Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

cut+one's+losses

  • 41 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 42 Gewinn

    Gewinn m 1. BÖRSE return; 2. FIN profit, assets, earnings, surplus; 3. FREI benefit; 4. GEN advantage, surplus, income, gain, net income; 5. RW profit, book profit, surplus; 6. STEUER emolument; 7. WIWI surplus • einen Gewinn melden RW report a profit • Gewinn bringend 1. GEN advantageous, beneficial, gainful; 2. RW profitable; 3. WIWI productive • Gewinn erwirtschaften WIWI run a surplus, generate a profit • Gewinn erzielen 1. BÖRSE move into the money; 2. RW make a profit • Gewinn machen 1. RW make a profit, make profits; 2. WIWI run a surplus • Gewinne abziehen WIWI (infrml) milk profits • Gewinne einheimsen GEN (infrml) rake in profits • Gewinne erzielen BÖRSE make gains, make a profit • Gewinne übertrafen die Vorhersagen im ersten Quartal FIN profits surpassed forecasts in the first quarter
    * * *
    m 1. < Börse> return; 2. < Finanz> assets, earnings, surplus; 3. < Frei> benefit; 4. < Geschäft> advantage, surplus, income; 5. < Rechnung> book profit, surplus; 6. < Steuer> emolument; 7. < Verwalt> earnings; 8. <Vw> surplus ■ einen Gewinn melden < Rechnung> report a profit ■ Gewinn bringend 1. < Geschäft> advantageous, beneficial, gainful; 2. < Rechnung> profitable; 3. <Vw> productive ■ Gewinn erwirtschaften <Vw> run a surplus, generate a profit ■ Gewinn erzielen 1. < Börse> move into the money; 2. < Rechnung> make a profit ■ Gewinn machen 1. < Rechnung> make a profit, make profits; 2. <Vw> run a surplus ■ Gewinne abziehen <Vw> milk profits infrml ■ Gewinne einheimsen infrml < Geschäft> rake in profits infrml ■ Gewinne erzielen < Börse> make gains, make a profit ■ Gewinne übertrafen die Vorhersagen im ersten Quartal < Finanz> profits surpassed forecasts in the first quarter
    * * *
    Gewinn
    profit, gain, gainings, getting, increment, cleanup (US sl.), (Einkünfte) emolument, spoil, (Erfolg) benefit, (Ertrag) receipts, proceeds, return, yield, produce, avails (US), (Ertrag aus Grund und Boden) issue, (gute Gelegenheit) catch, bargain, market, (aus Gewerbebetrieb) profit, earnings, gain, (Gewinnspanne) [profit] margin, (Kursgewinn) increase, advance, gains, (Nutzen) advantage, account, fruit, (Spekulation) gain, (Überschuss) surplus;
    • auf Gewinn gerichtet with a view to profit, for pecuniary benefit, profitmaking, commercial;
    • nicht auf Gewinn gerichtet non-commercial, non-profit[-making];
    • auf gemeinschaftlichen Gewinn und Verlust gerichtet on joint profit and loss;
    • mit Gewinn at a profit, profitably;
    • ohne Gewinn profitless, unprofitable;
    • abgeführter Gewinn amount surrendered;
    • an konzernfremde Gesellschaften abgeführter Gewinn (Bilanz) mandatory profit distributions under agreement;
    • an Händler abgegebener Gewinn pass-over profit (US);
    • abgezweigter Gewinn profit set aside;
    • abrechnungspflichtiger Gewinn profit subject to accounting;
    • im Rechnungsabschnitt angefallener Gewinn accounting profit;
    • im Geschäft wieder angelegter Gewinn retained earnings (US), earnings ploughed (Br.) (plowed, US) back;
    • angemessener Gewinn fair return (profit), reasonable return;
    • angesammelte Gewinne accumulated profits;
    • rapid ansteigende Gewinne soaring profits;
    • auffallende Gewinne striking gains;
    • auf die Abteilungen aufgeschlüsselter Gewinn departmental profit;
    • ausgeschüttete Gewinne distributed profits;
    • nicht ausgeschüttete Gewinne undivided (unappropriated, US) profits, retained earnings (US);
    • noch nicht ausgeschüttete Gewinne accumulated profits;
    • ausgewiesener Gewinn reported profit;
    • ausgezahlter Gewinn (Versicherung) bonus in cash;
    • ausschüttungsfähiger Gewinn distributable earnings, unappropriated earned surplus (US);
    • außerordentliche Gewinne non-recurring profits;
    • beachtlicher Gewinn substantial gain;
    • steuerlich bereinigter (berichtigter) Gewinn adjusted profit;
    • auf Neubewertung beruhender Gewinn appreciated surplus;
    • besteuerungsfähiger Gewinn taxable gain;
    • betriebsbedingter Gewinn operating profit;
    • betrügerische Gewinne fraudulent gains;
    • buchmäßiger Gewinn book profit;
    • dicker Gewinn fat profit;
    • echter Gewinn actual profit;
    • ehrliche Gewinne honest profits;
    • einbehaltene Gewinne retained earnings (US);
