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data+elements

  • 101 перечень

    list, summary
    типовой перечень запасных частей N... — standard list of spare parts No...
    Иллюстрированный перечень составных частей изделия и справочник по взаимозаменяемости — Illustrated Parts List with Interchangeability Data
    Перечень деталей, блоков, тары и инструментов, необходимых для доработки... — Parts, Units, Containers and Tools Required for Modification of...
    Перечень контрольно-поверочной и измерительной аппаратуры, технологического оборудования и инструмента — Test Equipment, Fixtures, and Tools
    Перечень элементов принципиальной схемы выполнен на несекретных листах... — For Parts List of the Schematic Diagram, see document... (unclassified)
    перечень возможных (вероятных, наиболее часто встречающихся) неисправностей — troubleshooting chart
    перечень документов — list of documents, list of technical papers
    перечень запасных частей, типовой — standard list of spare parts
    перечень изделий или их составных частей для периодической проверки органами надзора — list of articles or their components subject to periodic inspection by inspection agencies
    перечень материалов — list of materials [L/M]
    перечень оборудования — equipment list [E/L], inventory of equipment
    перечень обязательных работ, выполняемых при профилактическом ремонте — list of preventive maintenance mandatory operations
    перечень операций технического обслуживания [регламентных работ] — list of scheduled maintenance operations
    перечень приборов и аппаратуры для периодической проверки точности показаний — list of instruments and equipment to be checked periodically for reading accuracy
    перечень применяемого оборудования, приборов, стендов, приспособлений — list of equipment, instruments, stands and appliances used
    перечень проверок — checklist, check list
    перечень специального оборудования, стендов, приборов, инструмента — list of special equipment, stands, instruments and tools
    перечень стандартизованного оборудования, приборов, стендов и приспособлений — list of standard equipment, instruments, stands and appliances
    перечень упакованных изделий (с указанием типа, модели, марки) — list of packed articles (type, model, grade)
    перечень упакованных предметов, подробный — detailed list of enclosed articles, detailed list of packed articles
    перечень элементов (к принципиальной схеме) — list of elements, parts list, identification table of parts
    составлять перечень — to establish a list, to make up a list

    Поставки машин и оборудования. Русско-английский словарь > перечень

  • 102 gemeinsame Nutzung von Passagierdaten

    gemeinsame Nutzung f von Passagierdaten COMP, KOMM, LOGIS, RECHT passenger data sharing (on the basis of an agreement between the EU and the USA, the FBI and other agencies are able to access 19 elements of personal passenger information on transatlantic air passengers, such as name, telephone number and address and can retain the data for 15 years; cf passenger name record = PNR = Fluggastdatensatz; cf access to passenger data = Zugriff auf Passagierdaten; Synonym: gemeinsame Passagierdatennutzung, gemeinsame Nutzung von Fluggastdaten)

    Business german-english dictionary > gemeinsame Nutzung von Passagierdaten

  • 103 регистратор


    cockpit voice recorder (cvr)
    звуковой информации в кабине экипажа
    - параметров полета — flight (data) recorder

    an instrument for recording certain elements of the performance of an aircraft.
    - параметров, магнитный самолетный (мсрп) — flighf data recorder (fdr)
    - параметров полета, самолетный автоматический (сарпп) — flight data recorder (fdr)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > регистратор

  • 104 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 105 параметры орбиты

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > параметры орбиты

  • 106 guía

    f. & m.
    1 guide, mentor.
    2 guideline, guide, guidance, direction.
    3 guidebook, guide, guide book.
    4 groove.
    5 guide, blindman's guide.
    6 leader, guide.
    7 telephone book.
    8 girl scout, girl guide.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: guiar.
    * * *
    1 (persona) guide, leader
    1 (norma) guidance, guideline
    2 (libro) guidebook
    3 (de bicicleta) handlebar
    4 (de bigote) end, tip
    5 (carril) rail, guide
    6 BOTÁNICA main stem
    \
    guía de teléfonos telephone directory, phone book
    * * *
    1. noun f.
    1) directory, guidebook
    2. noun mf.
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=libro) guidebook (de to)
    (=manual) handbook; [de teléfono] directory

    guía de campo — (Bio) field guide

    guía de carga — (Ferro) waybill

    guía del ocio — "what's on" guide

    guía del viajero — traveller's o (EEUU) traveler's guide

    guía oficial de ferrocarriles — (Ferro) official timetable

    2) (=orientación) guidance; (=acto) guiding
    3) (Inform) prompt
    4) (Mec) guide; [de bicicleta] handlebars pl ; (=caballo) leader, front horse
    pl guías (=riendas) reins

    guía sonora — (Cine) soundtrack

    2.
    SMF (=persona) guide; (=dirigente) leader; (=consejero) adviser
    3.
    ADJ INV guide antes de s, guiding

    cable guía — guiding wire, guide rope

    * * *
    1)
    a) (libro, folleto) guide (book); ( de calles) map
    2) ( de los scouts) guide
    3) guía masculino y femenino ( persona) guide
    * * *
    = feature card, guidance, guide, guide book, guide card, mentor, signpost, guru, ground rule, pathfinder, road map [roadmap], pointer, listing magazine, research guide, route map, guidebook.
    Ex. The provision of 'guide' or ' feature' cards, displaying class numbers and their verbal translations, break up the classified sequence into manageable proportions and help in the process of guiding.
    Ex. The command function 'HELP' is used to obtain guidance online when in difficulty.
    Ex. In so doing the indexes act as an organized guide to large sections of the literature of a subject area.
    Ex. The reference department contain quick reference material including street and trade directories, bus, train and air timetables, year-books, gazetteers, list of addresses, booklets, guide books, etc.
    Ex. Guide cards help to break up the classified sequence and direct the user to the required class.
    Ex. Also, the students are encouraged to explore subjects on interest to them in their school libraries and report on their investigations, either orally or in writing, to a teacher who serves as a kind of counselor or mentor for the project.
    Ex. The cooperative approach in evidence in the Moorlands Information scheme is one signpost for the future.
    Ex. Many readers will need to consult a network guru in order to find out about access through a network connection.
    Ex. It is possible to lay down some ground rules about the way various elements in a citation should be treated.
    Ex. These maps serve as pathfinders for future research in the focus area = Estos mapas sirven como guías para investigaciones futuras sobre el tema de interés.
    Ex. The Computing Information Directory (CID) has been a road map to the computing literature since 1981.
    Ex. Accordingly, the role of librarian as pointer and setter must be tagged as obsolete.
    Ex. Various listing magazines are available that cover the arts and culture in Glasgow.
    Ex. This is a bibliography identifying a number of research guides and sources intended to help the law librarian make better use of the Internet.
    Ex. This service aims to provide refugees with a cultural route map through the confused and sometimes hostile environment in which they find themselves.
    Ex. Examples include newsletters, annual reports and guidebooks, conference proceedings, technical reports and pamphlets.
    ----
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * guía básica = laymen's guide.
    * guía bibliográfica = bibliographical guide, bibliographic guide.
    * guía de biblioteca = library guide, library guiding.
    * guía de caza = hunting guide.
    * guía de cazadores = hunting guide.
    * guía de estilo = style guideline.
    * guía de fuentes de información = pathfinder.
    * guía de hoteles = hotel guide.
    * guía del usuario = user guide.
    * guía de teléfonos = white pages directory, white pages telephone directory, telephone directory.
    * guía de trabajo = working guide.
    * guía de turismo = tour guide.
    * guía de viaje = travel brochure.
    * guía de viajes = travel guide.
    * guía informativa = brochure.
    * guía para principiantes = beginners' guide.
    * guía práctica = working guide, field guide.
    * guía principal = guiding principle.
    * guía sonora = rumble strip.
    * guía telefónica = telephone directory, white pages directory, white pages telephone directory.
    * guía temática = subject guide.
    * guía turística = travel guide.
    * guía voluntario = docent.
    * luz guía = beacon light.
    * luz y guía = lodestar.
    * perro guía = guide dog.
    * perro lazarillo = guide dog.
    * plantilla de guía = jig.
    * servir de guía = carry + the torch.
    * una guía general = a rough guide.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (libro, folleto) guide (book); ( de calles) map
    2) ( de los scouts) guide
    3) guía masculino y femenino ( persona) guide
    * * *
    = feature card, guidance, guide, guide book, guide card, mentor, signpost, guru, ground rule, pathfinder, road map [roadmap], pointer, listing magazine, research guide, route map, guidebook.

    Ex: The provision of 'guide' or ' feature' cards, displaying class numbers and their verbal translations, break up the classified sequence into manageable proportions and help in the process of guiding.

    Ex: The command function 'HELP' is used to obtain guidance online when in difficulty.
    Ex: In so doing the indexes act as an organized guide to large sections of the literature of a subject area.
    Ex: The reference department contain quick reference material including street and trade directories, bus, train and air timetables, year-books, gazetteers, list of addresses, booklets, guide books, etc.
    Ex: Guide cards help to break up the classified sequence and direct the user to the required class.
    Ex: Also, the students are encouraged to explore subjects on interest to them in their school libraries and report on their investigations, either orally or in writing, to a teacher who serves as a kind of counselor or mentor for the project.
    Ex: The cooperative approach in evidence in the Moorlands Information scheme is one signpost for the future.
    Ex: Many readers will need to consult a network guru in order to find out about access through a network connection.
    Ex: It is possible to lay down some ground rules about the way various elements in a citation should be treated.
    Ex: These maps serve as pathfinders for future research in the focus area = Estos mapas sirven como guías para investigaciones futuras sobre el tema de interés.
    Ex: The Computing Information Directory (CID) has been a road map to the computing literature since 1981.
    Ex: Accordingly, the role of librarian as pointer and setter must be tagged as obsolete.
    Ex: Various listing magazines are available that cover the arts and culture in Glasgow.
    Ex: This is a bibliography identifying a number of research guides and sources intended to help the law librarian make better use of the Internet.
    Ex: This service aims to provide refugees with a cultural route map through the confused and sometimes hostile environment in which they find themselves.
    Ex: Examples include newsletters, annual reports and guidebooks, conference proceedings, technical reports and pamphlets.
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * guía básica = laymen's guide.
    * guía bibliográfica = bibliographical guide, bibliographic guide.
    * guía de biblioteca = library guide, library guiding.
    * guía de caza = hunting guide.
    * guía de cazadores = hunting guide.
    * guía de estilo = style guideline.
    * guía de fuentes de información = pathfinder.
    * guía de hoteles = hotel guide.
    * guía del usuario = user guide.
    * guía de teléfonos = white pages directory, white pages telephone directory, telephone directory.
    * guía de trabajo = working guide.
    * guía de turismo = tour guide.
    * guía de viaje = travel brochure.
    * guía de viajes = travel guide.
    * guía informativa = brochure.
    * guía para principiantes = beginners' guide.
    * guía práctica = working guide, field guide.
    * guía principal = guiding principle.
    * guía sonora = rumble strip.
    * guía telefónica = telephone directory, white pages directory, white pages telephone directory.
    * guía temática = subject guide.
    * guía turística = travel guide.
    * guía voluntario = docent.
    * luz guía = beacon light.
    * luz y guía = lodestar.
    * perro guía = guide dog.
    * perro lazarillo = guide dog.
    * plantilla de guía = jig.
    * servir de guía = carry + the torch.
    * una guía general = a rough guide.

