar sobre).
    ahora que lo pienso,… come to think of it,…, now that I think about it…
    cuando menos lo pienses, te llamarán they'll call you when you least expect it
    3 to think up.
    4 to plan to, to be planning to, to be thinking about, to intend to.
    Yo pienso viajar I am planning to travel.
    5 to consider, to have in mind.
    Yo pienso muchas cosas I think about many things.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 (gen) to think (en, of/about)
    2 (considerar) to consider, think (en, about)
    3 (creer) to think, think about
    4 (opinar) to think (de, about)
    5 (decidir) to decide
    6 (tener la intención) to intend to, plan, think of
    1 to think about
    \
    ¡ni pensarlo! no way! don't even think about it!
    pensar bien/mal de alguien to think well/badly of somebody
    sin pensar without thinking
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=opinar) to think

    • pensar de, ¿qué piensas de ella? — what do you think of her?

    ¿qué piensas del aborto? — what do you think about abortion?

    • pensar que — to think that

    -¿piensas que van a venir? -pienso que sí — "do you think they'll come?" - "I think so"

    dice que las mujeres no tendrían que trabajar, yo pienso que sí — he says women shouldn't work, I think they should

    2) (=considerar) to think about, think over

    lo pensaré — I'll think about it, I'll think it over

    • pensándolo bien... — on second thoughts..., on reflection...

    ¡ni pensarlo! — no way! *

    3) (=decidir)

    • pensar que — to decide that, come to the conclusion that...

    he pensado que no vale la pena — I've decided that it's not worth it, I've come to the conclusion that it's not worth it

    4) (=tener la intención de)

    • pensar hacer algo — to intend to do sth

    no pensaba salir — I wasn't intending o planning to go out

    5) (=concebir) to think up

    ¿quién pensó este plan? — who thought this plan up?, whose idea was this plan?

    6) (=esperar)
    2. VI
    1) (=tener ideas) to think

    • pensar en algo/algn — to think about sth/sb

    ¿en qué piensas? — what are you thinking about?

    • pensar para sí — to think to o.s.

    • dar que pensar, el hecho de que no llamara a la policía da que pensar — the fact that she didn't call the police makes you think

    dar que pensar a la gente — to set people thinking, arouse suspicions

    • sin pensar — without thinking

    • pensar sobre algo — to think about sth

    pensar con los pies —

    2)

    • pensar bien de algo/algn — to think well of sth/sb

    • pensar mal de algo/algn — to think ill of sth/sb

    ¡no pienses mal! — don't be nasty!

    ¡siempre pensando mal! — what a nasty mind you've got!

    3) (=aspirar)

    • pensar en algo — to aim at sth

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( razonar) to think

    después de mucho pensar... — after much thought...

    a ver si piensas con la cabeza y no con los pies — (fam & hum) come on, use your head o your brains!

    pensé para mí or para mis adentros — I thought to myself

    pensar EN algo/alguien — to think about something/somebody

    b) ( esperar) to expect

    cuando menos se piensa... — just when you least expect it...

    c) ( creer) to think

    pensar mal/bien de alguien — to think ill o badly/well of somebody

    dar que or hacer pensar: un libro que da mucho que pensar or que hace pensar mucho a very thought-provoking book; su amabilidad me dio que pensar his friendliness made me think o set me thinking; piensa mal y acertarás — if you think the worst, you won't be far wrong

    2.
    pensar vt
    1)
    a) (creer, opinar) to think

    es mejor pensar que todo saldrá bien — it's better to believe o think that things will turn out all right in the end

    no vaya a pensar que... — I wouldn't want you thinking o to think that...

    ¿qué piensas del divorcio/del jefe? — what do you think about divorce/the boss?

    b) ( considerar) to think about

    ¿lo has pensado bien? — have you thought it through o thought about it carefully?

    pensándolo bien,... — on second thought(s) o thinking about it,...

    y pensar que...! — (and) to think that...!

    ni pensarlo! or ni lo pienses! — no way! (colloq), not on your life! (colloq)

    c) (Col) < persona> to think about

    pensar + INF — to think of -ing, to plan to + inf

    ¿piensas ir? — are you thinking of going?, are you planning to go?