    • einmaliger Gewinn banner profit;
    • einmalige Gewinne one-time (banner) gains, banner profits;
    • entgangener Gewinn ceasing (lost) profit, ceasing gain;
    • nicht entnommener Gewinn retained income (earnings, profit) (US), unwithdrawn (non-drawn, undistributed, paid-in, US) profit, profit ploughed (plowed, US) back;
    • im Liquidationszeitraum entstandene Gewinne profits arising during a winding-up;
    • ergaunerter Gewinn plunder (sl.);
    • erhebliche Gewinne (Börse) substantial gain;
    • erhoffter Gewinn anticipated profit;
    • erwarteter (zu erwartender) Gewinn prospective (anticipated) profit, lucrative interest;
    • aus Arbeit zu erwirtschaftender Gewinn profit derivable from work;
    • erzielter Gewinn realized (secured) profit, profit made;
    • beim Autoverkauf erzielter Gewinn profit on sale of a motor car;
    • an der Börse erzielte Gewinne profits on exchange;
    • durch Fremdkapitaleinsatz erzielter Gewinn return earned with use of borrowed funds;
    • leicht erzielter Gewinn (Börse) velvet (US);
    • im ersten Quartal erzielter Gewinn first-quarter profit;
    • tatsächlich erzielter Gewinn actual profit;
    • in Übersee erzielte Gewinne overseas gains;
    • eventueller Gewinn contingent profit;
    • früherer Gewinn past earnings;
    • gelegentliche Gewinne casual profits;
    • geringer Gewinn small profit;
    • gewerblicher Gewinn operating (industrial, commercial) profit;
    • glänzende Gewinne booming profits;
    • glatter Gewinn clear profit;
    • unerwartet hoher Gewinn bonanza (US);
    • imaginärer Gewinn expected profit;
    • inflationsbedingter Gewinn inflation-generated profit;
    • zur Ausschüttung kommender Gewinn distributable profit;
    • körperschaftssteuerpflichtige Gewinne profits chargeable to corporation tax;
    • laufender Gewinn current earnings;
    • mäßiger Gewinn light (slight) profit;
    • mitgenommener Gewinn realized profit;
    • müheloser Gewinn easy profit;
    • optimaler Gewinn optimum profit;
    • realisierter Gewinn realized profit (revenue);
    • nicht realisierter Gewinn unrealized profit;
    • noch nicht realisierter Gewinn contingent (paper, US) profit;
    • unrealisierter rechnerischer Gewinn paper profit;
    • reiner Gewinn net profit (avails, US);
    • rückständige Gewinne back profits;
    • schwindende Gewinne shrivel(l)ing profits;
    • sicherer Gewinn certain percentage;
    • stattlicher Gewinn handsome profit;
    • für die Aktionäre zur Verfügung stehender Gewinn profit attributable to shareholders (Br.) (stockholders, US);
    • stehen gebliebener Gewinn jackpot, profit left;
    • stehen gelassener Gewinn retained (US) (unrealized, left) profit, retained income (US), profit ploughed (Br.) (plowed, US) back;
    • zur Ausschüttung zur Verfügung stehender Gewinn distributable earnings, unappropriated earned surplus (US);
    • steigender Gewinn growing profit;
    • steuerpflichtiger Gewinn attributable profit before taxation, taxable (chargeable, assessable) profit, chargeable gain;
    • tatsächlicher Gewinn actual profit;
    • thesaurierter Gewinn accumulated (unappropriated, US) profit, profit retained (US), retained earnings (profit, surplus, US, income), accumulated earnings;
    • überschießender (überschüssiger) Gewinn excess profit, surplus income (profit);
    • unausgeschütteter Gewinn undistributed (undivided) profits, retained earnings;
    • unerlaubte Gewinne illicit profits;
    • unerwarteter Gewinn windfall profit;
    • unlautere Gewinne sordid gains;
    • unrealisierte Gewinne paper profits;
    • unrechtmäßiger Gewinn illegal profit;
    • der Steuerpflicht unterliegende Gewinne profits brought within the charge of tax, chargeable gains;
    • der Körperschaftssteuer unterworfene Gewinne profits chargeable to corporation tax;
    • unverteilter Gewinn unappropriated [earned, US] surplus, undistributed (non-distributed) net profit (Br.), undivided profit;
    • veranlagungspflichtiger Gewinn chargeable gain, profit brought within the charge of tax;
    • verfügbarer Gewinn available profit;
    • für die Dividendenausschüttung verfügbarer Gewinn unappropriated profit (US), unappropriated earned surplus (US);
    • nach Rückstellung auf Rücklagekonto verfügbarer Gewinn net surplus (US);
    • verkürzter Gewinn shave-off profit;
    • versteckter Gewinn hidden (secret) profit;
    • zu versteuernder Gewinn taxable profit (earnings);