    * * *
    A
    1 (libro, folleto) guide, guide book; (de calles) map
    guía turística tourist guide
    guía de campings/hoteles camping/hotel guide
    guía urbana street map o guide o plan
    2
    (orientación): los colores me sirven de guía I use the colors as a guide
    sus indicaciones me sirvieron de guía para llegar hasta allí his directions helped me find my way there
    Compuestos:
    bill of lading, waybill
    entertainment guide
    ● guía telefónica or de teléfonos
    telephone directory, phone book
    TV guide
    B
    2 (de un cajón, una puerta) guide
    C (de los scouts) guide, girl guide, girl scout ( AmE)
    D
    guía de turismo tourist guide
    guía espiritual spirtual leader
    * * *

     

    Del verbo guiar: ( conjugate guiar)

    guía es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    guiar    
    guía
    guiar ( conjugate guiar) verbo transitivo
    to guide
    guiarse verbo pronominal guíase por algo ‹por mapa/consejo› to follow sth;

    guíase por el instinto to follow one's instincts
    guía sustantivo femenino
    1 (libro, folleto) guide (book);
    ( de calles) map;
    ◊ guía turística/de hoteles tourist/hotel guide;

    guía telefónica or de teléfonos telephone directory, phone book
    2
    ◊ guía sustantivo masculino y femenino ( persona) guide;

    guía de turismo tourist guide
    guiar verbo transitivo
    1 (indicar el camino) to guide
    2 (un automóvil) to drive
    (una embarcación) to steer
    (un caballo, moto) to ride
    guía
    I mf (cicerone, tutor, consejero, etc) guide, perro guía, guide dog
    II sustantivo femenino
    1 (orientación, pauta) guideline
    2 (libro de pautas) guide
    guía del buen jardinero, the Good Gardener's Guide
    3 (listado) directory
    guía de teléfonos, telephone directory
    ' guía' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    callejera
    - callejero
    - excursión
    - perra
    - perro
    - plantilla
    - suministrar
    - alguno
    - buscar
    - directorio
    - directriz
    - orientación
    - pauta
    English:
    courier
    - directory
    - docent
    - guide
    - guidebook
    - guided tour
    - helpful
    - listing
    - literature
    - phrasebook
    - telephone book
    - tour guide
    - ex-directory
    - girl
    - jig
    - phone
    - phrse
    - runner
    - telephone
    - tour
    - tourist
    - unlisted
    * * *
    ♦ nmf
    [persona] guide guía espiritual [persona, libro] spiritual guide;
    guía de montaña mountain guide;
    guía turístico tourist guide
    ♦ nf
    1. [indicación] guidance;
    te dejaré una copia para que te sirva de guía I'll leave you a copy for your guidance o as a guide
    2. [libro] guide (book)
    guía de campo field guide;
    guía de carreteras road atlas;
    guía comercial commercial directory;
    guía de empresas commercial directory;
    guía de espectáculos entertainment guide, what's on guide;
    guía de ferrocarriles train timetable;
    guía del ocio entertainment guide, what's on guide;
    Esp, RP guía telefónica telephone book o directory; Esp, RP guía de teléfonos telephone book o directory;
    guía turística tourist guide
    3. [de bicicleta] handlebars
    4. [para cortinas] rail
    * * *
    I m/f guide
    II f libro guide (book)
    * * *
    guía nf
    1) : directory, guidebook
    2) orientación: guidance, direction
    la conciencia me sirve como guía: conscience is my guide
    guía nmf
    : guide, leader
    guía de turismo: tour guide
    * * *
    1. (persona) guide
    2. (libro) guide book / guide
    guía telefónica telephone directory / phone book

    Spanish-English dictionary > guía

  • 107 tabla

    f.
    1 plank.
    tabla de planchar ironing board
    2 pleat (pliegue).
    3 table.
    tabla de materias table of contents
    tabla de multiplicación multiplication table
    tabla periódica (de los elementos) periodic table (of elements)
    4 board.
    tabla de surf surfboard
    5 panel (art).
    6 backboard.
    * * *
    1 (de madera) board, plank
    2 (de piedra) slab; (de metal) sheet
    3 (estante) shelf
    4 ARTE panel
    5 COSTURA pleat
    6 (tablón de anuncios) notice board, US bulletin-board
    7 (índice) index
    8 (lista) list; (catálogo) catalogue (US catalog)
    10 (faja de tierra) strip, plot; (bancal) patch; (arriate) bed
    11 MATEMÁTICAS table
    1 TEATRO stage sing, boards
    2 (ajedrez) stalemate sing, draw sing
    \
    a raja tabla strictly, to the letter
    hacer tabla rasa de algo to make a clean sweep of something
    hacer tablas (gen) to be deadlocked, reach stalemate 2 (ajedrez etc) to end in a draw
    pisar las tablas to tread the boards, go on the stage
    quedar en tablas→ link=hacer hacer tablas
    tener tablas / tener muchas tablas (gen) to be an old hand 2 (en teatro - hombre) to be an experienced actor 3 (- mujer) be an experienced actress
    tabla de cocina chopping board
    tabla de lavar washboard
    la Tabla Redonda the Round Table
    las Tablas de la Ley RELIGIÓN the Tables of the Law
    tabla de materias contents plural, table of contents
    tabla de multiplicar multiplication table
    tabla de plancha / tabla de planchar ironing board
    tabla de salvación figurado last hope, last resort
    tabla de surf surfboard
    tabla de windsurf sailboard
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) board, plank
    •
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=pieza) [de madera] plank, board; [de piedra] slab; (Arte) panel; (=estante) shelf; Caribe (=mostrador) shop counter

    hacer tabla rasa de algo — to completely disregard sth, ride roughshod over sth

    tabla a vela — surfboard, windsurfing board

    tabla de cocina, tabla de cortar — chopping board

    tabla de salvación — (fig) last resort, only hope

    tabla deslizadora, tabla de surf — surfboard

    2) pl tablas
    a) (Taur) barrier sing
    b) (Teat) stage sing

    salir a las tablas — to go on the stage, become an actor/actress

    - tener muchas tablas
    3) pl tablas (Ajedrez) draw sing ; (fig) stalemate sing

    hacer tablas, quedar en tablas — (lit) to draw; (fig) to reach stalemate, be deadlocked

    el partido quedó en tablas — the game was a draw, the game was drawn

    4) [de falda] box pleat, broad pleat
    5) (=lista) (Mat) table; [en libro] (=índice) table; (Dep) (tb: tabla clasificatoria) table, (league) table; (Inform) array

    tabla de consulta — (Inform) lookup table

    tabla de ejercicios, tabla de gimnasia — exercise routine, set of exercises

    6) (Agr) plot, patch
    7) And
    2.
    SM ** queer **, fairy **, fag (EEUU) **
    * * *
    1) ( de madera) plank

    salvarse en or por una tablita — (Méx fam) to have a narrow escape (colloq)

    2) tablas femenino plural
    a) (Teatr) stage

    tener tablas — actor, cantante (fam) to be an old hand o an expert, to have presence

    b) (Taur) barrier
    3) ( de surfing) surfboard; ( de windsurf) sailboard, windsurfer; ( para natación) float
    4)
    a) (gráfico, listado) table
    b) (Mat) tb
    5) ( de falda) pleat
    6) ( de terreno) plot, lot (AmE)
    7) tb

    tabla de gimnasia — ( serie de ejercicios) circuit training; ( en competición) routine

    8) tablas femenino plural ( en ajedrez)

    acabar or quedar en tablas — to end in a draw

    estar tablas — (Méx fam) to be even o quits (colloq)

    * * *
    1) ( de madera) plank

    salvarse en or por una tablita — (Méx fam) to have a narrow escape (colloq)

    2) tablas femenino plural
    a) (Teatr) stage

    tener tablas — actor, cantante (fam) to be an old hand o an expert, to have presence

    b) (Taur) barrier
    3) ( de surfing) surfboard; ( de windsurf) sailboard, windsurfer; ( para natación) float
    4)
    a) (gráfico, listado) table
    b) (Mat) tb
    5) ( de falda) pleat
    6) ( de terreno) plot, lot (AmE)
    7) tb

    tabla de gimnasia — ( serie de ejercicios) circuit training; ( en competición) routine

    8) tablas femenino plural ( en ajedrez)

    acabar or quedar en tablas — to end in a draw

    estar tablas — (Méx fam) to be even o quits (colloq)

    * * *
    tabla1
    1 = plank, board.

    Ex: Fine-grained hardwoods were preferred, nearly always cut across the grain, although the largest size types were sometimes cut on the plank.

    Ex: Add to the designation, when appropriate, the number and the name(s) of the component pieces of the object; e.g., 1 game (1 board), 50 cards, 2 dice.
    * cerrar con tablas = board up.
    * cubrir con tablas = board up.
    * hacer tabla rasa = level + the playing field.
    * miedo a las tablas = stage fright.
    * proteger con tablas = board up.
    * quedarse en tablas = split down the middle.
    * tabla comedero para pájaros = bird table.
    * tabla de chocolate = six-pack, six-pack abs.
    * tabla de colores = palette, palette of colours.
    * tabla de la plancha = ironing board.
    * tabla de lavar = washboard.
    * tabla del entarimado = floorboard.
    * tabla de planchar = ironing board.
    * tabla de planchar pantalones = trousers press.
    * tabla rasa = clean slate, new leaf, a fresh start.

    tabla2
    2 = table.
    Nota: Documento que contiene datos ordenados generalmente en filas y columnas que pueden ir acompañados de texto.

    Ex: The document containing ordered data typically in rows and columns and possibly with an accompanying text is known as tables.

