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61 не лыком шитый
• НЕ ЛЫКОМ ШИТ < ШИТЫЙ> coll[AdjP; subj-compl with быть, оказаться (subj: human), pres or past, or detached modif (full form only)]=====⇒ one is as good as anyone else, is not lacking abilities, knowledge, manners etc:- X is no < nobodY's> fool;- X knows whaft what.♦ Дабы показать, что я тоже не лыком шит, я ответил, что оформился плотником, но это ненадолго, пока устроюсь в Москве, а вообще я, разумеется, не за тем сюда приехал, чтобы работать плотником (Войнович 5). То show him that I, too, was no bumpkin, I answered that I had been assigned the post of carpenter but that this was just for the interim until I had gotten myself settled in Moscow and, needless to say, I had not come here to work as a carpenter (5a).♦...Защитник, тоже не лыком шитый, всячески упирал на смягчающее слабоумие подсудимого (Терц 1)....The defense counsel, who was also no fool, kept insisting on the extenuating feeblemindedness of the accused (1a).♦ Слава Богу, пережили НЭП [новую экономическую политику], троцкистский заговор, бухаринскую оппозицию, космополитов и врачей-вредителей. Научились кой-чему, не лыком шиты (Буковский 1). Thank God, we've survived the NEP [New Economic Policy], the Trotskyist conspiracy, the Bukharinite opposition, the "rootless cosmopolitans," and the "doctor-wreckers." We've learned a thing or two along the way, we weren't born yesterday, you know (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не лыком шитый
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62 Anlage
Anlage f (Anl.) 1. BANK, BÖRSE investment; 2. COMP system; attachment (E-Mail); 3. FIN investment; 4. GEN appendix, enclosure, encl., enclosed (am Ende eines Schreibens); 5. IND plant; 6. RECHT (AE) annex, (BE) annexe; 7. WIWI investment; 8. UMWELT installation • als Anlage KOMM enclosed* * *f (Anl.) 1. <Bank, Börse> investment; 2. < Comp> system, E-Mail attachment; 3. < Finanz> investment; 4. < Geschäft> appendix, enclosure (encl.), am Ende eines Schreibens enclosed; 5. < Ind> plant; 6. < Recht> annex (AE), annexe (BE) ; 7. <Vw> investment; 8. < Umwelt> installation ■ als Anlage < Komm> enclosed* * *Anlage
(Anordnung) disposition, design, outline, layout, laying out, (Begleitschreiben) schedule, (Beilage) enclosure, attachment, inclosure, exhibit, attached letter, appendix, (Betrieb) plant, factory, (Computer) hardware, (Entwurf) plan, draft, (Investition) invested capital, placement, placing, investment, (Maschinerie) unit, rig, (Montage) package, (Urkunde) annex, rider, (Veranlagung) predisposition;
• in der Anlage annexed (US);
• in der Anlage erhalten Sie inclosed (attached) please find;
• Anlagen (Bilanz) assets, equipment, facilities;
• abgeschriebene Anlage retirement unit;
• in der Substanz abnehmende Anlagen non-replaceable assets;
• ausgesuchte Anlage choice investment;
• außerbetriebliche Anlagen non-operating assets;
• im Bau befindliche Anlagen construction (sites) in progress;
• betriebsfertige Anlage factory at work;
• dem Geschäftsbetrieb dienende Anlagen assets for use in the business;
• elektrische Anlage electric plant, wiring;
• erneuerte Anlage replacement unit;
• aus der Bilanz ersichtliche Anlagen balance-sheet assets;
• erste Anlagen A-rating;
• erstklassige Anlage high-grade investment;
• ertragreiche Anlagen profitable investment;
• später erworbene Anlagen after-acquired assets;
• feste Anlagen fixtures, fixed (permanent, capital, slow) assets;
• festverzinsliche Anlage fixed [-interest bearing] investment;
• fixe Anlagen fixed assets;
• flüssige Anlagen quick (liquid, fluid, floating) assets;
• gebäudeähnliche Anlage structure in the nature of a building;
• genehmigungsbedürftige Anlagen installation subject to approval;
• außer Betrieb genommene Anlage retirement unit;
• neu in Betrieb genommene Anlage newly established plant;
• im Leasingverfahren gepachtete Anlagen leased facilities;
• getrennte Anlagen (Pensionsfonds) separate accounts;
• Gewinn bringende Anlagen earning assets, profitable (paying) investment;
• industrielle Anlagen industrial installations;
• installierte Anlage installation;
• kurzfristige Anlage short-term (temporary) investment;
• kurzfristige spekulative Anlage speculation (Br.), turn (US), round transaction (US);
• landwirtschaftliche Anlagen agricultural assets;
• langfristige Anlagen long-term (long-time) investments (holdings);
• liquide Anlagen quick (floating, fluid, liquid, US) assets;
• lukrative Anlage profitable (remunerative) investment;
• maschinelle Anlagen machinery, plant equipment;
• mittelfristige Anlagen medium-term investments;
• moderne Anlagen modern equipment;
• mündelsichere Anlagen gilt-edged (Br.) (legal, US) security, legal (eligible, US, trustee, Br.) investment, trustee loan (Br.);
• öffentliche Anlagen public parks;
• reststoffarme Anlage low residue plant;
• risikoärmere Anlagen (Investmentfonds) defensive portion (US);
• risikoreiche Anlagen (Investmentfonds) aggressive portion (US), aggressive investments;
• sanitäre Anlagen hygienic facilities;
• sichere Anlagen safe (non-speculative) investments;
• spekulative Anlagen aggressive (speculative, special-situation) investments;
• städtische Anlagen public garden (US), pleasure ground, grounds, park;
• stillgelegte Anlagen discarded assets;
• technische Anlagen plant;