    • dieses Jahr zu versteuernder Gewinn gain taxable this year;
    • versteuerter Gewinn taxed profit, profit after tax;
    • verteilbarer Gewinn available profit;
    • zu verteilender Gewinn distributable earnings;
    • verteilter Gewinn appropriated surplus;
    • nicht verteilter (verwertbarer) Gewinn accumulated profit, unappropriated [earned, US] surplus, surplus earnings (US);
    • nicht verwendete Gewinne unapplied profits;
    • vorgetragener Gewinn profit carried forward;
    • vorweggenommener Gewinn anticipated bonus, deferred profit;
    • wesentliche Gewinne material gains;
    • den Rücklagen zugewiesene (zugeführte) Gewinne (Bilanz) appropriated earnings (US), earned surplus (US), profit retained and added to reserve;
    • gesetzlich zugerechneter Gewinn profit appendant;
    • vertraglich zugerechneter Gewinn profit appurtenant;
    • zurechenbarer Gewinn (Einkommensteuer) attributable profit;
    • zusätzlicher Gewinn extra profit;
    • nicht zweckgebundener Gewinn available (disposable) surplus;
    • einbehaltene Gewinne und Abschreibungen retained cashflow;
    • Gewinne nach Abzug von Steuern after-tax earnings (profit);
    • Gewinn vor Abzug von Steuern pretax profit (earnings), earnings (profit) before tax;
    • Gewinn je Aktie earnings per share (stock, US);
    • Gewinn vor Berücksichtigung der Steuern pretax profit;
    • Gewinn aus Beteiligungen investment profit, profit due from participation;
    • Gewinn aus Buchwerterhöhungen appreciated surplus, surplus of appreciation;
    • Gewinn aus Devisengeschäften gain from exchange operations;
    • Gewinn vor Fusionierung profit prior to consolidation;
    • Gewinne im Geschäftsjahr (Versicherung) underwriting (insurance) profits;
    • Gewinne aus einem nicht genehmigten Gewerbe unlawful profits;
    • Gewinn aus Gewerbebetrieb business profit;
    • Gewinn aus der Hauptbetriebstätigkeit operating profit;
    • Gewinn bei Kalkulation zu Marktpreisen nach Abzug fälliger Steuern current cost profit after deducting taxation payable;
    • Gewinn aus Kapitalanlagen income from capital investment;
    • Gewinn je Kapitaleinheit profitability ratio (US);
    • Gewinne aus Monopolen (Bilanz) profits from patents and secret processes (Br.), monopoly profits (US);
    • Gewinn aus Neubewertung reappraisal surplus;
    • Gewinn aus Prägung von Scheidemünzen minor coinage profit fund (US);
    • Gewinn nach Steuern profit after taxes;
    • kleine Gewinne, große Umsätze small profits, quick returns;
    • Gewinn aus Veräußerungen sales profit;
    • Gewinne aus dem Verkauf von Anlagegütern profits on the sale of fixed assets;
    • Gewinn und Verlust profit and loss account, losings and winnings;
    • Gewinn vor Vornahme von Abschreibungen profit before depreciation;
    • Gewinn nach Vortrag (Bilanz) profit balance;
    • Gewinne aus Wertpapieranlagen income from securities, investment income;
    • Gewinn abwerfend paying, remunerative;
    • Gewinn bringend profitable, gainful, lucrative, profit-producing (-making), remunerative, revenue- (profit-) earning, pay[ing], payable, advantageous;
    • Gewinn abführen to surrender a profit;
    • seinen Gewinn vom Wettbüro abholen to collect one’s winnings from the betting shop;
    • mit Gewinn abschließen to show a profit;
    • Transaktion mit Gewinn abschließen to make a profit out of a transaction;
    • Gewinne abschöpfen to siphon off (cream away) profits;
    • Gewinn abwerfen to leave (bring in, render, yield, return) profit, to leave a margin, to be profitable, to pay;
    • angemessenen Gewinn abwerfen to yield a fair profit, to bring an adequate return;
    • Gewinne aktivieren to capitalize profits;
    • Gewinn bringend anlegen to invest advantageously (one’s money to good account);
    • mit Gewinn arbeiten to operate (run) at a profit, to operate in the black (coll.), to be on a profitable basis, to work with good result;
    • wieder mit Gewinn arbeiten to be back in the black (US coll.);
    • Gewinne aufschlüsseln (verhältnismäßig aufteilen, anteilmäßig aufteilen) to prorate profits (US);
    • Gewinn untereinander aufteilen to split the profit;
    • Gewinn aufweisen to show profit;
    • keinerlei Gewinne aufweisen to show a nil balance on its profits;
    • seine Gewinne aufzehren to eat up (improve away) one’s profits;
    • Gewinn und Verlust durchschnittlich ausgleichen to give and take, to average;