    * basado en tablas = table-driven.
    * confeccionar una tabla = draft + table.
    * elaborar una tabla = draft + table.
    * presentar en forma de tabla = tabulate.
    * tabla de calcular = ready reckoner, reckoner.
    * tabla de cálculo = reckoner, ready reckoner.
    * tabla de clasificación = classification schedule.
    * tabla de comparación de precios = price-comparison table.
    * tabla de contenido = table of contents [ToC].
    * tabla genealógica = genealogical table.
    * tabla hash = hash table.
    * tabla periódica = periodic table.

    tabla3
    = schedules, the.
    Nota: Lista de conceptos que forman un sistema en el que las relaciones se muestran de forma linear escalonada mediante el uso de tipografía especial o de un sistema de notaciones.

    Ex: The list of terms, representing concepts systematically arranged and showing their relationships, constitutes the schedules of a classification scheme.

    * tabla auxiliar = auxiliary schedule.
    * tablas auxiliares = tables, auxiliary tables.
    * tablas principales = main tables, main schedules.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de madera) board
    he puesto una tabla debajo del colchón I've put a board under the mattress
    las tablas que forman el casco del barco the planks that make up the ship's hull
    las tablas del suelo the floorboards
    como tabla ( Chi fam): están como tabla con él they are solidly behind him
    iremos todos como tabla a apoyarlos we'll be there in force to cheer them on
    pasear la tabla to walk the plank
    salvarse en or por una tablita ( Méx fam); to have a narrow escape ( colloq)
    2 (de conglomerado) piece, sheet; (de metal) sheet
    Compuestos:
    ● tabla armónica or de armonía
    belly, soundboard
    washboard
    chopping board
    ironing board
    salvation
    fue mi tabla de salvación it was my salvation, it saved my life ( colloq)
    se aferra a sus recuerdos como a una tabla de salvación he clings to his memories like a drowning man to a piece of wood
    tabula rasa
    hacer tabla rasa to wipe the slate clean
    fpl tables of the law (pl)
    1 ( Teatr) stage
    volvió a las tablas después de varios años de ausencia she returned to the stage o ( dated) to the boards after an absence of several years
    la primera vez que pisó las tablas the first time he appeared on stage
    tener muchas tablas ( Méx fam); to be an old hand o an expert
    tener tablas ( fam); to have presence, have a good stage presence
    2 ( Taur) barrier
    C
    tabla a vela sailboard, windsurfer
    3 (para nieve) snowboard
    D
    1 (gráfico, listado) table
    las tablas (de clasificación) de la liga the division o conference o league tables
    las tablas de los verbos the verb tables
    2 ( Mat) tb
    tabla de multiplicar multiplication table
    la tabla del 6 the 6 times table
    Compuestos:
    reckoner
    ( Inf) color* palette
    log table
    periodic table
    tide table
    table of contents
    wavetable
    translation table
    periodic table
    una falda de tablas a pleated skirt
    F (de terreno) plot, lot ( AmE)
    G
    (en ajedrez): quedaron or hicieron tablas they drew
    la partida quedó or acabó en tablas the game ended in a draw, the game was drawn
    estar tablas ( Méx fam); to be even o quits ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    tabla sustantivo femenino
    1 ( de madera) plank;

    tabla de picar/planchar chopping/ironing board;
    tener tablas [actor/cantante] (fam) to be an old hand o an expert
    2 ( de surfing) surfboard;
    ( de windsurf) sailboard, windsurfer;
    ( para natación) float
    3 (gráfico, listado) table;
    (Mat) tb

    4 ( de falda) pleat;

    5
    ◊ tablas sustantivo femenino plural ( en ajedrez): acabar or quedar en tablas to end in a draw;

    estar tablas (Méx fam) to be even o quits (colloq)
    tabla sustantivo femenino
    1 board
    (más gruesa) plank
    tabla de planchar, ironing board
    2 (para nadar) float
    (de surf) surfboard
    (de windsurf) sailboard
    3 (de una falda) pleat
    4 (lista, índice) table
    tabla periódica, periodic table
    5 Mat table
    la tabla del 4, the 4 times table
    6 (en ajedrez) tablas, draw sing, stalemate sing: hicieron tablas, they drew
    7 Teat (escenario) tablas, stage sing: es la primera vez que pisa las tablas, it's the first time he's been on the stage
    8 figurado tabla de salvación, last resort, salvation
    ♦ Locuciones: tener tablas, (un artista) to have presence o to be an old hand
    fam (persona) to have a lot of experience
    Rel tablas de la ley, the Ten Commandments
    (tajantemente) a raja tabla, without exception
    (prescindir, obviar algo) hacer tabla rasa, to erase the past o to deliberately forget about sthg
    ' tabla' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    esquí
    - madero
    - multiplicar
    - periódica
    - periódico
    - tablero
    - clasificación
    - clasificar
    - crujir
    - patín
    - planilla
    - suelto
    - tentar
    - windsurf
    English:
    board
    - breadboard
    - chart
    - cheeseboard
    - chopping board
    - floorboard
    - ironing board
    - multiplication table
    - pancake
    - plank
    - sailboard
    - slab
    - surfboard
    - table
    - windsurfer
    - box
    - bread
    - cheese
    - floor
    - ironing
    - pleat
    - sprinkle
    - surf
    - wind
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [de madera] plank, board;
    [de mármol, piedra] slab;
    un puente de tablas a plank bridge;
    la ventana estaba tapada con tablas the window was boarded up;
    lo escondió bajo una tabla del suelo he hid it under a floorboard;
    tú fuiste mi tabla de salvación you were my salvation;
    nuestro partido no será la tabla de salvación del gobierno our party will not bale the government out;
    hacer tabla rasa to wipe the slate clean;
    hacer tabla rasa de algo: intentó hacer tabla rasa de su pasado she tried to wipe out o obliterate her past;
    el presidente hizo tabla rasa de las instituciones democráticas the president did away with o swept away the institutions of democracy
    tabla de cocina chopping board;
    tabla de lavar washboard;
    Rel las tablas de la ley the tablets of the law;
    tabla de patés selection of pâtés;
    tabla de planchar ironing board;
    tabla de quesos cheeseboard
    2. [en deportes] board
    tabla de saltos [trampolín] diving board;
    tabla de snowboard snowboard;
    tabla de surf surfboard;
    tabla de windsurf windsurfing board, sailboard
    3. [del inodoro] seat
    4. Arte panel
    5. [lista, gráfico] table;
    Informát table;
    el equipo sigue primero en la tabla de clasificación the team is still at the top of the league Br table o US standings
    tabla de conversión conversion table;
    tabla de materias table of contents;
    tabla periódica (de los elementos) periodic table (of the elements)
    6. Mat table;
    la tabla del 3 the 3 times table
    tabla de multiplicar multiplication table
    7. [de gimnasia] exercise routine
    8. [pliegue] pleat;
    una falda de tablas a pleated skirt
    9. Ven Fam [billete] = 100 bolivar note
    ♦ tablas nfpl
    1. [en ajedrez]
    hizo tablas con el campeón del mundo he drew with the world champion;
    quedamos en tablas [en ajedrez, juego] the game ended in stalemate;
    [en enfrentamiento] we reached a stalemate
    2. [escenario, teatro]
    las tablas the stage;
    su regreso a las tablas his return to the stage;
    pisar las tablas to tread the boards;
    salir o [m5] subir a las tablas to go on stage;
    tener (muchas) tablas to be an experienced actor;
    Fig to be an old hand
    3. Taurom = fence surrounding a bullring
    * * *
    f
    1 de madera board, plank
    2 PINT panel; ( cuadro) table
    3 en ajedrez
    :
    quedar en tablas end in a tie
    4
    :
    tener tablas TEA be a natural actor
    * * *
    tabla nf
    1) : table, list
    tabla de multiplicar: multiplication table
    2) : board, plank, slab
    tabla de planchar: ironing board
    3) : plot, strip (of land)
    4) tablas nfpl
    : stage, boards pl
    * * *
    3. (lista) table

    Spanish-English dictionary > tabla

  • 108 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 109 объект: имеющаяся во время выполнения сущность, в которой хранятся данные и процедуры для работы с ними

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > объект: имеющаяся во время выполнения сущность, в которой хранятся данные и процедуры для работы с ними

  • 110 análisis cualitativo

    m.
    qualitative analysis, analysis of the elements in a compound.
    * * *
    Ex. This will permit national and European qualitative and quantitative analysis based on standardized data and statistics.
    * * *

    Ex: This will permit national and European qualitative and quantitative analysis based on standardized data and statistics.

    Spanish-English dictionary > análisis cualitativo

  • 111 contener1

    1 = bear, contain, contain in, enclose, gather, hold, host, include, possess, carry, be stocked with, harbour [harbor, -USA], offer, provide.
    Ex. Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.
    Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex. A printed index is a pointer, or indicator, or more fully, a systematic guide to the items contained in, or concepts derived from a collection.
    Ex. The building encloses an art gallery, tourist office, conference room, concert hall and cinema.
    Ex. A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex. If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.
    Ex. Most computer bureaux which host the factual data bases have their own world-wide networks.
    Ex. Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex. Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.
    Ex. Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.
    Ex. The paperback shelves in many retail outlets are stocked with books which, in spite of their print-runs, may or may not be a financial success.
    Ex. When the reference collection fails or the question is broad in nature, the stacks may harbor exactly what is wanted.
    Ex. Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex. To start with, most catalogues, indexes, data bases and bibliographies provide access to information or documents.
    ----
    * contener en abundancia = abound in/with.
    * contener en cantidad = abound in/with.
    * contener en cantidad + Nombre = contain + its share of + Nombre.
    * contener hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].
    * contener información = carry + information.
    * contener mucho = be high in.