• unabhängige Anlagen self-contained units;
• unbelastete Anlagen available assets;
• unproduktive Anlagen dead assets;
• verteidigungsbedingte Anlagen defense- (defence-, Br.) financed facilities;
• verteilte Anlagen diversification;
• verzinsliche Anlagen interest-bearing investments;
• vorübergehende Anlagen current investment;
• wertschaffende Anlagen productive investments;
• Anlage in Aktien share investment (Br.), investment in shares (stocks);
• Anlagen im Ausland foreign investments;
• Anlagen im Bau (Bilanz) installation (plant) under construction, construction in progress;
• Anlagen auf Depositenkonto fixed-deposit investments;
• Anlage zur Einkommensteuererklärung supporting statement;
• Anlagen in Ersthypotheken first-mortgage investments;
• Anlage mit festem Ertrag fixed[-yield] investment;
• Anlage von Geldbeträgen investment of funds;
• Anlage in Grundstücken real-estate investments;
• rückläufige Anlagen in Investitionsgütern fall in investment in equipment;
• Anlage von Kapitalien investment of funds, capital investment;
• Anlage einer Kartei card indexing;
• Anlage überschüssiger Mittel employment of surplus funds;
• Anlage mit verteiltem Risiko diversification of one’s investments;
• Anlage in Staatspapieren funding;
• Anlage zu einem Vertrag enclosure (schedule) to a contract;
• Anlage in Wertpapieren investment in securities;
• Anlage abschreiben to write down an asset;
• in der Anlage beifügen to enclose, to attach;
• Anlagen im Licht des Liquidationstermins bewerten to value assets on a gone-concern basis;
• zur Anlage empfehlen to single out for investment;
• als langfristige Anlage empfehlen to advise retention of longer commitments;
• Anlagen erneuern to replace fixed assets;
• abgenutzte Anlagen ersetzen to replace worn-out equipment;
• Anlagen erweitern to expand its plant;
• lediglich die Anlagen eines anderen Betriebes erwerben to acquire only the assets of another business;
• als Anlage für lange Sicht gelten to have long-term appeal, to be a purchase for the long pull (US);
• Anlage zum Geschäftsmann haben to have a turn for business;
• Wert einer Anlage heraufsetzen to write up the value of an asset;
• Anlage außer Betrieb nehmen to retire (discard) a unit;
• städtische Anlagen schützen to patrol the parks;
• für eine langfristige Anlage attraktiv sein to have long-term appeal, to be a purchase for the long pull (US);
• Anlage außer Betrieb setzen to discard (retire) an asset;
• in eine steuerfreie Anlage umwandeln to convert an investment into a non-taxable form;
• Anlageart type of investment;
• Anlageaufwand investment expense;
• Anlageausschuss capital issue committee, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) investment committee;
• Anlagebank investment bank[er], investment trust;
• attraktive Anlagebedingungen für industriell weniger erschlossene Gebiete schaffen to attract investment to poorer regions;
• Anlagebedürfnis investment demand;
• Anlagebefugnis power of investment;
• Anlagebegeisterung investment enthusiasm;
• Anlageberater investment adviser (consultant, counsellor, US), financial investment manager, security analyst (US), (Bank) investment officer, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) investment manager;
• Anlageberatung investment advisory service, investment counselling (US), investment advice (Br.), security (investment) analysis (US), (Investmentfonds) investment management;
• Anlageberatungsfirma investment advisory concern, counselling firm (US);
• Anlageberatungsvertrag investment advisory contract (agreement);
• Anlagebereich investment area;
• Anlagebereitschaft propensity (inclination, readiness) to invest;
• Anlagebereitschaft der Kapitalanlagegesellschaften animieren to put pep back into the investment-trust sector;
• Anlagebereitschaft zeigen to be ready to invest;
• Anlagebeschränkungen restrictions on investment, investment restrictions;
• Anlagebeschränkung in Richtung auf bestimmte Sparten (Versicherungsgesellschaft) restriction on investment of special classes;
• Anlagebestimmungen investment clauses, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) investment policy;
• weitgestreute Anlagebeteiligungen diversified holdings;
• Anlagebetrag amount invested;
• Anlagebuchführung investment accounting;
• Anlagechancen im Immobiliengeschäft property investment opportunities;
• Anlageentschluss investment decision, (Anlagegesellschaft) fund decision;
• Anlageerfahrung investment experience;
• Anlageerlöse investment earnings;
• ausländische Anlageerlöse devisenmäßig vereinnahmen to repatriate earnings from foreign investments;
• Anlageerneuerungsplan replacement program(me);
• Anlageerneuerungssatz replacement rate;
• Anlageerträgnisse investment earnings;
• Anlagefachmann security analyst;
• Anlagefonds investment trust, (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) fund money, investment fund;
• Anlageform type of investment;
• vorgeschriebene liquide Anlageformen specific reserve assets;
• Anlagefragen investment matters;
• Anlagegegenstände fixed intangible assets;
• Anlagegeschäft investment banking (business);
• riesiges Anlagegeschäft gigantic scale of buying of securities;
• Anlagegeschäftsaufgaben investment-banking functions. -
63 Erhöhung