    • Gewinn ausschütten to distribute a surplus, to divide profits;
    • Gewinne nachteilig beeinflussen to hurt profits;
    • Gewinn beschneiden to trim profits;
    • j. am Gewinn beteiligen to give s. o. a share in the profits;
    • mit Gewinn betreiben to be on a profitable basis, to operate profitably, to be in the black (US coll.);
    • Bergwerk mit Gewinn betreiben to work a mine at a profit;
    • Gewinn [ein]bringen to be profitable, to show profit, to pay, to bring in, to [yield a handsome] profit;
    • Gewinne einkalkulieren to compute profits;
    • Gewinn einstreichen to reap a profit, to sweep the board;
    • gewaltige Gewinne einstreichen to make huge profits;
    • unberechtigten Gewinn einstreichen to pocket a profit;
    • unerlaubte Gewinne einstreichen to make illicit profits;
    • Gewinn entnehmen to draw the profits;
    • Gewinn nicht entnehmen und im Geschäft wieder anlegen to plough (plow, US) back earnings into business;
    • Gewinn ermitteln to determine profit;
    • Gewinn erzielen to realize (operate at, make, secure, draw) a profit, to come out of the red (US coll.);
    • angemessenen Gewinn erzielen to turn a healthy profit;
    • anständige Gewinne erzielen to make fair profits;
    • 10 Pfund Gewinn erzielen to be ten pounds to the good;
    • Gewinn feststellen to ascertain (determine) the profit;
    • Anteil am Gewinn haben to have a share in the profit;
    • reinen Gewinn ergeben haben to have netted;
    • bisher noch keinen Gewinn gemacht haben to have produced zero profit to date;
    • seine Gewinne niedrig halten to hold down profits;
    • mit einem Gewinn herauskommen (Lotterie) to win a prize;
    • Gewinne hochschrauben to kick up earnings;
    • Gewinn kassieren to lock in the profit;
    • dicke Gewinne kassieren to mop profits;
    • lukrative Gewinne buchungstechnisch in Steueroasen anfallen lassen to book most of one’s lucrative business through tax havens;
    • Gewinne machen to make profits;
    • Gewinn mitnehmen to take profits, to pick up bargains;
    • Gewinne realizieren (Börse) to reap (realize, take) profits, to cash in;
    • mit Gewinn rechnen to look to profit;
    • Gewinne scheffeln to rake in profits;
    • am Gewinn beteiligt sein to have an interest in the profits, to share in profits;
    • ganzen Gewinn aufs Spiel setzen to play on the velvet (US);
    • Gewinn teilen to share gains, to pool profits, to cut (US sl.);
    • am Gewinn teilnehmen to partake of the profits;
    • Gewinn thesaurieren to retain the profit;
    • Gewinn und Verlust zu gleichen Teilen tragen to go shares;
    • Gewinne transferieren to repatriate (remit) profits;
    • sich von jem. ohne Gewinn und Verlust trennen to break even with s. o.;
    • mit Gewinn verkaufen to sell to advantage (at a profit), (Wertpapiere) to sell at a premium;
    • Gewinn verrechnen to appropriate profits;
    • mit späteren Gewinnen verrechnen to carry forward long-term losses (US);
    • Gewinn mit einem Verlust verrechnen to set off a gain against a loss;
    • Gewinne verschleiern to conceal profits;
    • Gewinn verteilen to divide (distribute) the profits (proceeds);
    • Gewinn unter die Angestellten verteilen to allocate the profit among the employees;
    • thesaurierte Gewinne für Investitionen verwenden to retain profits for expansion;
    • Gewinne verzeichnen to post profits, to post (record) gains;
    • kleine Gewinne verzeichnen to register (show) small gains;
    • große Gewinne vorweisen to exhibit large profits;
    • mit einem Gewinn winken to hold forth hopes of profit;
    • Gewinn mit etw. erzielen wollen to do s. th. for profit;
    • schnell Gewinn machen wollen to be out for quick killing (fam.);
    • großen Gewinn zeitigen to result in a large profit;
    • Gewinn ziehen aus to take advantage of, to benefit from;
    • einen großen Gewinn aus etw. ziehen to thrive on s. th.;
    • Gewinn aus einem Geschäft ziehen to make a profit on a transaction;
    • keinen bedeutenden Gewinn aus etw. ziehen to extract no unusual profit from s. th.;
    • Gewinne steuerlich zurechnen to allocate (attribute) profits;
    • Gewinnabfall profit drop, skid in profits;
    • Gewinnabführung surrender of profits, profit transfer;
    • Gewinnabführungssteuer excess-profits tax (US);
    • Gewinnabführungsvertrag surrender-of-profits agreement;
    • Gewinnabnahme fall in profits.