    3.
    pensarse v pron (enf) (fam) <decisión/respuesta> to think about

    es como para pensárselo — I/you will need to give it some careful thought

    * * *
    = believe, contemplate, feel, occur, think out, think, opine, give + (some) thought to, take + view, there + be + strong feeling, take + thought, teeter + on the edge of, come up with, look to.
    Ex. The preferred citation order should be that order which is believed to match the approach of many users who can be expected to retrieve information on the topic.
    Ex. These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex. Some feel that the non-expressive nature of the notation limits the scheme's usefulness in computerised data bases.
    Ex. Various desirable features will be incorporated into a package which may not occur to the new user as being of importance.
    Ex. A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex. Whether the juxtaposition of language with literature is as weighty an advantage as has on occasion been claimed is, I think, debatable.
    Ex. Such techniques, she opined, emphasize production over people.
    Ex. I encourage the reader to give thought to the longer case studies that have appeared in the library press.
    Ex. There are those, sometimes found in the corridors of power, who would take such a view.
    Ex. Furthermore there is a strong feeling amongst the journalists that information retrieval is not part of their job but should be carried out by trained librarians.
    Ex. This an example of an interesting kind of genre that one encounters without taking any thought for it.
    Ex. We would like to encourage other institutions who have been teetering on the edge of implementation to get on their running shoes and go for it.
    Ex. Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex. If you're looking to refinish and waterproof some outdoor furniture you might want to consider using teak oil.
    ----
    * actuar sin pensar = shoot from + the hip.
    * ahora que pienso... = while I think of it....
    * comenzar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * conocer cómo piensa Alguien = get + inside the mind of.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * deber pensarse = thought + must be given.
    * decir lo que Uno piensa = speak up.
    * de pensar en = at the thought of.
    * detenerse a pensar = pause + to think, step back, take + a step back.
    * detenerse a pensar en = spare + a thought for.
    * echarse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.
    * empezar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * es lo que yo pienso = my two cents' worth.
    * forma de pensar = thinking, belief system, set of opinions, mode of thought, mode of thinking.
    * generalmente + pensarse que = be/have generally held that.
    * hablar sin pensar = shoot from + the hip.
    * hacer pensar = provoke + thought, make to + think, lull + Nombre + into thinking, summon up + image.
    * hacer pensar en = conjure, conjure up + a picture of, bring to + mind, conjure up + an image of, conjure up, conjure up + a vision of.
    * hay que pensar en el futuro = the show must go on.
    * hay razones para pensar que = there + be + reason to believe that.
    * hay suficientes motivos para pensar que = there + be + every reason to think that.
    * manera de pensar = way of thinking.
    * modo de pensar = thinking, way of thinking, mindset [mind-set], mode of thought, mode of thinking.
    * ¡ni pensarlo! = over + Posesivo + dead body.
    * no importar lo que + pensar de = whatever + Pronombre + make of.
    * no pensar en otra cosa que = be wrapped up in.
    * no pensar más en Algo = dismiss from + Posesivo + mind.
    * no pensar más que en = be wrapped up in.
    * nunca + pensar = thought never + enter + Posesivo + head.
    * pararse a pensar = pause + to think, step back, take + a step back.
    * pensaba(n) = once thought.
    * pensar a lo grande = think + big.
    * pensar ante todo en uno mismo = look after + number one.
    * pensar creativamente = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * pensar de forma creativa = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * pensar del mismo modo = think + alike.
    * pensar detenidamente = be carefully considered.
    * pensar de un modo diferente = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * pensar en = come into + the mind, have + in mind, reflect (on), think of, toy with, toy with + idea of, spare + a thought for, flirt with + the idea of.
    * pensar en Algo/Alguien = give + Nombre + (some/more) thought.
    * pensar en el pasado = look back.
    * pensar en/sobre = think about.
    * pensar en suicidarse = contemplate + suicide.
    * pensar en una idea = think up + idea.
    * pensar en una solución = come up with + solution.
    * pensar en voz alta = think + aloud, think + out loud.
    * pensar intensamente = think + hard.
    * pensar pausadamente en = linger over.
    * pensar que = share + the view that, Posesivo + feeling is that.
    * pensarse = make out to be.
    * pensárselo dos veces = think + twice.
    * pensar un momento en = spare + a thought for.
    * ponerse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.
    * que da que pensar = sobering.
    * que se piensa = perceived.
    * ser de los que piensan que = subscribe to + view.
    * ser lo último en lo que + pensar = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * sin necesidad de pensar = thought-free.
    * sin parar a pensárselo = off-hand [offhand].
    * sin pararse a pensar = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sin pensar = mindlessly.
    * sin pensar (en) = unmindful of, with little or no thought of, without thinking (about).
    * sin pensarlo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * sin pensarlo demasiado = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sin pensarlo detenidamente = out of + Posesivo + head.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat.
    * sin pensárselo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.
    * tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * tener razones para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * ver lo que Alguien realmente piensa = see into + Posesivo + heart.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    a) ( razonar) to think