Erhöhung f 1. FIN increase, rise; raise (wages); 2. GEN boost, increase, advance; 3. PERS (AE) raise, (BE) rise; 4. V&M increase, rise, advance (Preis)* * *f 1. < Finanz> increase, raise (wages), rise; 2. < Geschäft> boost, increase, advance; 3. < Person> raise (AE), rise (BE) ; 4. <V&M> Preis increase, rise, advance* * *Erhöhung
advance, increase, rise, levelling-up, (Gehälter) raise (US), rise (Br.), (Preise) enhancement, (Wert) improvement;
• pauschale Erhöhung flat increase;
• saisonbedingte Erhöhung seasonal increase;
• spürbare Erhöhung appreciable increase;
• stufenweise Erhöhung step-up;
• Erhöhung der industriellen Abschreibungsbeträge increase in depreciation allowances for industry;
• Erhöhung des Aktienkapitals stock capital increase;
• Erhöhung der Aktienkurse improvement in stocks;
• Erhöhung des Banknotenumlaufs increase of notes in circulation;
• Erhöhung des Diskontsatzes increase in the discount (bank, Br., rediscount, US) rate;
• Erhöhung des Einkommensteuerfreibetrages income-tax allowance increase;
• Erhöhung der Eisenbahntarife raising of railway (Br.) (railroad, US) rates;
• Erhöhung der durchschnittlichen Erdtemperatur increase in the globe’s average temperature;
• Erhöhung der Freibetragsgrenze (Einkommensteuer) personal exemption increase;
• Erhöhung der Fremdkapitalintensität high gearing;
• Erhöhung des Kapitals capital increase, increase in capital;
• Erhöhung der zurückgelegten Kilometer increase in mileage;
• Erhöhung des Kredits increase of credit;
• Erhöhung der Kreditvolumen increase in the amount of bank credit;
• Erhöhung der Landegebühren increase in landing fees;
• Erhöhung des Lebensstandards rise in the standard of living;
• Erhöhung der Löhne wage increase;
• Erhöhung der Mieten increase (raising) of rents;
• Erhöhung um 3500 Pfund L 3500 plus increase;
• Erhöhung der Portogebühren increase in (rise of, Br.) postal charges, postal increase;
• Erhöhung der Preise rise in prices;
• sprunghafte Erhöhung der Preise rapid enhancement of prices;
• Erhöhung um einen Punkt one-point rise;
• Erhöhung im Rang advancement;
• Erhöhung des Risikos increase of the risk;
• Erhöhung der Sondervergünstigungen fringe increase;
• zur Arbeitsbeschaffung vorgenommene Erhöhung der Staatsausgaben make-work increase in government spending;
• Erhöhung des Steueraufkommens revenue increase (raising);
• Erhöhung des Steuerfreibetrages exemption increase (US);
• Erhöhung der persönlichen Steuerfreibeträge raising personal allowances;
• Erhöhung der indirekten Steuern indirect tax increase;
• Erhöhung des Wertes increase (improvement in) value;
• Erhöhung des Zahlungsmittelumlaufs monetization of the debt (US);
• Erhöhung aufweisen to show an increase;
• mehrprozentige Erhöhung aufweisen to rise several points;
• Erhöhung der Staatsverschuldung auslösen (herbeiführen) to involve a great increase in the national debt;
• Erhöhung des Verteidigungsetats beantragen to ask for more money for defence (defense, US);
• Erhöhung im Kurs erfahren to experience a rise in prices. -
64 reparo
m.1 objection.poner reparos a algo to raise objections to something2 qualm, scruple.3 observation, objection, confutation.4 impediment.5 parry.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: reparar.* * *1 objection\no tener reparos en not to hesitate toponer reparos a to object to, find fault with* * *SM1) (=escrúpulo) scruple, qualmno tuvo reparo en hacerlo — he had no qualms about doing it, he did not hesitate to do it
2) (=objeción) objection; (=crítica) criticism; (=duda) doubt(=criticar) to criticize, express one's doubtsponer reparos — (=oponerse) to raise objections (a to)
3) frm (=reparación) repair; (Arquit) restoration4) (Esgrima) parry5) (=protección) defence, defense (EEUU), protection6) (Med) remedytirar un reparo — to rear, buck
* * *1)a) (inconveniente, objeción)b) ( duda) reservationaccedió, pero no sin reparo(s) — he agreed but not without reservation(s)
2) ( en esgrima) parry3) (Méx) (de caballo, toro)el caballo dio un reparo — the horse reared up o shied
aguantó los reparos del caballo — he held on despite the horse's bucking/rearing
* * *= quibble, cavil.Ex. In the article 'Caveats, qualms, and quibbles: a revisionist view of library automation', a public librarian expresses his concern about computers in libraries and the lack of healthy scepticism in libraries when considering the likely benefits of automation.Ex. But, however frivolous his cavils, the principles for which he contends are of the most pernicious nature and tendency.----* no andar con reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.* no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.* poner reparos = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* sin ningún reparo = unabashed.* sin reparo = unashamed.* sin reparos = unshielded.* sin sentir ningún reparo = unashamed.* * *1)a) (inconveniente, objeción)b) ( duda) reservationaccedió, pero no sin reparo(s) — he agreed but not without reservation(s)
2) ( en esgrima) parry3) (Méx) (de caballo, toro)el caballo dio un reparo — the horse reared up o shied
aguantó los reparos del caballo — he held on despite the horse's bucking/rearing
* * *= quibble, cavil.Ex: In the article 'Caveats, qualms, and quibbles: a revisionist view of library automation', a public librarian expresses his concern about computers in libraries and the lack of healthy scepticism in libraries when considering the likely benefits of automation.