    Business german-english dictionary > Gewinn

  • 43 verteilen

    verteilen v 1. BÖRSE, FIN apportion, distribute (Aktien); 2. GEN share out (Arbeit, Geld); 3. PAT apportion; 4. RW allot, apportion; spread (Kosten); 5. LOGIS distribute; 6. WIWI spread; allocate (Mittel, Gelder)
    * * *
    v 1. <Börse, Finanz> Aktien apportion, distribute; 2. < Geschäft> Arbeit, Geld share out; 3. < Patent> apportion; 4. < Rechnung> allot, apportion, Kosten spread; 5. < Transp> distribute; 6. <Vw> spread, Mittel, Gelder allocate
    * * *
    verteilen
    to distribute, to dispense, to issue, to divide, to give (deal) out, to partition, to allot, to [ap]portion, to allocate, (Aufgaben) to assign, (Nachlass, Konkursmasse) to settle up, to appropriate;
    • Abzahlungsraten über mehrere Monate verteilen to spread instal(l)ments over several months;
    • Anschaffungskosten eines Wirtschaftsgutes auf die Nutzungsdauer verteilen to spread the costs of an asset over its useful life;
    • anteilig verteilen to distribute pro rata;
    • Betrag auf verschiedene Leute gleichmäßig verteilen to allocate (apportion) a sum amongst several people;
    • Dividende verteilen to declare a dividend;
    • größere Dividende verteilen to cut a melon (US);
    • zusätzliche Dividende verteilen to distribute an additional (supplementary) dividend;
    • Einkommen steuerlich auf mehrere Jahre verteilen to spread out income over several years;
    • Erlös verteilen to distribute the proceeds;
    • Geld gleichmäßig verteilen to divide the money equally;
    • Gerichtskosten anteilmäßig auf die Parteien verteilen to apportion the costs to the sides;
    • Gewinne verteilen to divide the profits;
    • Importquoten neu verteilen to readjust import quotas;
    • Konkursmasse verteilen to marshal the assets;
    • Kontingente verteilen to allocate the shares in a quota;
    • Kosten verteilen to allocate (apportion) costs;
    • Kosten über drei Jahre verteilen to amortize costs over a period of three years;
    • kostenlos verteilen to circulate freely;
    • Material verteilen to give out material;
    • auf den ganzen Monat verteilen to spread throughout the month;
    • neu verteilen to redistribute, to re-allocate;
    • Reklamezettel verteilen to scatter handbills;
    • Risiko verteilen to spread a risk;
    • Steuerverlust über fünf Jahre verteilen to spread the impact of a tax loss over five years;
    • seine Stimme auf mehrere Kandidaten verteilen to split one’s vote (US);
    • Verkäufe über eine Hausseperiode verteilen (Börse) to sell on a scale;
    • Verluste gleichmäßig verteilen to apportion losses evenly;
    • sein Vermögen unter seine Erben verteilen to divide one’s property amongst one’s heirs;
    • Zahlungen steuerlich über das ganze Jahr verteilen to spread payments over the entire taxable year.

    Business german-english dictionary > verteilen

  • 44 perdido

    adj.
    1 lost, missing, mislaid.
    2 lost.
    3 lost, confused.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: perder.
    * * *
    1→ link=perder perder
    3 (bala) stray
    4 (aislado) isolated, cut-off
    5 familiar (como enfatizador) complete, utter, total
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (person) degenerate
    \
    estar perdido,-a (extraviado) to be lost 2 (no tener salida) to have had it, be for it
    ponerse perdido,-a familiar to get filthy, get dirty
    * * *
    (f. - perdida)
    adj.
    1) lost
    * * *
    perdido, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=extraviado) lost; [bala] stray
    rato 3), bala 1., 1)
    2) (=aislado) remote, isolated

    un pueblo perdido en las montañas — a remote o isolated village in the mountains

    3) (=sin remedio)

    ¡estamos perdidos! — we're done for!