    después de mucho pensar... — after much thought...

    a ver si piensas con la cabeza y no con los pies — (fam & hum) come on, use your head o your brains!

    pensé para mí or para mis adentros — I thought to myself

    pensar EN algo/alguien — to think about something/somebody

    b) ( esperar) to expect

    cuando menos se piensa... — just when you least expect it...

    c) ( creer) to think

    pensar mal/bien de alguien — to think ill o badly/well of somebody

    dar que or hacer pensar: un libro que da mucho que pensar or que hace pensar mucho a very thought-provoking book; su amabilidad me dio que pensar his friendliness made me think o set me thinking; piensa mal y acertarás — if you think the worst, you won't be far wrong

    2.
    pensar vt
    1)
    a) (creer, opinar) to think

    es mejor pensar que todo saldrá bien — it's better to believe o think that things will turn out all right in the end

    no vaya a pensar que... — I wouldn't want you thinking o to think that...

    ¿qué piensas del divorcio/del jefe? — what do you think about divorce/the boss?

    b) ( considerar) to think about

    ¿lo has pensado bien? — have you thought it through o thought about it carefully?

    pensándolo bien,... — on second thought(s) o thinking about it,...

    y pensar que...! — (and) to think that...!

    ni pensarlo! or ni lo pienses! — no way! (colloq), not on your life! (colloq)

    c) (Col) < persona> to think about

    pensar + INF — to think of -ing, to plan to + inf

    ¿piensas ir? — are you thinking of going?, are you planning to go?

    3.
    pensarse v pron (enf) (fam) <decisión/respuesta> to think about

    es como para pensárselo — I/you will need to give it some careful thought

    * * *
    = believe, contemplate, feel, occur, think out, think, opine, give + (some) thought to, take + view, there + be + strong feeling, take + thought, teeter + on the edge of, come up with, look to.

    Ex: The preferred citation order should be that order which is believed to match the approach of many users who can be expected to retrieve information on the topic.