Ex: But, however frivolous his cavils, the principles for which he contends are of the most pernicious nature and tendency.* no andar con reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.* no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.* no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.* poner reparos = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* sin ningún reparo = unabashed.* sin reparo = unashamed.* sin reparos = unshielded.* sin sentir ningún reparo = unashamed.* * *A(reserva, inconveniente): siempre pone reparos a todo she always finds problems with o raises objections about everythingexpresó sus reparos al acuerdo he expressed his reservations about the agreementno tengo ningún reparo en decírselo a la cara I'm quite prepared to tell him to his face, I have no qualms about telling him to his facele encomendó el trabajo con cierto reparo she entrusted the work to him with some reservationB (en esgrima) parryCaguantó los reparos del caballo he held on despite the horse's bucking/rearing* * *
Del verbo reparar: ( conjugate reparar)
reparo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
reparó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
reparar
reparo
reparar ( conjugate reparar) verbo transitivo
‹gotera/avería› to mend, fix
‹ofensa/agravio› to make amends for, make up for;
‹daño/perjuicio› to make good, compensate for
verbo intransitivo
1 reparo EN algo ( darse cuenta) to notice sth;
( considerar):
2 (Méx) [caballo/toro] to rear, shy
reparo sustantivo masculinoa) (inconveniente, objeción):
no tengo ningún reparo en decírselo I have no qualms about telling him
reparar
I verbo transitivo
1 (una máquina, etc) to repair, mend
2 (un daño, error, una pérdida) to make good: nadie puede reparar la pérdida de un ser querido, no one can make up for the loss of a beloved one
(una ofensa) to make amends for: no sé cómo reparar el mal que te causé, I don't know how to make amends for all the harm I did you
3 (fuerzas, energías) necesitas reparar fuerzas, you need to get your strength back
II verbo intransitivo
1 (darse cuenta de, fijarse en) to notice [en, -]
2 (considerar) to consider: repara en que será ella la que salga perdiendo, you should realise that she's the one who'll end up losing
reparo sustantivo masculino
1 (escrúpulo, duda) qualm: tengo algún reparo sobre el asunto, I'm not entirely happy about the affair
no tuvo reparos en humillarlo en público, he had no scruples about humiliating him in public
2 (vergüenza) shame
(timidez) embarrassment: le da reparo decírtelo, she feels embarrassed to tell you
' reparo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
empacho
English:
objection
- qualm
* * *reparo nm1. [objeción] objection;no tengo ningún reparo en negociar con ellos I have no objection to doing business with them;poner reparos a algo to raise objections to sthme da reparo I feel awkward about it;no tener reparos en hacer algo to have no qualms o scruples about doing sth;sin reparos without reservation, with no holds barred* * *m:poner reparos a find problems with;no tener reparos en have no reservations about;sin reparo without reservation o hesitation;me da reparo decirle I have qualms about telling him* * *reparo nm1) : repair, restoration2) : reservation, qualmno tuvieron reparos en decírmelo: they didn't hesitate to tell me3)poner reparos a : to find fault with, to object to -
65 sport
m.sports.* * *de sport sports, casualropa de sport casual clothes plural, casual wear, sportswear, leisure wear* * *[es'por]SM sportchaqueta (de) sport — sports jacket, sports coat (EEUU)
* * *[(e)s'por]ropa (de) sport — leisure wear, casual clothes (pl)
* * *----* chaqueta sport = blazer.* * *[(e)s'por]ropa (de) sport — leisure wear, casual clothes (pl)
* * ** chaqueta sport = blazer.* * */(e)sˈpor/‹ropa› casualun coche sport a sports car/(e)sˈpor/ropa (de) sport leisure wear, casual clothes (pl)iban vestidos de sport they were casually dressed* * *
sport /(e)s'por/ sustantivo masculino:
vestido de sport casually dressed
' sport' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adorar
- ciudad
- deporte
- desarrollar
- enrollarse
- carro
- chicho
- crónica
- lucir
- practicar
- saco
English:
casual
- excel
- sport
- work up
- all
- allow
- amateur
- attack
- award
- away
- back
- ball
- bar
- bat
- best
- big
- block
- blood
- call
- captain
- catch
- caution
- center
- champion
- championship
- changing room
- climbing
- color
- commentary
- competition
- competitor
- contest
- course
- court
- cover
- cricket
- cross
- default
- defend
- defender
- defense
- deliver
- derby
- disqualify
- dive
- division
- dope
- double
- draw
- dribble
* * *chaqueta de sport sports jacket;ropa de sport casual clothes* * *sport [ɛ'spor] adj: sport, casual -
66 оборонительный
defensiveоборонительное сооружение — defence / defensive work; мн. тж. defences
оборонительный рубеж — defensive belt / line
оборонительный район — defended locality; defense / defensive area амер.
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67 association
association [asɔsjasjɔ̃]feminine nouna. ( = société) associationb. [d'idées, images] association ; [de couleurs, intérêts] combinationc. ( = participation) association ; ( = partenariat) partnership* * *asɔsjasjɔ̃1) gén association2) (de couleurs, styles, substances) combination•Phrasal Verbs:* * *asɔsjasjɔ̃ nf1) (à but non lucratif) association2) COMMERCE partnership* * *association nf1 Jur ( corps constitué) association; association de défense des consommateurs consumer protection association;2 ( regroupement) association; en association avec in association with;3 Psych ( rapprochement) association; libre association free association; association verbale verbal association; association d'idées association of ideas;4 (de couleurs, styles, substances) combination;association à but non lucratif non-profitmaking organization GB, non-profit organization US; association déclarée association that has registered with the prefecture, and is therefore entitled to receive subsidies or take court action; association (de type) loi de 1901 non-profitmaking organization GB, non-profit organization US (conforming to a law passed in 1901); association familiale registered association with the aim of protecting the interests of families; association de malfaiteurs Jur criminal conspiracy; association sportive, AS sports association; association syndicale de propriétaires association of property owners.[asɔsjasjɔ̃] nom fémininassociation de bienfaisance charity, charitable organizationassociation à but non lucratif ou sans but lucratif non profit-making (UK) ou not-for-profit (US) organizationassociation de parents d'élèves ≃ Parent-Teacher Association (UK), ≃ Parent-Teacher Organization (US)3. [d'images] association[de couleurs] combination -
68 découvrir
découvrir [dekuvʀiʀ]➭ TABLE 181. transitive verba. ( = trouver) to discover• découvrir que... to discover that...b. ( = enlever ce qui couvre) [+ casserole] to take the lid off ; [+ poitrine, tête] to bare ; ( = mettre au jour) [+ ruines] to uncoverc. ( = laisser voir) to reveald. ( = voir) to see• du haut de la falaise on découvre toute la baie from the top of the cliff you can see the whole bay2. reflexive verba. ( = ôter son chapeau) to take off one's hat ; ( = ôter des habits) to take off some of one's clothes ; ( = perdre ses couvertures) to throw off the bedclothesc. [ciel, temps] to cleard. ( = trouver) elle s'est découvert un talent pour la peinture she discovered she had a gift for painting* * *dekuvʀiʀ
1.