    Spanish-English dictionary > contener1

  • 112 convertir

    v.
    1 to convert (religion).
    El calor convierte los elementos Heat converts the elements.
    La magia lo convierte en sapo Magic converts him into a toad.
    2 to win over, to gain as a follower, to convert, to persuade.
    María convierte a Ricardo fácilmente Mary wins Richard over easily.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ DISCERNIR], like link=discernir discernir
    1 (transformar) to change, turn, transform, convert
    2 (valores, monedas) to change, exchange
    3 RELIGIÓN to convert
    1 (transformarse) to turn (en, into), change (en, into)
    2 (volverse) to become (en, -), turn (en, into)
    3 RELIGIÓN to be converted (a, to)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1)

    la victoria le convirtió en un héroe — the victory turned him into a hero, the victory made him a hero

    2) [a una religión, ideología] to convert
    3) (Dep) [+ penalti] to convert, score; [+ gol, tanto] to score
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)

    convertir algo/a alguien en algo — to turn something/somebody into something

    b) ( a una religión) to convert
    c) <medida/peso>

    convertir algo A algo or (Esp) EN algo — to convert something into something

    2) (period) (Dep) to score
    2.
    convertir vi (AmL period) (Dep) to score
    3.
    convertirse v pron
    b) ( a una religión) to convert, be converted
    * * *
    = convert, render, remake, transform.
    Ex. All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.
    Ex. So strongly was it felt by proponents of change that just such unconscious biases rendered libraries 'part of the problem, instead of the solution'.
    Ex. The article 'The remaking of librarians in the knowledge era' details some of the efforts made to ' remake' the collection, advertise library services and rebuild membership.
    Ex. We can permit ourselves to be hypnotized by the gadgetry for access and by illusory cost reductions, or we can use the computer effectively to transform the catalog into a truly responsive instrument.
    ----
    * convertir a Algo en presa fácil para = render + Nombre + easy prey to.
    * convertir al cristianismo = evangelise [evangelize, -USA].
    * convertir Algo en un artículo de consumo = commodify.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * convertir en = make into.
    * convertir en dinero = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * convertir en pasta = pulp.
    * convertir en pulpa = pulp.
    * convertir en valor monetario = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * convertirse = become, grow up to be, metamorphose.
    * convertirse en = grow into, blossom into, spiral into, grow up into, develop into.
    * convertirse en algo normal = become + standard practice, settle into + the norm.
    * convertirse en importante = become + central.
    * convertirse en la ciudad de (uno) = become + the home-from-home of.
    * convertirse en la norma = become + the norm.
    * convertirse en muy importante = achieve + a high profile.
    * convertirse en + Nombre + normal = become + standard + Nombre.
    * convertirse en polvo = turn to + dust.
    * convertirse en realidad = become + a reality.
    * convertirse en una crisis = grow to + a crisis.
    * convertirse en una leyenda = become + a proverb.
    * convertirse en un círculo vicioso = become + circular.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * convertir totalmente = desuperimpose.
    * estar convirtiéndose rápidamente = be fast becoming.
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.
    * volver a convertir = reconvert.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)

    convertir algo/a alguien en algo — to turn something/somebody into something

    b) ( a una religión) to convert
    c) <medida/peso>

    convertir algo A algo or (Esp) EN algo — to convert something into something

    2) (period) (Dep) to score
    2.
    convertir vi (AmL period) (Dep) to score
    3.
    convertirse v pron
    b) ( a una religión) to convert, be converted
    * * *
    = convert, render, remake, transform.

    Ex: All listings for the final thesaurus must be converted to the format appropriate for typing, printing or input to a computer data base.

    Ex: So strongly was it felt by proponents of change that just such unconscious biases rendered libraries 'part of the problem, instead of the solution'.
    Ex: The article 'The remaking of librarians in the knowledge era' details some of the efforts made to ' remake' the collection, advertise library services and rebuild membership.
    Ex: We can permit ourselves to be hypnotized by the gadgetry for access and by illusory cost reductions, or we can use the computer effectively to transform the catalog into a truly responsive instrument.
    * convertir a Algo en presa fácil para = render + Nombre + easy prey to.
    * convertir al cristianismo = evangelise [evangelize, -USA].
    * convertir Algo en un artículo de consumo = commodify.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * convertir en = make into.
    * convertir en dinero = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * convertir en pasta = pulp.
    * convertir en pulpa = pulp.
    * convertir en valor monetario = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * convertirse = become, grow up to be, metamorphose.
    * convertirse en = grow into, blossom into, spiral into, grow up into, develop into.
    * convertirse en algo normal = become + standard practice, settle into + the norm.
    * convertirse en importante = become + central.
    * convertirse en la ciudad de (uno) = become + the home-from-home of.
    * convertirse en la norma = become + the norm.
    * convertirse en muy importante = achieve + a high profile.
    * convertirse en + Nombre + normal = become + standard + Nombre.
    * convertirse en polvo = turn to + dust.
    * convertirse en realidad = become + a reality.
    * convertirse en una crisis = grow to + a crisis.
    * convertirse en una leyenda = become + a proverb.
    * convertirse en un círculo vicioso = become + circular.
    * convertirse en un gran problema = grow to + a crisis.
    * convertir totalmente = desuperimpose.
    * estar convirtiéndose rápidamente = be fast becoming.
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.
    * volver a convertir = reconvert.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 (transformar) convertir algo/a algn EN algo to turn sth/sb INTO sth
    la soledad lo convirtió en un hombre amargado loneliness turned o made o changed him into a bitter man
    la iglesia ha sido convertida en museo the church has been turned o converted into a museum
    2 (a una religión) to convert convertir a algn A algo to convert sb TO sth
    3 ‹temperatura/distancia/peso› convertir algo A algo or ( Esp) EN algo to convert sth INTO sth
    para convertir millas a kilómetros/libras a kilos to convert miles into kilometers/pounds into kilos
    B ( period) ( Dep) to score
    ■ convertir
    vi
    ( AmL period) to score
    el príncipe se convirtió en rana the prince turned into a frog
    su sueño se convirtió en realidad her dream came true o became a reality
    2 (a una religión) to convert, be converted convertirse A algo to convert TO sth
    * * *

     

    convertir ( conjugate convertir) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( transformar) convertir algo/a algn en algo to turn sth/sb into sth


    convertir a algn a algo to convert sb to sth
    c) ‹medida/peso› convertir algo A algo or (Esp) EN algo to convert sth into sth

    2 (period) (Dep) to score
    convertirse verbo pronominal
    a) ( transformarse) convertirse en algo to turn into sth


    convertirse a algo to convert to sth
    convertir verbo transitivo
    1 to turn, change
    2 Rel to convert
    ' convertir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hacer
    - reducir
    - santificar
    - transformar
    - erigir
    - volver
    English:
    change
    - convert
    - pedestrianize
    - turn
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. Rel to convert (a to)
    2. [transformar]
    convertir algo/a alguien en to convert sth/sb into, to turn sth/sb into;
    convirtió la tienda en bar she converted the shop into a bar;
    convirtió al príncipe en rana she turned the prince into a frog
    3. [medidas]
    convertir millas en kilómetros to convert miles (in)to kilometres;
    convertir dólares en pesos to convert dollars into pesos
    4. Informát [archivos] to convert
    * * *
    v/t convert
    * * *
    convertir {76} vt
    1) : to convert
    2) : to transform, to change
    3) : to exchange (money)
    * * *
    convertir vb to turn / to convert

    Spanish-English dictionary > convertir

  • 113 gráfico2

    2 = diagrammatic, graphic, pictorial, figurative, graphical, representational.
    Ex. Diagrammatic presentation of the layout of the collection conveniently placed, for example, near the entrance.
    Ex. In addition, 10 non-bibliographic CD-ROMs, containing full-text, numeric or graphic data, were acquired and evaluated.
    Ex. Forms of symbol used for presentation are: 1 language, eg Arabic; 2 mathematical, eg. graphs, formulae; 3 pictorial, eg drawings.
    Ex. The system, called 'T-Search', includes not only automatic phonetic searching but also capabilities of full text search and couples them with the capability to search the figurative elements of trademarks.
    Ex. There are learning advantages in using a graphical rather than a linear approach to the presentation of material in information systems.
    Ex. 'Data base' is a term referring to machine-readable collections of information, whether numerical, representational or bibliographic.
    ----
    * alfabetización gráfica = graphic literacy.
    * artes gráficas, las = graphic arts, the.
    * capacidad de interpretar información gráfica = graphic literacy.
    * diseñador gráfico = graphic artist, graphic designer.
    * diseño gráfico = graphic design.
    * ecualizador gráfico = graphic equaliser.
    * GUI (Interfaze Gráfico de Usuario) = GUI (Graphic User Interface).
    * guión gráfico = storyboard.
    * historieta gráfica = cartoon.
    * interfaz gráfico de consulta imprecisa = graphical browser.
    * material gráfico = graphic material.
    * presentación gráfica de términos permutados = permuted display.
    * representación gráfica = graphic display.
    * taller gráfico = printing company, printing press, printing firm, printing house.

    Spanish-English dictionary > gráfico2

  • 114 mucho

    adj.
    a lot of, too much, much, plenty of.
    adv.
    1 a lot, much, very much, a great deal.
    2 very often, too often.
    m.
    a great deal, quite much, much, a lot.
    * * *
    1 (singular - en afirmativas) a lot of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, much
    ■ no tiene mucho dinero he hasn't got a lot of/much money
    ■ ¿nos queda mucha gasolina? have we got a lot of/much petrol left?
    2 (plural - en afirmativas) a lot of, lots of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, many
    ■ no hay muchas copas there aren't a lot of/many glasses
    ■ ¿tienes muchos libros? have you got a lot of/many books?
    ■ hace mucho calor/frío it's very hot/cold
    ■ tengo mucha hambre/sed I'm very hungry/thirsty
    3 (demasiado - singular) too much; (- plural) too many
    1 (singular) a lot, much; (plural) a lot, many
    1 (de cantidad) a lot, much
    ■ mucho mejor/peor much better/worse
    ■ ¿te ha gustado la película? --sí, mucho did you like the film? --yes, very much
    ■ ¿estaba buena la comida? --sí, mucho was the food good? --yes, very good
    ■ mucho antes/después much earlier/later
    \
    como mucho at the most
    con mucho by far
    muy mucho familiar very much so
    ni con mucho nowhere near as
    ni mucho menos far from
    por mucho que however much
    * * *
    1. (f. - mucha)
    adj.
    many, much, a lot of, plenty of
    2. adv.
    much, a lot
    - con mucho
    - mucho tiempo     3. (f. - mucha)
    pron.
    many, much, a lot
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en singular] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, much

    tengo mucho dinero — I have a lot of o lots of money

    había mucha gente — there were a lot of o lots of people there

    ¿tienes mucho trabajo? — do you have a lot of o much work?

    2) [en plural] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, many

    muchas personas creen que no — a lot of o lots of people don't think so

    ¿había muchos niños en el parque? — were there a lot of o many children in the park?

    3) * [con singular colectivo]

    había mucho borracho — there were a lot of o lots of drunks there

    hay mucho tonto suelto — there are a lot of o lots of idiots around

    mucho beso, pero luego me critica por la espalda — she's all kisses, but then she criticizes me behind my back

    4) (=demasiado)

    es mucha mujer para ti — * that woman is too much for you

    esta es mucha casa para nosotros — * this house is too big for us

    2. PRON
    1) [en singular]
    a) [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, much

    ¿has aprendido mucho en este trabajo? — have you learnt a lot o much from this job?

    -¿cuánto vino queda? -mucho — "how much wine is left?" - "a lot" o "lots"

    b) [referido a tiempo] long

    ¿te vas a quedar mucho? — are you staying long?

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — will it be long till we arrive?