    4) (=enamorado)

    estar perdido por algn — to be mad o crazy about sb

    5) * (=sucio)

    ponerlo todo perdido de barro — to get everything covered in mud, get mud everywhere

    6) LAm (=vago) idle; (=pobre) down and out
    2.
    SM / F libertine
    perdida
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) [estar]
    a) <objeto/persona> lost

    de perdido — (Méx fam) at least

    b) (confundido, desorientado) lost, confused
    c) <bala/perro> stray (before n)
    2) [estar] ( en un apuro)

    si se enteran, estás perdido — if they find out, you've had it o you're done for (colloq)

    3) ( aislado) < lugar> remote, isolated; < momento> idle, spare
    4)
    a) < idiota> complete and utter (before n), total (before n); < loco> raving (before n); < borracho> out and out (before n)
    b) (como adv) ( totalmente) completely, totally
    5) (Esp fam) ( sucio) filthy

    ponerse perdido DE algo — de aceite/barro to get covered with something

    II
    - da masculino, femenino degenerate
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) [estar]
    a) <objeto/persona> lost

    de perdido — (Méx fam) at least

    b) (confundido, desorientado) lost, confused
    c) <bala/perro> stray (before n)
    2) [estar] ( en un apuro)

    si se enteran, estás perdido — if they find out, you've had it o you're done for (colloq)

    3) ( aislado) < lugar> remote, isolated; < momento> idle, spare
    4)
    a) < idiota> complete and utter (before n), total (before n); < loco> raving (before n); < borracho> out and out (before n)
    b) (como adv) ( totalmente) completely, totally
    5) (Esp fam) ( sucio) filthy

    ponerse perdido DE algo — de aceite/barro to get covered with something

    II
    - da masculino, femenino degenerate
    * * *
    perdido1
    = misplaced, mislaid, strayed, stray, missing, off course.

    Ex: A recitation of the best thought out principles for a cataloging code is easily drowned out by the clatter of a bank of direct access devices vainly searching for misplaced records.

    Ex: But to employ a professional librarian on a case where the intellectual content is trifling and the clerical labour massive is as unreasonable as to call in a detective to trace a pair of mislaid spectacles = Aunque contratar a un bibliotecario para un trabajo donde el contenido intelectual es insignificante y el trabajo administrativo enorme es tan poco razonable como llamar a un detective para buscar unas gafas extraviadas.
    Ex: Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex: If the machine is in constant use the selenium drum may not be cleaned sufficiently and stray particles of carbon will appear as minute black spots on the copies.
    Ex: As you read each frame, cover the area below each frame and attempt to supply the missing word.
    Ex: Russia has launched an investigation into why a manned space capsule returned to earth hundreds of miles off course.
    * andar perdido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.
    * batalla perdida = losing battle.
    * causa perdida = lost cause, losing battle.
    * causar pérdidas = cause + losses.
    * con la mirada perdida = gaze into + space.
    * continente perdido = lost continent.
    * dar por perdido = be past praying for, write off.
    * de perdíos al río = in for a penny, in for a pound.
    * eslabón perdido = missing link.
    * estar perdido = be out of + Posesivo + league, be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, be all at sea.
    * llamada perdida = missed call.
    * luchar por una causa perdida = fight + a losing battle.
    * objetos perdidos = lost property, lost and found, lost property.
    * perdido de rumbo = off course.
    * perdido hace tiempo = long-lost.
    * perdido para siempre = irretrievably lost.
    * recuperar el tiempo perdido = make up for + lost time.
    * sentirse perdido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.
    * tierras perdidas = lost lands.
    * totalmente perdido = babe in the wood.
    * una causa perdida = a dead dog.
    * un caso perdido = a dead dog.
    * un poco perdido = a bit at sea.

    perdido2

    Ex: She is a certified TV-addict -- you simply cannot talk to her when she's glued to the box.

    * bala perdida = loose cannon.
    * caso perdido = basket case.
    * chalado perdido = as daft as a brush, stir-crazy, knucklehead.
    * chiflado perdido = as daft as a brush, as thick as two (short) planks, stir-crazy, knucklehead.
    * loco perdido = stark raving mad, raving mad, raving lunatic.
    * tonto perdido = as daft as a brush, as thick as two (short) planks, knucklehead.