1) ( trouver) gén to discover; to expose [complot]2) ( montrer) to show [partie du corps]; to unveil [statue]3) ( priver de protection) to leave [something] exposed [frontière, pièce d'échec]; ( voir) to see [château, vallée]
2.
se découvrir verbe pronominal1) ( enlever son chapeau) to remove one's hat2) ( trouver en soi)3) ( s'exposer) ( volontairement)ne te découvre pas trop — keep covered up; ( involontairement) [dormeur] to kick off one's bedclothes
* * *dekuvʀiʀ vt1) [trésor, formule, complot] to discover2) (= voir, apercevoir) [paysages, lieux, endroits, nature] to discover, [corps] to find, to discoverC'est elle qui a découvert le corps. — She was the one who found the body.
3) (= montrer, dévoiler) to reveal4) (= enlever ce qui couvre ou protège) to uncover* * *découvrir verb table: couvrirA vtr1 ( trouver ce qui est inconnu) to discover [remède, pays, fait, artiste]; j'ai découvert qu'elle s'intéressait aux sciences I've discovered ou found out that she's interested in science;2 (trouver ce qui est perdu, caché) to discover, to find [objet, fugitif]; to discover, to find out [vérité]; to uncover, to expose [complot]; j'ai découvert par hasard le livre que je cherchais I discovered, quite by chance, the book I was looking for; elle a découvert que she discovered that; il a été découvert ( dans sa cachette) he was discovered; ( dans ses activités occultes) he was found out; ⇒ pot;3 ( apprendre à apprécier) to discover; faire découvrir ag. qn to introduce sb to [musique, peinture baroque]; je vais leur faire découvrir Paris I'm going to show them Paris; les nouveaux auteurs/ouvrages à découvrir new authors/works to be discovered;4 ( révéler) to reveal, to disclose (à qn to sb); découvrir ses plans à un ami to disclose one's plans to a friend; découvrir son jeu fig to show one's hand;6 ( laisser voir) to reveal [vêtement, geste]; to reveal [partie du corps, cicatrice]; son rictus découvrait des dents jaunies his/her grin revealed yellow teeth;7 ( priver de protection) to leave [sth] exposed [frontière, ligne de défense, pièce d'échec];9 ( ôter le couvercle) to take the lid off [casserole, plat].B se découvrir vpr1 ( enlever son chapeau) to take one's hat off;2 ( trouver en soi) se découvrir avec l'âge to become more self-aware as one grows older; elle s'est découvert un talent/une passion she found she had a talent/a passion;4 ( perdre ses couvertures) to throw off one's bedclothes; ⇒ avril;5 ( apparaître) [lieu, site] to come into sight;[dekuvrir] verbe transitifdécouvrir du pétrole/de l'or to strike oil/gold2. [solution - en réfléchissant] to discover, to work out (separable) ; [ - subitement] to hit on ou upon (inseparable)6. [apercevoir] to seele rideau levé, on découvrit une scène obscure the raised curtain revealed a darkened stage7. [ôter ce qui couvre - fauteuil] to uncover ; [ - statue] to uncover, to unveil ; [ - casserole] to uncover, to take the lid offil fait chaud dans la chambre, va découvrir le bébé it's hot in the bedroom, take the covers off the baby8. [exposer - flanc, frontière] to expose9. [mettre à nu - épaule, cuisse] to uncover, to bare, to expose ; [ - mur, pierre] to uncover, to expose————————se découvrir verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)[au lit] to throw off one's bedclothes2. [ôter son chapeau] to take off one's hat3. [se connaître] to (come to) understand oneself4. [s'exposer] to expose oneself to attack————————se découvrir verbe pronominaldes scandales, il s'en découvre tous les jours scandals come to light ou are discovered every day————————se découvrir verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)————————se découvrir verbe pronominal transitifse découvrir quelque chose [se trouver quelque chose]: je me suis découvert une grosseur à l'aine I discovered I had a lump in my groin————————se découvrir verbe pronominal intransitif————————se découvrir à verbe pronominal plus préposition(littéraire) [se confier] to confide in, to open up to -
69 forcer
forcer [fɔʀse]➭ TABLE 31. transitive verba. ( = contraindre) to forceb. [+ coffre, serrure, barrage] to force ; [+ porte, tiroir] to force openc. [+ fruits, plantes] to force ; [+ talent, voix] to strain ; [+ allure] to increase ; [+ destin] to tempt2. intransitive verb• ne force pas, tu vas casser la corde don't force it or you'll break the rope3. reflexive verb* * *fɔʀse
1.
1) ( contraindre) to force2) ( faire céder) to force [porte, serrure]forcer la porte de quelqu'un — fig to force one's way into somebody's house
3) ( passer au travers) to break through [barrière]4) ( imposer) to force [négociation, décision]5) ( pousser) to force [allure]
2.
forcer sur verbe transitif indirect1) ( abuser)forcer sur — to overdo [vin, sel, couleur]
2) Technologieforcer sur — to overtighten [vis]; to force [mécanisme]
3.
verbe intransitif1) ( faire trop d'efforts)2) ( exercer une pression)ne force pas, tu vas le casser — don't force it or you'll break it
4.