    -¿cuánto nos queda para acabar? -mucho — "how long till we finish?" - "ages"

    hace mucho que no salgo a bailar — it's a long time o ages since I went out dancing

    2) [en plural] [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, many

    son muchos los que no quieren — there are a lot o lots who don't want to

    muchos dicen que... — a lot of o lots of o many people say that...

    muchos de los ausentes — many of o a lot of those absent

    -¿hay manzanas? -sí, pero no muchas — "are there any apples?" - "yes, but not many o not a lot"

    ¿vinieron muchos? — did many o a lot of people come?

    -¿cuántos había? -muchos — "how many were there?" - "a lot" o "lots"

    3. ADV
    1) (=en gran cantidad) a lot

    me gusta mucho el jazz — I really like jazz, I like jazz a lot

    sí señor, me gusta y mucho — I do indeed like it and I like it a lot

    - son 75 euros -es mucho — "that will be 75 euros" - "that's a lot"

    lo siento mucho — I'm very o really sorry

    ¡mucho lo sientes tú! — * a fat lot you care! *

    • mucho antes — long before

    • mucho más — much o a lot more

    • mucho menos — much o a lot less

    • muy mucho, se guardará muy mucho de hacerlo — * he'll jolly well be careful not to do it *

    • si no es mucho pedir — if that's not asking too much

    • pensárselo mucho, se lo pensó mucho antes de contestar — he thought long and hard about it before replying

    • mucho peor — much o a lot worse

    2) [en respuestas]

    -¿estás cansado? -¡mucho! — "are you tired?" - "I certainly am!"

    -¿te gusta? -no mucho — "do you like it?" - "not really"

    3) [otras locuciones]

    • como mucho — at (the) most

    • con mucho — by far, far and away

    fue, con mucho, el mejor — he was by far the best, he was far and away the best

    no se puede comparar, ni con mucho, a ninguna de nuestras ideas — it bears no comparison at all o you can't begin to compare it with any of our ideas

    • cuando mucho — frm at (the) most

    • tener a algn en mucho — to think highly of sb

    • ni mucho menos, Juan no es ni mucho menos el que era — Juan is nothing like the man he was

    mi intención no era insultarte, ni mucho menos — I in no way intended to insult you, I didn't intend to insult you, far from it

    • por mucho que, por mucho que estudies — however hard you study

    por mucho que lo quieras no debes mimarlo — no matter how much you love him, you shouldn't spoil him

    * * *
    I
    a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

    me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

    ¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

    ¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

    ¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1)
    a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

    ¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

    b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

    2) (sing)
    a) (fam) ( con valor plural)
    III
    - cha pronombre
    1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

    mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

    muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

    2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

    con mucho — by far, easily

    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

    * * *
    = heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.
    Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex. Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.
    Ex. An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex. 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.
    Ex. Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex. Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex. Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.
    Ex. Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.
    Ex. Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.
    Ex. During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex. For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.
    Ex. As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex. There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex. The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.
    Ex. His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.
    ----
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.
    * andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * bajar mucho = go + way down.
    * beber mucho = drink + heavily.
    * bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * con mucha antelación = far in advance.
    * con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * con mucha frecuencia = very often.
    * con mucha información = populated.
    * con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.
    * con mucha palabrería = glibly.
    * con mucha población = heavily populated.
    * con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.
    * con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.
    * con muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].
    * con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.
    * con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.
    * con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].
    * con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.
    * con muchos detalles = elaborately.
    * con muchos eventos = event-filled.
    * con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.
    * con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir mucho = do + much.
    * contener mucho = be high in.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way.
    * de mucho arraigo = long-established.
    * de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.
    * de mucho cuidado = badass.
    * de mucho provecho = high-payoff.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * desde hace muchos años = for years.
    * desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.
    * desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * día de mucho calor = scorcher.
    * donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durar mucho = last + long.
    * durar mucho rato = take + a long time.
    * durar mucho tiempo = last + long.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * en muchos aspectos = in most respects.
    * en muchos casos = in many instances.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * faltar mucho = be a long way off.
    * faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].
    * gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hace muchos años = many years ago.
    * hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hacer mucho = do + much.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.
    * hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.
    * llenar mucho = be filling.
    * lo mucho que = how extensively.
    * mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.
    * muchas horas = long hours.
    * muchas otras cosas = much else.
    * muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.
    * mucha suerte = best of luck.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * mucho esfuerzo = hard work.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.
    * mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.
    * mucho más allá de = far beyond.
    * mucho más cerca = far closer.
    * mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.
    * mucho mejor = far better.
    * mucho mejor que = far superior to.
    * mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.
    * mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.
    * mucho peor = far worse.
    * mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.
    * mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.
    * muchos = many, good many, many a(n).
    * muchos beneficios = high return.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * muchos más = a great many more.
    * muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.
    * mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * ni con mucho = not by a long shot.
    * ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.
    * no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.
    * no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no hace mucho = in the recent past.
    * no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.
    * Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.
    * Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.
    * no mucho después = not long after.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.
    * pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.
    * persona con mucha ambición = social climber.
    * persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.
    * poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.
    * poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.
    * que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.
    * que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.
    * que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.
    * que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.
    * que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser mucho = be a mouthful.
    * ser mucho más = be all the more.
    * ser mucho más que = be far more than.
    * sin mucha antelación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.
    * sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.
    * sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.
    * y cuanto mucho menos = much less.
    * y mucho más = and much more.
    * y mucho menos = much less, least of all.
    * y mucho(s) más = and more.
    * * *
    I
    a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

    me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

    ¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

    ¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

    ¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1)
    a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

    ¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

    b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

    2) (sing)
    a) (fam) ( con valor plural)
    III
    - cha pronombre
    1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

    mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

    muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

    2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

    con mucho — by far, easily

    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

    * * *
    = heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.

    Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

    Ex: Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.
    Ex: An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex: 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.
    Ex: Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex: Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex: Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.
    Ex: Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.
    Ex: Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.
    Ex: During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex: For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.
    Ex: As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex: There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex: The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex: The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.
    Ex: His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.
    * andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * bajar mucho = go + way down.
    * beber mucho = drink + heavily.
    * bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * con mucha antelación = far in advance.
    * con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * con mucha frecuencia = very often.
    * con mucha información = populated.
    * con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.
    * con mucha palabrería = glibly.
    * con mucha población = heavily populated.
    * con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.
    * con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.
    * con muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].
    * con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.
    * con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.
    * con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].
    * con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.
    * con muchos detalles = elaborately.
    * con muchos eventos = event-filled.
    * con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.
    * con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir mucho = do + much.
    * contener mucho = be high in.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way.
    * de mucho arraigo = long-established.
    * de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.
    * de mucho cuidado = badass.
    * de mucho provecho = high-payoff.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * desde hace muchos años = for years.
    * desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.
    * desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * día de mucho calor = scorcher.
    * donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durar mucho = last + long.
    * durar mucho rato = take + a long time.
    * durar mucho tiempo = last + long.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * en muchos aspectos = in most respects.
    * en muchos casos = in many instances.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * faltar mucho = be a long way off.
    * faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].
    * gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hace muchos años = many years ago.
    * hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hacer mucho = do + much.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.
    * hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.
    * llenar mucho = be filling.
    * lo mucho que = how extensively.
    * mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.
    * muchas horas = long hours.
    * muchas otras cosas = much else.
    * muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.
    * mucha suerte = best of luck.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * mucho esfuerzo = hard work.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.
    * mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.
    * mucho más allá de = far beyond.
    * mucho más cerca = far closer.
    * mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.
    * mucho mejor = far better.
    * mucho mejor que = far superior to.
    * mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.
    * mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.
    * mucho peor = far worse.
    * mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.
    * mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.
    * muchos = many, good many, many a(n).
    * muchos beneficios = high return.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * muchos más = a great many more.
    * muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.
    * mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * ni con mucho = not by a long shot.
    * ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.
    * no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.
    * no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no hace mucho = in the recent past.
    * no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.
    * Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.
    * Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.
    * no mucho después = not long after.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.
    * pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.
    * persona con mucha ambición = social climber.
    * persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.
    * poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.
    * poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.
    * que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.
    * que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.
    * que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.
    * que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.
    * que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser mucho = be a mouthful.
    * ser mucho más = be all the more.
    * ser mucho más que = be far more than.
    * sin mucha antelación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.
    * sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.
    * sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.
    * y cuanto mucho menos = much less.
    * y mucho más = and much more.
    * y mucho menos = much less, least of all.
    * y mucho(s) más = and more.

    * * *
    1
    salen mucho they go out a lot
    no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot
    ¿salen mucho? do they go out much o a lot?
    me ayudaron muchísimo they really helped me a lot
    ahora funciona mucho mejor it works much o a lot better now
    esto preocupa, y mucho, a los ecologistas this is a matter of great concern to ecologists
    trabaja mucho he works very hard
    ¿llueve mucho? is it raining hard?
    me gusta muchísimo I like it a lot o very much
    por mucho que insistas, no te va a hacer caso no matter how much you insist o however much you insist he won't listen to you
    por mucho que le grites no te oye you can shout as much as you like but he won't hear you
    después de mucho discutir llegaron a un acuerdo after long discussions, they reached an agreement
    mucho criticar a los demás pero ella tampoco hace nada por ayudar she's forever o always criticizing others but she doesn't do anything to help either
    2
    (en respuestas): ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very
    ¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
    para locs ver mucho3 pron C. (↑ mucho (3))
    A
    1 ( sing) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of
    tiene mucha vitamina C it contains a lot of vitamin C
    no le tienen mucho respeto they don't have much o a lot of respect for him
    había mucha gente there were lots of o a lot of people there
    sucedió hace mucho tiempo it happened a long time ago
    ¿tienes mucha hambre? are you very hungry?
    una ciudad con mucha vida nocturna a city with plenty of night life
    2 (pl) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of
    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? did you get many o a lot of presents?
    sus muchas obligaciones le impidieron asistir his many commitments prevented him from attending
    muchos niños pasan hambre many children go hungry
    seis hijos son muchos six children's a lot
    somos muchos there are a lot of us
    B ( sing)
    1 ( fam)
    (con valor plural): mucho elogio, mucho cumplido pero no me lo van a publicar they're full of praise and compliments but they're not going to publish it
    hoy día hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí these days there are a lot of rogues around
    2 ( fam)
    (con valor ponderativo): era mucho jugador para un equipo tan mediocre he was much too good a player for a mediocre team like that
    A
    (refiriéndose a cantidad, número): mucho de lo que ha dicho es falso much o a lot of what he has said is untrue
    tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do
    si no es mucho pedir if it's not too much to ask
    muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …
    muchos son los llamados pero pocos los elegidos ( Bib) many are called but few are chosen
    B
    hace mucho que no vamos al teatro we haven't been to the theater for a long time o for ages
    ¿falta mucho para llegar? are we nearly there?, is it much further?
    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
    mucho antes de conocerte long o a long time before I met you
    C ( en locs):
    como mucho at (the) most
    costará unos 30 dólares como mucho it probably costs about 30 dollars at (the) most
    con mucho by far, easily
    fue, con mucho, la mejor de la clase she was by far o easily the best in the class, she was the best in the class, by far
    cuando mucho at (the) most
    ni mucho menos: no pretendo aconsejarte ni mucho menos I'm in no way trying to give you advice
    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos he isn't a good pianist, far from it
    * * *