    * * *
    perdido1 -da
    A [ ESTAR]
    1 ‹objeto/persona› (extraviado) lost
    me di cuenta de que estaban perdidos I realized that they were lost
    dar algo por perdido to give sth up for lost
    de perdido ( Méx fam); at least
    2 (confundido, desorientado) at a loss
    anda perdido desde que se fueron sus amigos he's been at a loss since his friends left
    no me han explicado cómo hacerlo y estoy totalmente perdido they haven't explained how to do it and I'm completely lost o I'm at a complete loss
    3 ‹bala/perro› stray ( before n)
    B [ ESTAR]
    (en un apuro): ¿pero no trajiste dinero tú? pues estamos perdidos but didn't you bring any money? we've had it then o ( BrE) that's torn it ( colloq)
    si se entera tu padre, estás perdido if your father finds out, you've had it o you're done for ( colloq)
    C (aislado) ‹lugar› remote, isolated; ‹momento› idle, spare
    en una isla perdida del Pacífico on a remote island in the Pacific
    en algún lugar perdido del mundo in some far-flung o faraway corner of the world
    D
    1 ‹idiota› complete and utter ( before n), total ( before n); ‹loco› raving ( before n)
    es un borracho perdido he's an out and out o a total drunkard, he's an inveterate drinker
    2 ( como adv) (totalmente) completely, totally
    llegó borracho perdido he was blind drunk o totally drunk when he arrived
    está lelo perdido por ella he's absolutely crazy about her ( colloq)
    E ( Esp fam) (sucio) filthy perdido DE algo:
    te has puesto el traje perdido de aceite you've got oil all over your suit
    estoy perdido de tinta I'm covered in ink
    perdido2 -da
    masculine, feminine
    degenerate
    * * *

     

    Del verbo perder: ( conjugate perder)

    perdido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    perder    
    perdido
    perder ( conjugate perder) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to lose;

    quiere perdido peso he wants to lose weight;
    con preguntar no se pierde nada we've/you've nothing to lose by asking;
    perdido la vida to lose one's life, to perish;
    See also→ cabeza 1 e, vista 2 3;
    yo no pierdo las esperanzas I'm not giving up hope;
    perdido la práctica to get out of practice;
    perdido el equilibrio to lose one's balance;
    perdido el conocimiento to lose consciousness, to pass out;
    perdido el ritmo (Mús) to lose the beat;

    ( en trabajo) to get out of the rhythm
    2
    a) ‹autobús/tren/avión› to miss

    b) ‹ocasión/oportunidad› to miss;


    c) ‹ tiempo› to waste;

    ◊ ¡no me hagas perdido (el) tiempo! don't waste my time!;

    no hay tiempo que perdido there's no time to lose
    3
    a) ‹guerra/pleito/partido› to lose

    b) ‹curso/año› to fail;

    ‹ examen› (Ur) to fail
    4 ‹agua/aceite/aire› to lose
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( ser derrotado) to lose;

    no sabes perdido you're a bad loser;
    llevar las de perdido to be onto a loser;
    la que sale perdiendo soy yo I'm the one who loses out o comes off worst
    2 [cafetera/tanque] to leak
    3
    ◊ echar(se) a perder ver echar I 1a, echarse 1a

    perderse verbo pronominal
    1 [persona/objeto] to get lost;

    se le perdió el dinero he's lost the money;
    cuando se ponen a hablar rápido me pierdo when they start talking quickly I get lost
    2 ‹fiesta/película/espectáculo› to miss
    perdido
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1 [estar]
    a) ‹objeto/persona› lost;


    de perdido (Méx fam) at least
    b) (confundido, desorientado) lost, confused

    c) ‹bala/perro› stray ( before n)

    2 [estar] ( en un apuro):
    ◊ si se enteran, estás perdido if they find out, you've had it o you're done for (colloq)