se forcer verbe pronominal ( se contraindre) to force oneself ( à faire to do); ( faire des efforts)••* * *fɔʀse1. vt1) (= contraindre)2) [porte, serrure] to force3) [plante] to force4) [moteur] to strain5) [voix] to strain6) (= augmenter) [allure] to increase7) (locutions)forcer l'attention/le respect — to command attention/respect
2. vi1) (= fournir un effort) to overdo itsans forcer [gagner, se qualifier] — effortlessly
2) (exercer une force excessive) to force itforcer sur qch [objet] — to force sth
3) (= faire des excès)* * *forcer verb table: placerA vtr1 ( contraindre) to force; nous ne voulons forcer personne we don't want to force anybody; forcer qn à faire to force sb to do; forcer l'ennemi à négocier to force the enemy to negotiate; forcer qn à qch to force sb into sth; être forcé à l'exil to be forced into exile; être forcé de faire to be forced to do;2 ( faire céder) to force [porte, serrure]; le tiroir a été forcé the drawer has been forced; forcer la porte de qn fig to force one's way into sb's house;3 ( passer au travers) to break through [barrière, enceinte, défense]; to break [blocus]; forcer le passage to force one's way through; forcer l'entrée to force one's way in;4 ( imposer) to force [négociation, décision]; forcer l'admiration to command admiration; forcer la victoire to secure victory; forcer la paix to impose a peace settlement;5 ( pousser) to force [allure, rythme, cadence]; to stretch [sens]; to contrive [métaphore]; to push [sth] to the limits [talent]; forcer la dose or note to overdo it; forcer le ton to raise one's voice; forcer le trait to exaggerate;B forcer sur vtr ind1 ( abuser) forcer sur to overdo [vin, sel, couleur]; j'ai un peu forcé sur le rouge hier soir I overdid the red wine a bit last night;2 Naut forcer sur les avirons to pull on the oars;C vi1 ( faire trop d'efforts) to overdo it; j'ai trop forcé I overdid it; gagner sans forcer to win easily;2 ( exercer une pression) to force it; ne force pas, tu vas le casser don't force it or you'll break it; appuyez/serrez sans forcer do not press/tighten too much;3 ( résister) la porte/charnière force the door/hinge is sticking.D se forcer vpr1 ( se contraindre) to force oneself (à faire to do); il se força à sourire he forced himself to smile;2 ( faire des efforts) il se force pour manger it's a real effort for him to eat.forcer la main à qn to force sb's hand.[fɔrse] verbe transitifforcer quelqu'un à faire quelque chose: il l'a forcée à quitter la société he forced her out of the firmon lui a forcé la main he was made to do it, his hand was forced2. [ouvrir de force - tiroir, valise] to force (open) ; [ - serrure, mécanisme] to force3. [outrepasser]4. (archaïque) [violer - personne] to violate5. [susciter]son courage a forcé l'admiration/le respect de tous his courage commanded everybody's admiration/respect6. [influencer - destin, événements] to influence7. [presser]9. [pousser trop loin]10. CHASSE to run down————————[fɔrse] verbe intransitifne force pas, tu vas casser le mécanisme don't force the mechanism, you'll break itpliez la jambe sans forcer bend your leg very gently ou without straining————————forcer sur verbe plus préposition————————se forcer verbe pronominal(emploi réfléchi) [généralement] to make an effort[en mangeant] to force oneselfse forcer à lire/travailler to force oneself to read/to work -
70 toucher
toucher [tu∫e]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verb• « prière de ne pas toucher » "please do not touch"• il n'a pas touché un verre de vin depuis son accident he hasn't touched a drop of wine since his accidentb. ( = entrer en contact avec) to touchc. ( = être proche de) to adjoin ; [affaire] to concernd. ( = atteindre) [+ adversaire, objectif] to hit ; [+ public] to reach• touché ! (bataille navale) hit!e. ( = recevoir) [+ prime, allocation, traitement] to get ; [+ chèque] to cash ; [+ tiercé, gros lot] to win• il a fini le travail mais n'a encore rien touché he's finished the work but he hasn't been paid yetf. ( = émouvoir) [drame, deuil] to affect ; [scène attendrissante] to touch ; [critique, reproche] to have an effect ong. ( = concerner) to affect• toucher à to touch ; [+ réputation] to question ; ( = modifier) [+ règlement, loi, tradition] to meddle with ; [+ mécanisme] to tamper with ; ( = concerner) [+ intérêts] to affect ; [+ problème, domaine] to have to do with ; ( = aborder) [+ période, but] to approach ; [+ sujet, question] to broach• n'y touche pas ! don't touch!• « prière de ne pas toucher aux objets exposés » "please do not touch the exhibits"• s'il touche à cet enfant, gare à lui ! if he touches that child, he'd better watch out!• touche pas à ma bagnole ! (inf) hands off my car!• c'est parfait, n'y touche pas it's perfect, don't change a thing• l'hiver/la guerre touche à sa fin or son terme winter/the war is drawing to a close3. reflexive verb4. masculine nountouch ; ( = impression produite) feel* * *
I
1. tuʃe1) ( poser la main sur)toucher (de la main) — to touch [objet, surface, personne]
toucher du bois — ( par superstition) to touch wood
toucher quelque chose du doigt — lit, fig to put one's finger on something
2) ( être en contact avec) to be touching [mur, plafond, fond]toucher le sol — [animal, sauteur, avion] to land
3) ( heurter) to hit [adversaire, voiture, trottoir]si tu recules encore tu vas toucher le mur — if you reverse any more, you'll hit the wall
4) ( attendrir) to touch [personne]5) ( affecter) [changement, crise, loi] to affect [personne, secteur, pays]; [intempérie] to hit [région]6) ( être contigu à) [pays, maison, usine] to be next to7) ( encaisser) [personne] to get, to receive [argent]; to cash [chèque]; to get [retraite]; to win [lot]8) ( joindre)9) ( atteindre)toucher trois millions d'auditeurs or de téléspectateurs — to have an audience of three million
2.
toucher à verbe transitif indirect1) ( poser la main sur)toucher à tout — lit to be into everything; fig to be a jack of all trades
avec son air de ne pas y toucher, c'est un malin — (colloq) he looks as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth, but he's a sly one
2) ( concerner)3) ( porter atteinte à)toucher à — to infringe on [droit, privilège]
4) ( modifier)5) ( aborder)
3.
se toucher verbe pronominal [maisons, jardins] to be next to each other
II tuʃenom masculin1) ( sens)le toucher — touch, the sense of touch
2) Médecine digital examination3) Musique ( d'un pianiste) touch* * *tuʃe1. nm(= sens, faculté) touchle toucher — touch, the sense of touch
2. vt1) (= entrer en contact avec, manipuler) [objet, substance] to touch2) (= palper) to feelCe pull a l'air doux. Je peux toucher? — That sweater looks soft. Can I feel it?