     

    mucho 1 adverbio
    a) ‹salir/ayudar› a lot;

    ‹ trabajar› hard;
    ◊ no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot;

    me gusta muchísimo I like it very much o a lot;
    mucho mejor a lot better;
    por mucho que insistas no matter how much you insist;
    después de mucho discutir after much discussion

    ◊ ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very;

    ¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
    mucho 2
    ◊ - cha adjetivo

    a) ( sing) a lot of;

    (en oraciones negativas, interrogativas) much, a lot of;

    no gano mucho dinero I don't earn much o a lot of money;
    ¿ves mucha televisión? do you watch much o a lot of television;
    tiene mucha hambre he's very hungry
    b) (pl) many, a lot of;

    ◊ había muchos extranjeros/muchas personas allí there were many o a lot of foreigners/people there;

    hace muchos años many years ago
    ■ pronombre
    1 ( referido a cantidad)
    a) ( sing) a lot;

    ( en oraciones negativas) much;

    tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do;
    eso no es mucho that's not much;
    no queda mucha there isn't much left
    b) (pl) many;

    ◊ muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …;

    muchos de nosotros many of us
    2
    ◊ mucho



    ¿te falta mucho para terminar? will it take you long to finish?;
    mucho antes long before;
    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
    b) ( en locs)


    con mucho by far, easily;
    ni mucho menos far from it;
    por mucho que … however much …
    mucho,-a
    I adj indef
    1 (abundante, numeroso) (en frases afirmativas) a lot of, lots of
    mucha comida, a lot of food
    muchos animales, lots of animals
    (en frases negativas) much, many pl: no queda mucho azúcar, there isn't much sugar left
    no conozco muchos sitios, I don't know many places
    2 (intenso) very: tengo mucho calor/miedo, I'm very hot/scared
    hizo mucho esfuerzo, he made a great effort
    3 (demasiado) es mucha responsabilidad, it's too much responsibility
    II pron
    1 a lot, a great deal, many: muchos fuimos al baile, many/lots of us went to the dance
    muchos de nosotros/vosotros, many of us/you
    de ésos tengo muchos, I've got lots of those
    III adverbio
    1 (cantidad) a lot, very much: me arrepentí mucho, I was very sorry
    2 (tiempo) hace mucho que desapareció, he went missing a long time ago
    hace mucho que estamos aquí, we have been here for a long time
    (a menudo) often: vamos mucho al cine, we go to the cinema quite often
    ♦ Locuciones: como mucho, at the most
    con mucho, by far
    ¡ni mucho menos!, no way!
    por mucho (que), however much
    Recuerda que el singular es much, el plural es many, y que estas dos palabras se suelen usar en frases negativas (no tengo demasiado tiempo, I haven't got much time), mientras que a lot (of) y lots (of) se encuentran en frases afirmativas: Tengo mucho dinero. I've got a lot of/lots of money. En frases interrogativas se usa tanto much y many como a lot o lots of: ¿Tienes mucho dinero?, Have you got much/ a lot of/lots of money? Sin embargo, en preguntas que empiezan por how sólo puedes emplear much o many: ¿Cuánto dinero tienes?, How much money have you got?
    ' mucho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonarse
    - abrigar
    - abultar
    - achicharrar
    - achicharrarse
    - acoger
    - adelantar
    - adentro
    - adorar
    - afear
    - afecta
    - afectar
    - afecto
    - agradecer
    - alejarse
    - antes
    - aparato
    - aprecio
    - aprovechar
    - ascendiente
    - avejentarse
    - avenida
    - avenido
    - bailar
    - bastante
    - boato
    - bombo
    - brío
    - cacarear
    - caché
    - cachet
    - calor
    - carácter
    - cariño
    - carrete
    - cascar
    - cervical
    - chapar
    - chiflar
    - cocerse
    - coco
    - comer
    - contraponer
    - costar
    - cuando
    - de
    - deber
    - decaer
    - decir
    - defraudar
    English:
    ability
    - ado
    - afraid
    - age
    - ago
    - agony
    - all-out
    - alone
    - anywhere
    - around
    - as
    - attract
    - attuned to
    - backlog
    - badly
    - bake
    - balance
    - be
    - best
    - booze
    - bulky
    - busywork
    - capital
    - cautious
    - chalk
    - challenging
    - charisma
    - come along
    - come into
    - commotion
    - concern
    - deal
    - dear
    - demand
    - devoted
    - difficult
    - do
    - dog days
    - doing
    - easily
    - emotional
    - enthusiastic
    - esteem
    - exhilarate
    - experience
    - extravagant
    - fancy
    - far
    - fat
    - few
    * * *
    mucho, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [gran cantidad de] a lot of;
    comemos mucho pescado/mucha verdura we eat a lot of fish/vegetables;
    había mucha gente there were a lot of people there;
    producen muchos residuos they produce a lot of waste;
    tengo muchos más/menos amigos que tú I've got a lot more/fewer friends than you;
    no tengo mucho tiempo I haven't got much o a lot of time;
    no nos quedan muchas entradas we haven't got many o a lot of tickets left;
    ¿hay muchas cosas que hacer? are there a lot of things to do?, is there much to do?;
    no tengo muchas ganas de ir I don't really o much feel like going;
    tengo mucho sueño I'm very sleepy;
    hoy hace mucho calor it's very hot today;
    hace mucho tiempo a long time ago;
    ¡mucha suerte! the best of luck!;
    ¡muchas gracias! thank you very much!
    2. (singular) [demasiado]
    hay mucho niño aquí there are rather a lot of kids here;
    mucha sal me parece que le estás echando I think you're overdoing the salt a bit, I think you're adding a bit too much salt;
    ésta es mucha casa para mí this house is much too big for me;
    Fam
    es mucho hombre he's a real man;
    es mucho coche para un conductor novato it's far too powerful a car for an inexperienced driver;
    es mucha mujer para ti she's out of your league!;
    Fam
    mucho lujo y mucho camarero trajeado pero la comida es horrible it's all very luxurious and full of smartly dressed waiters, but the food's terrible
    ♦ pron
    (singular) a lot;
    * * *
    I adj
    1 singular a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    mucho tiempo a lot of time;
    no tengo mucho tiempo I don’t have a lot of time o much time;
    tengo mucho frío I am very cold;
    es mucho coche para mí this car’s too much for me
    2 plural a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    many;
    muchos amigos a lot of friends;
    no tengo muchos amigos I don’t have a lot of friends o many friends
    II pron
    1 singular a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    no tengo mucho I don’t have much o a lot
    2 plural a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    many;
    no tengo muchos I don’t have many o a lot;
    muchos creen que … a lot of people o many people think that …
    III adv
    1 a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    ¿cuesta mucho? does it cost a lot o much?;
    nos vemos mucho we see each other often o a lot;
    hace mucho que no te veo I haven’t seen you for a long time;
    ¿dura/tarda mucho? does it last/take long?
    2
    :
    como mucho at the most;
    dan mucho de sí you can do a lot in 10 months;
    no es ni con mucho he is far from being …;
    ni mucho menos far from it;
    por mucho que however much
    * * *
    mucho adv
    1) : much, a lot
    mucho más: much more
    le gusta mucho: he likes it a lot
    2) : long, a long time
    tardó mucho en venir: he was a long time getting here
    3)
    por mucho que : no matter how much
    mucho, - cha adj
    1) : a lot of, many, much
    mucha gente: a lot of people
    hace mucho tiempo que no lo veo: I haven't seen him in ages
    2)
    muchas veces : often
    mucho, - cha pron
    1) : a lot, many, much
    hay mucho que hacer: there is a lot to do
    muchas no vinieron: many didn't come
    2)
    como mucho : at most
    3)
    con mucho : by far
    4)
    ni mucho menos : not at all, far from it
    * * *
    mucho1 adj
    1. (en general) a lot of / lots of
    ¿marcaste muchos goles? did you score many goals?
    mucho2 adv
    1. (en general) a lot
    lo siento mucho I'm very sorry / I'm really sorry
    3. (mucho tiempo) a long time
    no está acabado, ni mucho menos it is far from finished
    mucho3 pron
    3. (con plurales) many / a lot

    Spanish-English dictionary > mucho

  • 115 contener

    v.
    1 to contain.
    ¿qué contiene esa maleta? what's in this suitcase?
    Ese estudio contiene mucha información That study contains a lot of info.
    Esa bolsa contiene melocotones That bag contains peaches.
    2 to restrain, to hold back.
    tuvieron que contenerlo para que no agrediera al fotógrafo he had to be restrained from attacking the photographer
    no pudo contener la risa/el llanto he couldn't help laughing/crying
    Pedro contiene su ira Peter holds back his anger.
    3 to stanch, to stop, to staunch.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener
    1 (incluir) to contain, hold
    2 (detener) to hold back, restrain
    3 (reprimir) to restrain, hold back, contain; (respiración) to hold
    1 to control oneself, contain oneself, keep a hold on oneself
    * * *
    verb
    2) hold
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=incluir) to contain

    no contiene alcohol — alcohol-free, does not contain alcohol

    2) (=frenar) [+ gente, muchedumbre] to contain, hold back; [+ revuelta, epidemia, infección] to contain; [+ invasión, lágrimas, emoción] to contain, hold back; [+ aliento, respiración] to hold; [+ hemorragia] to stop; [+ bostezo] to stifle; [+ inflación] to check, curb; [+ precios, déficit, consumo] to keep down
    3) Cono Sur (=significar) to mean
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) recipiente/producto/libro to contain
    2) (parar, controlar) <infección/epidemia> to contain; < tendencia> to curb; < movimiento político> to keep...in check; < respiración> to hold; <risa/lágrimas> to contain (frml), to hold back; <invasión/revuelta> to contain
    2.
    contenerse v pron (refl) to contain oneself
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) recipiente/producto/libro to contain
    2) (parar, controlar) <infección/epidemia> to contain; < tendencia> to curb; < movimiento político> to keep...in check; < respiración> to hold; <risa/lágrimas> to contain (frml), to hold back; <invasión/revuelta> to contain
    2.
    contenerse v pron (refl) to contain oneself
    * * *
    contener1
    1 = bear, contain, contain in, enclose, gather, hold, host, include, possess, carry, be stocked with, harbour [harbor, -USA], offer, provide.