    Ex: These details are primarily useful as a record of expenditure or to organisations or individuals contemplating the purchase of a work.
    Ex: Some feel that the non-expressive nature of the notation limits the scheme's usefulness in computerised data bases.
    Ex: Various desirable features will be incorporated into a package which may not occur to the new user as being of importance.
    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.
    Ex: Whether the juxtaposition of language with literature is as weighty an advantage as has on occasion been claimed is, I think, debatable.
    Ex: Such techniques, she opined, emphasize production over people.
    Ex: I encourage the reader to give thought to the longer case studies that have appeared in the library press.
    Ex: There are those, sometimes found in the corridors of power, who would take such a view.
    Ex: Furthermore there is a strong feeling amongst the journalists that information retrieval is not part of their job but should be carried out by trained librarians.
    Ex: This an example of an interesting kind of genre that one encounters without taking any thought for it.
    Ex: We would like to encourage other institutions who have been teetering on the edge of implementation to get on their running shoes and go for it.
    Ex: Derfer corroborated her: 'I'd be very proud of you if you could come up with the means to draft a model collection development policy'.
    Ex: If you're looking to refinish and waterproof some outdoor furniture you might want to consider using teak oil.
    * actuar sin pensar = shoot from + the hip.
    * ahora que pienso... = while I think of it....
    * comenzar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * conocer cómo piensa Alguien = get + inside the mind of.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * deber pensarse = thought + must be given.
    * decir lo que Uno piensa = speak up.
    * de pensar en = at the thought of.
    * detenerse a pensar = pause + to think, step back, take + a step back.
    * detenerse a pensar en = spare + a thought for.
    * echarse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.
    * empezar a pensar en = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * es lo que yo pienso = my two cents' worth.
    * forma de pensar = thinking, belief system, set of opinions, mode of thought, mode of thinking.
    * generalmente + pensarse que = be/have generally held that.
    * hablar sin pensar = shoot from + the hip.
    * hacer pensar = provoke + thought, make to + think, lull + Nombre + into thinking, summon up + image.
    * hacer pensar en = conjure, conjure up + a picture of, bring to + mind, conjure up + an image of, conjure up, conjure up + a vision of.
    * hay que pensar en el futuro = the show must go on.
    * hay razones para pensar que = there + be + reason to believe that.
    * hay suficientes motivos para pensar que = there + be + every reason to think that.
    * manera de pensar = way of thinking.
    * modo de pensar = thinking, way of thinking, mindset [mind-set], mode of thought, mode of thinking.
    * ¡ni pensarlo! = over + Posesivo + dead body.
    * no importar lo que + pensar de = whatever + Pronombre + make of.
    * no pensar en otra cosa que = be wrapped up in.
    * no pensar más en Algo = dismiss from + Posesivo + mind.
    * no pensar más que en = be wrapped up in.
    * nunca + pensar = thought never + enter + Posesivo + head.
    * pararse a pensar = pause + to think, step back, take + a step back.
    * pensaba(n) = once thought.
    * pensar a lo grande = think + big.
    * pensar ante todo en uno mismo = look after + number one.
    * pensar creativamente = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * pensar de forma creativa = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * pensar del mismo modo = think + alike.
    * pensar detenidamente = be carefully considered.
    * pensar de un modo diferente = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * pensar en = come into + the mind, have + in mind, reflect (on), think of, toy with, toy with + idea of, spare + a thought for, flirt with + the idea of.
    * pensar en Algo/Alguien = give + Nombre + (some/more) thought.
    * pensar en el pasado = look back.
    * pensar en/sobre = think about.
    * pensar en suicidarse = contemplate + suicide.
    * pensar en una idea = think up + idea.
    * pensar en una solución = come up with + solution.
    * pensar en voz alta = think + aloud, think + out loud.
    * pensar intensamente = think + hard.
    * pensar pausadamente en = linger over.
    * pensar que = share + the view that, Posesivo + feeling is that.
    * pensarse = make out to be.
    * pensárselo dos veces = think + twice.
    * pensar un momento en = spare + a thought for.
    * ponerse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.
    * que da que pensar = sobering.
    * que se piensa = perceived.
    * ser de los que piensan que = subscribe to + view.
    * ser lo último en lo que + pensar = be the last thing of + Posesivo + mind.
    * sin necesidad de pensar = thought-free.
    * sin parar a pensárselo = off-hand [offhand].
    * sin pararse a pensar = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sin pensar = mindlessly.
    * sin pensar (en) = unmindful of, with little or no thought of, without thinking (about).
    * sin pensarlo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * sin pensarlo demasiado = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sin pensarlo detenidamente = out of + Posesivo + head.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat.
    * sin pensárselo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.
    * tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * tener razones para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * ver lo que Alguien realmente piensa = see into + Posesivo + heart.