3) (= atteindre) (d'un coup de feu) to hitLa balle l'a touché en pleine poitrine. — The bullet hit him right in the chest.
4) (= affecter) [gentillesse, compliment] to touch, [deuil, malheur] to affectLeurs attentions l'ont beaucoup touché. — Their kind attentions touched him deeply.
5) (= concerner) to affect, to concernCes nouvelles réformes ne nous touchent pas. — The new reforms don't affect us.
6) (= recevoir) [récompense, argent] to receive, to get, [salaire] to draw, to get, [chèque] to cashIl a touché une grosse somme d'argent. — He received a large sum of money.
7) (= aborder) [problème, sujet] to touch on8) (= contacter) to reach, to contact3. vi1) (= manipuler) to touch2) (= modifier) to tamper with, to meddle withQuelqu'un a touché au dispositif de sécurité. — Someone has tampered with the safety device.
3) (= traiter de, concerner) to deal with, to concernCet article touche à des sujets d'actualité. — This article deals with topical issues.
4) (= atteindre) [but, date] to reach5) (= être contigu à) [frontière, mur] to be next toLeur jardin touche au nôtre. — Their garden is next to ours.
* * *toucher verb table: aimerA nm1 ( sens) le toucher touch, the sense of touch; reconnaître des objets au toucher to identify objects by touch; un tissu doux au toucher a fabric which is soft to the touch;2 Méd digital examination; toucher rectal digital examination of the rectum;3 Mus ( d'un pianiste) touch.B vtr1 ( poser la main sur) toucher (de la main) to touch [objet, surface, personne]; ‘prière de ne pas toucher’ ‘please do not touch’; ne touche pas, pas touche○! don't touch!; toucher le bras/l'épaule/le dos de qn to touch sb's arm/shoulder/back, to touch sb on the arm/shoulder/back; toucher du bois ( par superstition) to touch wood; je touche du bois, mais je ne suis jamais malade I never get ill, touch wood!; toucher le front de qn to feel sb's forehead; toucher qch du doigt lit, fig to put one's finger on sth;2 ( être en contact avec) to be touching [mur, plafond, fond]; toucher le sol [animal, sauteur, avion] to land;3 ( heurter) to hit [adversaire, voiture, trottoir]; si tu recules encore tu vas toucher le mur if you reverse any more, you'll hit the wall; ne pas toucher une or la balle○ not to get near the ball; ‘touché!’ ( en escrime) ‘touché!’; ( à la bataille navale) ‘hit!’; toucher qn à la tête/poitrine to hit sb in the head/chest; touché dans le dos il s'est effondré he was hit in the back and slumped down;4 ( attendrir) to touch [personne] ; ça me touche beaucoup I am very touched; j'ai été très touchée de ta visite or que tu viennes me voir I was very touched by your visit;5 ( affecter) [événement, changement, crise, loi] to affect [personne, secteur, pays]; [intempérie] to hit [région, ville]; rien ne la touche nothing affects her; la récession touche tout le monde the recession affects everybody; le chômage touche 15% de la population active unemployment affects 15 per cent of the working population; la région la plus touchée par l'ouragan the area hardest hit by the hurricane;6 ( être contigu à) [pays] to be next to, to border (on); [maison, usine] to be next to, to adjoin [bâtiment, parc]; leur terrain touche le nôtre their land is next to ou adjoins ours;7 ( encaisser) [personne] to get, to receive [argent, indemnités, dividendes]; to cash [chèque, mandat]; to get [retraite]; to win [tiercé, loterie]; il a touché une grosse somme à son départ he got a lot of money when he left; elle ne va toucher aucune indemnité she won't get ou receive any compensation; ils touchent une petite retraite they get a small pension;8 ( joindre) toucher qn to get hold of sb; il est difficile à toucher par téléphone he's difficult to get hold of on the phone;9 Presse, Radio, TV toucher trois millions d'auditeurs or de téléspectateurs to have an audience of three million; toucher sept millions de lecteurs to have a readership of seven million.C toucher à vtr ind1 ( poser la main sur) toucher à to touch [objets]; ne touchez à rien don't touch anything; il n'a pas touché à son repas he didn't touch his meal; il ne touche plus à une goutte d'alcool he doesn't touch a drop of alcohol anymore; toucher à tout lit to be into everything; fig to be a jackofall trades; il ne touche plus à un fusil he won't go near a rifle anymore; ‘touche pas à mon pote○’ ‘hands off my pal○’; avec son air de ne pas y toucher, c'est un malin○ he looks as if butter wouldn't melt in his mouth, but he's a sly one;2 ( concerner) toucher à to concern; la réforme touche à l'emploi des jeunes the reform concerns youth employment; tout ce qui touche à la discipline/l'individu anything that relates to ou that concerns discipline/the individual; c'est un problème qui touche à l'éthique it's a question of ethics;3 ( porter atteinte à) toucher à to infringe on [droit, liberté, privilège]; to detract from [dignité]; toucher aux principes fondamentaux de la démocratie to infringe on the fundamental principles of democracy;4 ( modifier) to change; on ne peut toucher aux coutumes tradition is sacrosanct;5 ( aborder) to get on to [question, problème]; vous touchez à un sujet délicat/une question fondamentale you're getting on to a delicate subject/a fundamental issue.D se toucher vpr1 ( se tâter) ( l'un l'autre) to feel each other; ( soi-même) to feel oneself; se toucher la tête/le bras/les pieds ( l'un l'autre) to feel each other's heads/arms/feet; ( soi-même) to feel one's head/arm/feet;2 ◑( se masturber) to play with oneself○;3 ( être contigu) (maisons, jardins, immeubles) to be next to each other; nos deux maisons se touchent our houses are next door to each other.I[tuʃe] nom masculin1. [sens] (sense of) touch[palpation] touch2. [sensation] feel3. [manière de toucher] touch————————au toucher locution adverbialedoux/rude au toucher soft/rough to the touchc'est facile à reconnaître au toucher it's easy to tell what it is by touching it ou by the feel of itII[tuʃe] verbe transitifA.1. [pour caresser, saisir] to touch[pour examiner] to feelne me touche pas! get your hands off me!, don't touch me!touchez avec les yeux! don't touch, just look!2. [entrer en contact avec] to touchoù peut-on vous toucher en cas d'urgence? where can you be contacted ou reached in an emergency?