    Ex: Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.

    Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex: A printed index is a pointer, or indicator, or more fully, a systematic guide to the items contained in, or concepts derived from a collection.
    Ex: The building encloses an art gallery, tourist office, conference room, concert hall and cinema.
    Ex: A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.
    Ex: Most computer bureaux which host the factual data bases have their own world-wide networks.
    Ex: Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex: Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.
    Ex: Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.
    Ex: The paperback shelves in many retail outlets are stocked with books which, in spite of their print-runs, may or may not be a financial success.
    Ex: When the reference collection fails or the question is broad in nature, the stacks may harbor exactly what is wanted.
    Ex: Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex: To start with, most catalogues, indexes, data bases and bibliographies provide access to information or documents.
    * contener en abundancia = abound in/with.
    * contener en cantidad = abound in/with.
    * contener en cantidad + Nombre = contain + its share of + Nombre.
    * contener hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].
    * contener información = carry + information.
    * contener mucho = be high in.

    contener2
    2 = staunch [stanch, -USA], dam (up), smother, keep at + bay, hold + the line, repress, force back, bottle up, hold at + bay, rein in, hold + Nombre + in.

    Ex: Some notable progress is being made worldwide in staunching publishers' losses.

    Ex: But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.
    Ex: Smothering an excusable curse, Modjeski asked: 'How much longer is Wade likely to be out?'.
    Ex: A new approach is needed to maintain the freshness, vitality and humour that will keep at bay the dryer mode of academic examination.
    Ex: The standpatters argue, and the progressives agree, that the tax line must be held in the interest of attracting industry = Los conservadores proponen y los progresistas están de acuerdo en que se deben contener los impuestos para atraer a la industria.
    Ex: Friends of Cuban Libraries draw attention to the extent to which intellectual freedom is being repressed in Cuba.
    Ex: Then tears began to well in her eyes and the trembling of her breath showed that she was forcing back a lump in her throat.
    Ex: Instead of showing her anger towards her parents, Jamie continued to keep her feelings bottled up inside of her.
    Ex: A man died early today after holding deputies at bay for three hours, then shooting himself.
    Ex: If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex: The longer a fart is held in, the larger the proportion of inert nitrogen it contains, because the other gases tend to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine.
    * contener Algo = keep + Nombre + in check.
    * contener el aliento = hold + Posesivo + breath.
    * contener la respiración = hold + Posesivo + breath.
    * contener las lágrimas = hold back + Posesivo + tears.
    * contener los gastos = contain + costs.
    * contenerse = hold back on, forbear, check + Reflexivo.
    * sin poder contenerse = helplessly.

    * * *
    vt
    A «recipiente/producto/mezcla» to contain
    la carta contenía acusaciones muy serias the letter contained some very serious accusations
    [ S ] contiene lanolina contains lanolin
    B (parar, controlar) ‹infección/epidemia› to contain; ‹respiración› to hold; ‹risa/lágrimas› to contain ( frml), to hold back; ‹invasión/revuelta› to contain
    la policía intentaba contener a la gente the police tried to hold back o contain o restrain the crowd
    dejó estallar aquella furia contenida he let out all that pent up o bottled up rage
    ( refl) to contain oneself
    no me pude contener y me eché a llorar I couldn't contain myself and I burst into tears
    tuve que contenerme para no insultarlo it was all I could do not to insult him, I had to control myself to stop myself insulting him
    * * *

     

    contener ( conjugate contener) verbo transitivo
    a) [recipiente/producto/libro] to contain

    b) (parar, controlar) ‹infección/epidemia› to contain;

    ‹ tendencia› to curb;
    ‹ respiración› to hold;
    ‹risa/lágrimas› to contain (frml), to hold back;
    ‹invasión/revuelta› to contain
    contenerse verbo pronominal ( refl) to contain oneself;

    contener verbo transitivo
    1 to contain: ¿qué contiene esa caja?, what does that box contain?
    2 (refrenar una pasión) to hold back, restrain: ¡contén tus ansias de vengarte!, restrain your desire for revenge!

    ' contener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aguantarse
    - albergar
    - contenerse
    - dominar
    - frenar
    - incluir
    - resistir
    - respiración
    - tener
    - aguantar
    - comprender
    English:
    accommodate
    - breath
    - check
    - choke back
    - contain
    - curb
    - dam up
    - face
    - hold
    - hold back
    - repress
    - restrain
    - stem
    - straight
    - suppress
    - fight
    - keep
    - stifle
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [encerrar] to contain;
    ¿qué contiene esa maleta? what's in this suitcase?;
    la novela contiene elementos diversos the novel has many different aspects;
    no contiene CFC [en etiqueta] does not contain CFCs
    2. [detener, reprimir] [epidemia] to contain;
    [respiración] to hold; [conflicto, crisis] to contain; [éxodo] to contain, to stem; [inflación, salarios] to keep down;
    no pudo contener la risa/el llanto he couldn't help laughing/crying;
    tuvieron que contenerlo para que no agrediera al fotógrafo he had to be restrained from attacking the photographer
    * * *
    v/t
    1 contain
    2 respiración hold; muchedumbre hold back
    * * *
    contener {80} vt
    1) : to contain, to hold
    2) atajar: to restrain, to hold back
    * * *
    1. (tener) to contain
    2. (aguantar) to hold back [pt. & pp. held]

    Spanish-English dictionary > contener

  • 116 gráfico

    adj.
    graphic, graphical, pictorial.
    m.
    graphic, graph, diagram, chart.
    * * *
    1 graphic
    2 figurado (vívido) vivid, graphic
    1 (dibujo) sketch, chart
    \
    artes gráficas graphic arts
    ————————
    1 (dibujo) sketch, chart
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    1) graph, chart
    2. (f. - gráfica)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [diseño, artes] graphic

    información gráfica — photographs pl, pictures pl

    2) [descripción, relato] graphic
    2. SM
    1) (=diagrama) chart; (Mat) graph

    gráfico de sectores, gráfico de tarta — pie chart

    2) pl gráficos (Inform) graphics
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) (Art, Impr) graphic
    b) <relato/narración> graphic; < gesto> expressive
    II
    a) (Mat) graph
    b) (Inf) graphic
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) (Art, Impr) graphic
    b) <relato/narración> graphic; < gesto> expressive
    II
    a) (Mat) graph
    b) (Inf) graphic
    * * *
    gráfico1
    1 = graphic.
    Nota: Un gráfico es una representación bidimensional opaca (ej., una fotografía o un dibujo técnico) o para ser proyectada (ej., una filmina).

    Ex: A graphic is a two-dimensional representation whether opaque (e.g., art originals and reproductions, flash cards, photographs, technical drawings) or intended to be viewed, or projected, without motion, by means of an optical device (e.g., filmstrips, stereographs, slides).

    * gráfico animado = motion graphic.
    * gráfico de flechas = arrowgraph.
    * gráfico de tarta = pie chart.
    * gráfico en movimiento = animated graphic.
    * gráfico en vídeo = video graphic.
    * gráfico fijo = still graphic.
    * graficos en movimiento = animated media.
    * gráficos por ordenador = computer graphics.
    * interfaz por medio de gráficos = graphics interfacing.
    * menú de herramientas para trabajar con gráficos = tool palette.
    * tarjeta de gráficos = graphics card.

    gráfico2
    2 = diagrammatic, graphic, pictorial, figurative, graphical, representational.

    Ex: Diagrammatic presentation of the layout of the collection conveniently placed, for example, near the entrance.

    Ex: In addition, 10 non-bibliographic CD-ROMs, containing full-text, numeric or graphic data, were acquired and evaluated.
    Ex: Forms of symbol used for presentation are: 1 language, eg Arabic; 2 mathematical, eg. graphs, formulae; 3 pictorial, eg drawings.
    Ex: The system, called 'T-Search', includes not only automatic phonetic searching but also capabilities of full text search and couples them with the capability to search the figurative elements of trademarks.
    Ex: There are learning advantages in using a graphical rather than a linear approach to the presentation of material in information systems.
    Ex: 'Data base' is a term referring to machine-readable collections of information, whether numerical, representational or bibliographic.
    * alfabetización gráfica = graphic literacy.
    * artes gráficas, las = graphic arts, the.
    * capacidad de interpretar información gráfica = graphic literacy.
    * diseñador gráfico = graphic artist, graphic designer.
    * diseño gráfico = graphic design.
    * ecualizador gráfico = graphic equaliser.
    * GUI (Interfaze Gráfico de Usuario) = GUI (Graphic User Interface).
    * guión gráfico = storyboard.
    * historieta gráfica = cartoon.
    * interfaz gráfico de consulta imprecisa = graphical browser.
    * material gráfico = graphic material.
    * presentación gráfica de términos permutados = permuted display.
    * representación gráfica = graphic display.
    * taller gráfico = printing company, printing press, printing firm, printing house.