    * * *
    pensar [A5 ]
    vi
    1 (razonar) to think
    pienso, luego existo I think, therefore I am
    no entiendo su manera de pensar I don't understand his way of thinking
    después de mucho pensar decidió no aceptar la oferta after much thought she decided not to accept the offer
    déjame pensar let me think
    siempre actúa sin pensar he always does things without thinking
    ¡pero piensa un poco! just think about it a minute!
    a ver si piensas con la cabeza y no con los pies ( fam hum); come on, use your head o your brains!
    es una película que hace pensar it's a thought-provoking movie, it's a movie that makes you think
    pensar EN algo/algn to think ABOUT sth/sb
    ¿en qué piensas? or ¿en qué estás pensando? what are you thinking about?
    ahora mismo estaba pensando en ti I was just thinking about you
    tú nunca piensas en mí you never think about o of me
    actúa sin pensar en las consecuencias she acts without thinking about o considering the consequences
    piensa en el futuro/tus padres think of o about the future/your parents
    se pasa la vida pensando en el pasado she spends all her time thinking about the past
    sólo piensa en comer/divertirse all he thinks about is eating/having fun
    es mejor pensar en que todo saldrá bien it's better to believe o think that things will turn out all right in the end
    no quiero pensar en lo que habría ocurrido I don't even want to think o contemplate what would have happened
    2 (esperar) to expect
    cuando menos se piensa puede cambiar la suerte just when you least expect it your luck can change
    3 (creer) to think
    pensar mal/bien de algn to think ill o badly/well of sb
    es un desconfiado, siempre piensa mal de los demás he's really distrustful, he always thinks the worst of others
    dar que pensar: un libro que da mucho que pensar a very thought-provoking book, a book which provides plenty of food for thought o which makes you think
    su repentina amabilidad me dio que pensar his sudden friendliness made me think o set me thinking
    las prolongadas ausencias de su hija le dieron que pensar his daughter's prolonged absences aroused his suspicions
    piensa mal y acertarás if you think the worst, you won't be far wrong
    ■ pensar
    vt
    A
    1 (creer, opinar) to think
    pensé que la habías olvidado I thought you had forgotten it
    pienso que no I don't think so
    pienso que sí I think so
    yo pienso que sí, que deberíamos ayudarla personally, I think we should help her
    eso me hace pensar que quizás haya sido él that makes me think that perhaps it was him
    ¡tal como yo pensé! just as I thought!
    no vaya a pensar que somos unos malagradecidos I wouldn't want you thinking o to think that we're ungrateful
    no es tan tonto como piensas he's not as stupid as you think
    - esto se pone feo -pensó Juan this is getting unpleasant, thought Juan
    - es un estúpido -pensé para mis adentros he's so stupid, I thought to myself
    ¿qué piensas del divorcio? what do you think about divorce?, what are your views on divorce?
    ¿qué piensas del nuevo jefe? what do you think of the new boss?
    2 (considerar) to think about
    aún no lo sé, lo pensaré I don't know yet, I'll think about it
    ¿sabes lo que estás haciendo? ¿lo has pensado bien? do you know what you're doing? have you thought it through o have you thought about it carefully o have you given it careful thought?
    piénsalo bien antes de decidir think it over before you decide
    pensándolo bien, no creo que pueda on second thought(s) o thinking about it, I don't think I can
    ¡pensar que ni siquiera nos dio las gracias …! to think he never even thanked us!
    sólo de pensarlo me pongo a temblar just thinking about it makes me start trembling
    ¡ni pensarlo! or ¡ni lo pienses! no way! ( colloq), not on your life! ( colloq)
    no lo pienses dos veces don't think twice about it
    3 ( Col) ‹persona› to think about
    B (tener la intención de) pensar + INF to think OF -ING
    tú no estarás pensando irte a vivir con él ¿no? you're not thinking of going to live with him, are you?
    ¿piensas ir? are you thinking of going?, are you planning to go?
    no pienso esperar más de diez minutos I don't intend waiting o I don't intend to wait more than ten minutes
    tengo pensado hacerlo mañana I'm planning to do it tomorrow
    pensamos estar de vuelta antes del domingo we expect o plan to be back before Sunday
    mañana pensaba quedarme en casa I was thinking of staying at home tomorrow
    ( enf) ( fam); ‹decisión/respuesta› to think about
    tómate unos días para pensártelo take a few days to think about it o to think it over
    aún no lo sé, me lo voy a pensar I don't know yet, I'm going to think about it
    esto hay que pensárselo dos veces this needs to be thought through o given some (careful) thought
    * * *

     

    pensar ( conjugate pensar) verbo intransitivo
    to think;
    ◊ después de mucho pensar … after much thought …;

    actuó sin pensar he did it without thinking;
    pensé para mí or para mis adentros I thought to myself;
    pensar EN algo/algn to think about sth/sb;
    cuando menos se piensa … just when you least expect it …;
    pensar mal/bien de algn to think ill o badly/well of sb;
    dar que or hacer pensar a algn to make sb think
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (creer, opinar) to think;