[suj: lettre] to reachB.1. [se servir de - accessoire, instrument] to touchson service est si puissant que je ne touche pas une balle (familier) his serve is so powerful I can't get anywhere near the ball2. [consommer] to touchil n'a même pas touché son repas/la bouteille he never even touched his meal/the bottle3. [blesser] to hit4. [atteindre - suj: mesure] to concern, to affect, to apply to ; [ - suj: crise, krach boursier, famine] to affect, to hit ; [ - suj: incendie, épidémie] to spread to (inseparable)reste-t-il un secteur que l'informatique n'ait pas touché? are there still any areas untouched by computerization?ses prières avaient touché mon cœur her entreaties had moved ou stirred me[affecter - suj: décès] to affect, to shake ; [ - suj: critique, propos désobligeants] to affect, to have an effect on6. (familier) [s'en prendre à - personne] to touch7. [percevoir - allocation, honoraires, pension, salaire] to receive, to get, to draw ; [ - indemnité, ration] to receive, to get ; [ - chèque] to cash (in) (separable)elle touche 30 000 euros par an she earns 30,000 euros a yearC.2. [concerner]une affaire qui touche la Défense nationale a matter related to defence, a defence-related matter3. [être parent avec] to be related to————————[tuʃe] verbe intransitif3. (très familier) [exceller]elle touche en informatique! she's a wizard at ou she knows a thing or two about computers!ça y est, au saxo, je commence à toucher! I'm beginning to get the hang of the sax now!4. (locution)touchez là! it's a deal!, (let's) shake on it!————————toucher à verbe plus préposition1. [porter la main sur - objet] to touchque je ne te reprenne pas à toucher aux allumettes! don't let me catch you playing with matches again! ; [ - adversaire, élève] to touch, to lay hands ou a finger onsi tu touches à un seul cheveu de sa tête...! if you so much as lay a finger on her...!2. [modifier - appareil, documents, législation] to tamper ou to interfere withton dessin est parfait, n'y touche plus your drawing is perfect, leave it as it isje n'ai jamais touché à la drogue I've never been on ou touched drugsa. (sens propre) to fiddle with ou to touch everythinga. [artisan] I'm a Jack-of-all-trades, I do a little bit of everythingb. [artiste] I'm a man of many parts4. [être proche de - suj: pays, champ] to adjoin (soutenu), to border (upon) ; [ - suj: maison, salle] to join on (inseparable) to, to adjoin (soutenu)[confiner à]tout ce qui touche au sexe est tabou everything connected ou to do with sex is taboovous venez de toucher au point essentiel du débat you've put your finger on the key issue in the debatele navire touche au port ce soir the ship will enter ou reach harbour tonight————————se toucher verbe pronominal————————se toucher verbe pronominal -
71 оборонительный
оборони́тельные бои́ — defensive actions
оборони́тельная та́ктика — defensive attitude
оборони́тельное сооруже́ние — defence / defensive work; мн. тж. defences
оборони́тельный рубе́ж — defensive belt / line
оборони́тельные пози́ции — defensive position sg
оборони́тельный райо́н — defended locality; defense / defensive area амер.
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72 совершенствование
1. improvement2. perfection3. enhancement4. developmentСинонимический ряд:улучшение (сущ.) улучшениеРусско-английский большой базовый словарь > совершенствование
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73 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse: XIIth Century-XXth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925, 1952 (2nd edition, B. Vi-digal, ed.).■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. 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Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. 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A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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74 job evaluation
HRa technique that strives to provide a systematic, rational, and consistent approach to defining the relative worth of jobs within an organization. Job evaluation is a system for analyzing and comparing different jobs and placing them in a ranking order according to the overall demands of each one. It is not concerned with the volume of work, or with the person doing it, or with determining pay. It is used in order to provide the basis for an equitable and defensible pay structure, particularly in determining equal pay for equal value. Job evaluation programs can be divided into two main categories: nonanalytical and analytical. In nonanalytical programs a job is compared with others as a whole, but such programs have a limited use, because they are unlikely to succeed as a defense against an equal value claim. In an analytical program, a job is split up into a number of different aspects and each factor is measured separately. The main types of analytical programs are factor comparison, point-factor rating, competency-based programs, and the profile method. -
75 Townes, Charles Hard
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA[br]American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.[br]Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.BibliographyTownes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, ofMicrowave Spectroscopy (1955).1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).Further ReadingT.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).RTS -
76 объект тыла
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77 avukatlık
1. the profession of law. 2. the practice of law, the work of a lawyer. 3. unnecessary defense. - stajı law apprenticeship.
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