    * * *
    gráfico1 -ca
    1 ( Art, Impr) graphic
    talleres gráficos Anaya Anaya press, Anaya printing house
    2 ‹relato/narración› graphic; ‹gesto› expressive
    1 ( Mat) graph
    2 ( Inf) graphic
    Compuestos:
    bar chart
    ● gráfico por computadora or ( Esp) ordenador
    computer graphic
    gráfico3 -ca
    masculine, feminine
    ( RPl) printer
    * * *

     

    gráfico 1
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    graphic;

    ‹ gesto› expressive
    gráfico 2 sustantivo masculino
    a) (Mat) graph

    b) (Inf) graphic

    gráfico,-a
    I adjetivo graphic
    diseño gráfico, graphic design
    gráfico de tarta, pie chart
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino graph
    ' gráfico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cuadro
    - gráfica
    - humorista
    - reportaje
    - periodista
    - pico
    - reportero
    - tabla
    English:
    apostrophe
    - artwork
    - bar chart
    - chart
    - diagram
    - graph
    - graphic
    - graphic account
    - graphic design
    - graphic designer
    - photojournalism
    - pie chart
    - square
    - storyboard
    - vivid
    - ball
    - cartoon
    - graphics
    - press
    - wall
    * * *
    gráfico, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [de la imprenta] graphic;
    artes gráficas graphic arts
    2. [con signos, dibujos] graphic;
    diseño gráfico graphic design
    3. [con imágenes] graphic;
    un reportaje gráfico a photo story, an illustrated feature;
    un reportero gráfico a press photographer
    4. [expresivo, claro] graphic;
    hizo un gesto muy gráfico he made a very expressive gesture;
    lo explicó de una manera muy gráfica she explained it very graphically
    ♦ nm
    [figura] graph, chart; [dibujo] diagram gráfico de barras bar chart;
    gráfico circular pie chart;
    Am gráficos de computadora computer graphics; Esp gráficos de ordenador computer graphics;
    gráficos para presentaciones presentation o business graphics;
    gráfico de tarta pie chart;
    gráficos vectoriales vector graphics
    ♦ nm,f
    RP printer
    * * *
    I adj graphic;
    artes gráficas graphic arts
    II m
    1 MAT graph
    2 INFOR graphic
    * * *
    gráfico, -ca adj
    : graphic
    1) : graph, chart
    2) : graphic (for a computer, etc.)
    3)
    gráfico de barras : bar graph
    * * *
    gráfico1 adj graphic
    gráfico2 n graph

    Spanish-English dictionary > gráfico

  • 117 base

    f base
    fig basis
    in base a on the basis of
    * * *
    base s.f.
    1 (arch.) base, basement
    2 (edil.) ( fondazione) sill, foundations (pl.)
    3 ( fondamento) basis*, foundation, ground: la base delle ricerche, the basis for research work; le basi della matematica, the elements of mathematics // in base a ciò, on the basis of that (o according to that); in base a qlco., on the grounds of sthg.; senza base, groundless // a base di, based on
    4 (econ.) basis*, base: base monetaria, monetary base; base imponibile, basis of assessment (o taxable basis); base tariffaria, rate basis; base di credito, credit base; industria di base, key industry // base oro, gold standard
    5 (mat.) ( di un triangolo) base; ( di uno spazio vettoriale) basis*: teorema della base, basis theorem
    6 (inform.) base: base della numerazione, base number; base di dati, data base; base di dati relazionale, relation data base
    7 (mil.) base: base aerea, navale, air, naval base; (aer.) ritorno alla base, return to base; base di lancio, launch site (o missile base)
    8 (chim.) base
    9 ( baseball) base
    10 (mecc.) base (plate), bed (plate)
    11 (pol.) base; rank-and-file members (pl.)
    12 (meteor.) ( di nubi) ceiling
    13 ( topografia, astr.) linea di base, baseline
    ◆ agg. basic; base (attr.): campo base, base camp; stipendio base, basic wage (o salary); prezzo base, basic (o base) price.
    * * *
    ['baze]
    1. sf
    1) (gen, Mil, Chim, Mat) base
    2) (fig : fondamento) basis, (di problema, idea) origin, root
    3)

    basi sfpl — (fondamento) basis sg, foundation sg

    gettare le basi per qc — to lay the basis o foundations for sth

    4)

    (fraseologia) prodotto a base di carne — meat-based product

    essere alla base di qc — to be at the basis of, (di problema) to be at the root of

    servire da o come base a — (punto di partenza) to act as the basis for

    in base a — (notizie, informazioni) according to

    in base a ciò... — on that basis...

    2. agg inv
    (prezzo, problema, stipendio) basic
    * * *
    ['baze] 1.
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (sostegno) (di oggetto, struttura) base; (di edificio) foundation
    2) (piedistallo, supporto) (di colonna) pedestal; (di statua) base, pedestal, plinth
    3) fig. (fondamento, principio) base, basis*, foundation

    essere alla base di qcs. — to be o lie at the bottom of sth., to underlie sth

    le -i di — the basics o fundamentals of

    avere buone -i di qcs. — to have a good grounding in sth

    5) mil. base, station
    6) pol. (di un partito) rank and file
    7) mat. chim. base
    8) cosmet. make-up base
    12) in base a according to
    13) sulla base di on the basis of
    2.
    aggettivo invariabile [ stipendio] basic, standard

    casa base — (nel baseball) home plate

    base missilistica — missile o rocket base

    base navale — naval base o station

    * * *
    base
    /'baze/
    I sostantivo f.
     1 (sostegno) (di oggetto, struttura) base; (di edificio) foundation
     2 (piedistallo, supporto) (di colonna) pedestal; (di statua) base, pedestal, plinth
     3 fig. (fondamento, principio) base, basis*, foundation; porre le -i di to lay the foundations of; essere alla base di qcs. to be o lie at the bottom of sth., to underlie sth.
     4 (insieme di nozioni fondamentali) le -i di the basics o fundamentals of; avere buone -i di qcs. to have a good grounding in sth.
     5 mil. base, station
     6 pol. (di un partito) rank and file
     7 mat. chim. base
     8 cosmet. make-up base
     9 (nel baseball) base
     11 a base di crema a base di latte milk-based cream; prodotti a base di carne meat products
     12 in base a according to; in base a un accordo under an agreement
     13 sulla base di on the basis of
     [ stipendio] basic, standard; modello base basic model; casa base (nel baseball) home plate
    base aerea air base; base missilistica missile o rocket base; base navale naval base o station.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > base

  • 118 ricorrere

    di date, di festa take place, happen
    ricorrere a qualcuno turn to someone
    ricorrere a qualcosa have recourse to something
    oggi ricorre l'aniversario del nostro matrimonio today is our wedding anniversary
    * * *
    ricorrere v. intr.
    1 ( correre di nuovo) to run* again; ( correre indietro) to run* back, to hurry back // ricorrere col pensiero al passato, to think about the past
    2 (rivolgersi a qlcu.) to go* to s.o., to turn to s.o.; (fare uso di qlco.) to resort, to have recourse; ( fare appello) to appeal: se hai bisogno di qualcosa ricorri a me, if you need something come (o turn) to me; ricorrere alla forza, to resort to force; non hanno esitato a ricorrere all'uso della forza, they didn't hesitate to resort to force; se sarà necessario ricorreremo alla polizia, we'll turn to the police if it's necessary; ricorrere all'aiuto di qlcu., to turn (o to go) to s.o. for help; ricorse anche alle lacrime per commuoverla, he even resorted to tears in order to sway her; ricorrere a uno stratagemma, to resort to a stratagem; ricorrere alle vie legali, to have recourse to legal proceedings; ricorrere alla legge, to resort to the law; ricorrere alla giustizia, to go to court; ricorrere a un prestito, to take out a loan; ricorrere al risparmio, to draw on one's savings
    3 (dir.) to apply; (appellarsi, a magistrato superiore) to appeal: ricorrere all'autorità, to apply to the authorities; ricorrere al Ministero, to apply to the Ministry; ricorrere contro una sentenza, to appeal against a sentence; ricorrere in appello, to appeal (o to make an appeal); ricorrere in cassazione, to appeal to the Supreme Court (o, in Italia, to the Court of Cassation)
    4 ( ripetersi) to recur: questi elementi ricorrono nella letteratura di quel periodo, these elements are often (to be) found (o often recur) in the literature of the period // (mat.) ricorrere periodicamente, to recur periodically
    5 ( accadere) to occur, to happen; ( di date) to fall*: oggi ricorre il terzo anniversario del nostro matrimonio, today is our third wedding anniversary.
    * * *
    [ri'korrere]
    verbo intransitivo (aus. essere)

    ricorrere a — to have recourse to [rimedio, tecnica]; to resort to [espediente, stratagemma]; to turn to [ amico]; to draw on [ risparmi]

    2) dir. (presentare ricorso) to appeal
    4) (comparire con frequenza) [data, idea, tema] to recur
    * * *
    ricorrere
    /ri'korrere/ [32]
    (aus. essere)
     1 (fare ricorso) ricorrere a to have recourse to [rimedio, tecnica]; to resort to [espediente, stratagemma]; to turn to [ amico]; to draw on [ risparmi]; ricorrere alle vie legali to take legal action
     2 dir. (presentare ricorso) to appeal; ricorrere in cassazione to file an appeal to the Supreme Court
     4 (comparire con frequenza) [data, idea, tema] to recur.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ricorrere

  • 119 использовать

    •

    Advantage is taken of this fact in some turbojet engines.

    •

    Unique processes and equipment have been successfully applied in the mining and refining of potash salts.

    •

    The great majority of amplifiers are electronic and depend (or rely) upon transistors and chips for their operation.

    •

    These projects can draw on the data from five tests.

    •

    The new relay employs three sets of contacts.

    •

    We shall follow this method.

    •

    To harness atomic energy for peaceful uses,...

    •

    This reaction may be harnessed to perform work.

    •

    The power unit makes use of a standard electric starter.

    •

    These vehicles rely on ambient air as a source of oxygen.

    •

    At present, these laboratories are being utilized to test timbers.

    •

    Such high precision makes it possible to employ (or use, or utilize) laser radiation as a primary standard of length and time.

    •

    With electricity farmers could run useful devices of all kinds.

    •

    These techniques take advantage of the laser's high spectral intensity.

    •

    Lasers are exploited to heat plasmas with short pulses of light.

    •

    Double-break or multibreak devices can exploit this effect even at higher voltages.

    •

    We make use of the generalized invariants.

    •

    The author's suggestions were picked up by the Japanese who ran some preliminary tests on eleven pure elements.

    •

    The steam from a dry field can be put to use() other than power production.

    •

    We can draw on the equation of general relativity to calculate...

    •

    The newest accelerators exploit the same fundamental principles as the first ones.

    •

    Simplifying assumptions have been invoked to separate the two processes for individual study.

    •

    If this natural gas can be tapped, there would be a tremendous source of fuel.

    II
    •

    When all the even (or odd) integers are used up, there will still be half the series...

    * * *
    Использовать -- to use, to utilize, to apply, to employ, to exploit; to make use of; to draw on (с оттенком заимствования); to rely on (полагаться на)
     Under these circumstances, we can employ the data from this experiment to establish limits for heat fluxes.
     These diffusers exploit the centrifugal forces acting on a swirling throughflow to enhance mixing and combustion.
     Each engine will be provided with a control unit which makes use of modern electronic techniques (... в котором используется...).
     Two independent methods were applied to eliminate any possible error in fringe order determination.
     The work of L. [...] was drawn on for the design of turbine blades.
     However, the theoretical magnitude is far from correct and we must rely on experimental values for the coefficient C.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > использовать

  • 120 ADSL

    abbr. E-com
    asymmetrical digital subscriber line: a system that provides high speed, high bandwidth connections to the Internet. ADSL is asymmetric because it has more capacity for data received by a computer than for data to be sent from it. This uneven upload/download balance means that downloaded text and graphics appear quickly and that audiovisual elements are of better quality than when sent via a normal telephone line. ADSL was initially developed by Bellcore Labs in New Jersey in 1993 as a means of bringing bandwidth to homes and small businesses. Often it is simply called DSL.

    The ultimate business dictionary > ADSL

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