    ¿qué piensas del divorcio/del jefe? what do you think about divorce/the boss?


    piénsalo bien antes de decidir think it over before you decide;
    pensándolo bien, … on second thought(s) o thinking about it, …;
    ¡y pensar que …! (and) to think that …!;
    ¡ni pensarlo! no way! (colloq), not on your life! (colloq)
    c) (Col) ‹ persona› to think about

    2 ( tener la intención de):

    pensamos ir al teatro we're thinking of going to the theater;
    no pienso ir I'm not going
    pensarse verbo pronominal ( enf) (fam) ‹decisión/respuesta› to think about;
    ver tb pensar verbo transitivo 1b
    pensar
    I verbo intransitivo to think [en, of, about] [sobre, about, over]
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (formarse una idea) to think [de, of]: no quiero que piense de mí que soy una desagradecida, I don't want him to think I'm ungrateful
    2 (examinar una idea) to think over o about: piénsalo dos veces, think it over
    3 (tener una intención) to intend: pensamos ir a la playa este verano, we plan to go to the beach this summer
    4 (tomar una decisión) to think: he pensado que iré a la fiesta, I've decided to go to the party
    ♦ Locuciones: en el momento menos pensado, when least expected
    ¡ni pensarlo!, no way! ➣ Ver nota en consider
    ' pensar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - dar
    - discurrir
    - dueña
    - dueño
    - frescura
    - griterío
    - matarse
    - ofuscar
    - ombligo
    - planear
    - precipitada
    - precipitado
    - precipitarse
    - tuntún
    - ver
    - creer
    - decir
    - inclinar
    - llevar
    - opinar
    English:
    ahead
    - bear
    - believe
    - dread
    - food
    - hard
    - help
    - imagine
    - impulse
    - intend
    - moon about
    - moon around
    - plan
    - reason
    - rethink
    - shudder
    - sober
    - suggestive
    - think
    - thought
    - very
    - wonder
    - worst
    - beyond
    - collect
    - conjure up
    - dwell
    - impression
    - incline
    - inclined
    - make
    - mixed
    - propose
    - push
    - put
    - sort
    - stop
    - turn
    - yourself
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    to think;
    pensar en algo/alguien to think about sth/sb;
    pensar en hacer algo to think about doing sth;
    ¿en qué piensas o [m5] estás pensando? what are you thinking (about)?;
    hemos pensado en ti para este puesto we thought of you for this position;
    piensa en un número/buen regalo think of a number/good present;
    sólo piensas en comer/la comida eating/food is all you think about;
    sólo (de) pensar en ello me pongo enfermo it makes me sick just thinking o just to think about it;
    pensar para sí to think to oneself;
    pensar sobre algo to think about sth;
    piensa sobre lo que te he dicho think about what I've said to you;
    sin pensar without thinking;
    dar que pensar a alguien to give sb food for thought;
    da que pensar que nadie se haya quejado it is somewhat surprising that nobody has complained;
    pensar en voz alta to think aloud;
    no pienses mal… don't get the wrong idea…;
    pensar mal de alguien to think badly o ill of sb;
    pienso, luego existo I think, therefore I am;
    piensa mal y acertarás: ¿quién habrá sido? – piensa mal y acertarás who can it have been? – I think you know who it was;
    ¿le contará la verdad o no? – piensa mal y acertarás will he tell her the truth or not? – it's not too hard to work that one out
    ♦ vt
    1. [reflexionar sobre] to think about o over;
    piénsalo think about it, think it over;
    después de pensarlo mucho after much thought, after thinking it over carefully;
    si lo piensas bien… if you think about it…;
    ahora que lo pienso… come to think of it…, now that I think about it…;
    cuando menos lo pienses, te llamarán they'll call you when you least expect it;
    ¡ni pensarlo! no way!;
    pensándolo mejor, pensándolo bien on second thoughts;
    ¡y pensar que no es más que una niña! and to think (that) she's just a girl!
    2. [opinar, creer] to think;
    ¿tú qué piensas? what do you think?;
    pensar algo de algo/alguien to think sth of o about sth/sb;
    ¿qué piensas de…? what do you think of o about…?;
    piensa de él que es un memo she thinks he's an idiot;
    pienso que sí/no I think so/not;
    pienso que no vendrá I don't think she'll come;
    pensaba que no la oíamos she thought we couldn't hear her;
    no vayas a pensar que no me preocupa don't think it doesn't bother me;
    ¡quién lo hubiera pensado! who'd have thought it!
    3. [idear] to think up
    4. [tener la intención de]
    pensar hacer algo to intend to do sth;
    no pienso decírtelo I have no intention of telling you;
    ¿qué piensas hacer? what are you going to do?, what are you thinking of doing?;
    ¿estás pensando en mudarte de casa? are you thinking of moving house?
    5. [decidir] to think;
    ¿has pensado ya el sitio donde vamos a cenar? have you thought where we can go for dinner yet?
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 think about;
    ¡ni pensarlo! don’t even think about it!
    2 ( opinar) think
    II v/i think (en about);
    ¿en qué piensas? what are you thinking about?;
    sin pensar without thinking
    * * *
    pensar {55} vi
    1) : to think
    2)
    pensar en : to think about
    pensar vt
    1) : to think
    2) : to think about
    3) : to intend, to plan on
    * * *
    pensar vb
    1. (reflexionar) to think [pt. & pp. thought]
    ¿en qué estás pensando? what are you thinking about?
    2. (opinar) to think
    ¿qué piensas de mi cuadro? what do you think of my painting?
    3. (tener la intención) to think / to plan [pt. & pp. planned]
    ¿qué piensas hacer? what are you going to do?
    4. (idear) to think up
    ¡ni pensarlo! no way!

    Spanish-English dictionary > pensar

  • 4 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

См. также в других словарях:

  • Development communication — Development Communication, has been alternatively defined as a type of marketing and public opinion research that is used specifically to develop effective communication or as the use of communication to promote social development. Defined as the …   Wikipedia

  • Development Supported Agriculture — (DSA) is a nascent movement in real estate development that preserves and invests in agricultural land use. As farmland is lost due to the challenging economics of farming and the pressures of the real estate industry, DSA attempts to reconcile… …   Wikipedia

  • Urban planning — Housing and Urban Development redirects here. For the Cabinet department of the United States government, see United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Urban planning designs settlements, from the smallest towns to the largest… …   Wikipedia

  • Scenario planning — [or scenario thinking or scenario analysis] is a strategic planning method that some organizations use to make flexible long term plans. It is in large part an adaptation and generalization of classic methods used by military intelligence.The… …   Wikipedia

  • economic planning — Use of government to make economic decisions with respect to the use of resources. In communist countries with a state planning apparatus, detailed and rigid planning results in a command economy; land, capital, and the means of production are… …   Universalium

  • research and development — Introduction abbreviation  R and D,  or  R & D,         in industry, two intimately related processes by which new products and new forms of old products are brought into being through technological innovation. Introduction and definitions        …   Universalium

  • Community development — (CD) is a broad term applied to the practices and academic disciplines of civic leaders, activists, involved citizens and professionals to improve various aspects of local communities. Community development seeks to empower individuals and groups …   Wikipedia

  • Enhanced interrogation techniques — or alternative set of procedures are terms adopted by the George W. Bush administration in the United States to describe certain severe interrogation methods, often described as torture.[1] These techniques were authorized by the Bush… …   Wikipedia

  • Strategic and Tactical Planning of Corporate Facilities — Overview Strategic and Tactical Planning of Corporate Facilities is a forthcoming book by architect Tom McCune, AIA, about planning techniques applicable to large buildings and campuses for major corporations and institutions. Design versus… …   Wikipedia

  • Long range planning — Planning for the future has had a long history. The East India Company may not have promised to win the whole of the Indian subcontinent as a result of its efforts (though it ultimately did just that), but it certainly did understand it was… …   Wikipedia

  • Organization development — (OD) is a new[when?] term which means a conceptual, organization wide effort to increase an organization s effectiveness and viability. Warren Bennis has referred to OD as a response to change, a complex educational strategy intended to change… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»