    3 ( aislado) ‹ lugar› remote, isolated;
    ‹ momento› idle, spare
    4 ‹ idiota› complete and utter ( before n), total ( before n);
    ‹ loco› raving ( before n);
    ‹ borracho› out and out ( before n)
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    degenerate
    perder
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un objeto) to lose
    2 (un medio de transporte) to miss
    3 (el tiempo) to waste
    4 (oportunidad) to miss ➣ Ver nota en miss
    5 (cualidad, costumbre, sentido) to lose: tienes que perder tus miedos, you have to overcome your fears
    6 (agua, aceite) to leak
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (disminuir una cualidad) to lose
    2 (estropear) to ruin, go off
    3 (en una competición, batalla) to lose
    ♦ Locuciones: echar (algo) a perder, to spoil (sthg)
    llevar las de perder, to be onto a loser
    perdido,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 lost
    2 (desorientado) confused
    3 (perro, bala) stray
    II adv fam (totalmente, rematadamente) es tonto perdido, he's completely stupid
    III mf (libertino) degenerate, vicious
    ♦ Locuciones: ponerse perdido, to get dirty
    ' perdido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aparecer
    - caso
    - dar
    - estimable
    - fondo
    - lustre
    - manual
    - motricidad
    - nitidez
    - norte
    - paladar
    - perdida
    - pertenencia
    - pista
    - principio
    - punto
    - resguardo
    - tiempo
    - vivienda
    - caber
    - recuperar
    English:
    ad-lib
    - catch up
    - discover
    - gap-toothed
    - give up
    - habit
    - lost
    - majority
    - make up
    - mislay
    - miss
    - missing
    - mud
    - raving
    - recover
    - row
    - stray
    - thread
    - appear
    - but
    - by
    - dated
    - despair
    - downmarket
    - get
    - have
    - hopelessly
    - long
    - misspent
    - sunk
    - waste
    - write
    * * *
    perdido, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [extraviado] lost;
    lo podemos dar por perdido it is as good as lost;
    estaba perdido en sus pensamientos he was lost in thought;
    Esp Fam Hum
    2. [animal, bala] stray
    3. [tiempo] wasted;
    [ocasión] missed
    4. [remoto] remote, isolated;
    un pueblo perdido a remote o isolated village
    5. [acabado] done for;
    ¡estamos perdidos! we're done for!, we've had it!;
    ¡de perdidos, al río! in for a penny, in for a pound
    6. Fam [de remate] complete;
    es idiota perdido he's a complete idiot;
    es una esquizofrénica perdida she's a complete schizophrenic
    7. Esp Fam [sucio] filthy;
    se puso perdida de pintura she got herself covered in paint;
    lo dejaron todo perdido de barro they left it covered in mud
    8. [enamorado]
    estar perdido por to be madly in love with
    9. Méx Fam
    de perdida [al menos] at least
    ♦ nm,f
    reprobate
    * * *
    adj lost;
    ponerse perdido get filthy;
    estar perdido fam be crazy ( por about) fam, be madly in love ( por with) fam ;
    loco perdido absolutely crazy
    * * *
    perdido, -da adj
    1) : lost
    2) : inveterate, incorrigible
    es un caso perdido: he's a hopeless case
    3) : in trouble, done for
    4)
    de perdido Mex fam : at least
    * * *
    perdido adj
    1. (en general) lost
    2. (animal) stray

    Spanish-English dictionary > perdido

  • 45 odbi|ć

    pf — odbi|jać1 impf (odbiję — odbijam) Ⅰ vt 1. Fiz. to reflect [światło, ciepło, dźwięk]
    - śnieg odbija część promieni słonecznych snow reflects some of the sun’s rays
    2. (ukazać obraz) [lustro, woda, szkło] to reflect, to mirror [obraz, wizerunek, postać]
    - ich twarze odbite w tafli wody their faces reflected a. mirrored on (the surface of) water
    - lustro odbiło jego podobiznę the mirror reflected his image
    3. Sport (zmienić kierunek) to deflect [strzał, piłkę]; (w tenisie, badmintonie) to return [piłkę, lotkę] 4. (nanieść maszynowo) to print; (powielić) to (make a) copy of; (odcisnąć) to impress
    - odbić pieczęć na dokumencie to stamp a document, to impress a document with a stamp a. seal
    - maszyna, która odbija kolorowy wzór na koszulkach a machine which prints a coloured pattern on T-shirts
    - ślad dłoni odbity w glinie/na piasku an impression of a hand in clay/sand
    - odbić dokument/stronę na ksero(kopiarce) to xerox® a. photocopy a document/page
    - ulotki odbijane na powielaczu leaflets printed on a. produced by a duplicating machine
    5. (otworzyć) to prise [sth] open, to prise open, to pry [sth] open, to pry open US [skrzynię, drzwi]; to open [wieko, pokrywę] 6. (odkruszyć) to chip [sth] off, to chip off [farbę, rdzę, tynk] 7. (uszkodzić części ciała) to injure [nerkę] 8. (uwolnić) to retake, to recapture [miasto, twierdzę]; to rescue [zakładników, jeńca, więźniów] 9 pot. (uwieść) to take away [żonę, kochanka, dziewczynę]
    - najlepsza przyjaciółka odbiła mi chłopaka my best friend has taken my boyfriend away from me
    - brat odbił mi dziewczynę w tańcu my brother cut in while I was dancing with a girl
    10 (odkorkować) to hit hard the bottom of a bottle with the palm of the hand so as to loosen the cork Ⅱ vi 1. (oddalić się od brzegu) [kajak, łódź] to push off; [statek, jacht, załoga] to set sail
    - wskoczyła do pontonu i pośpiesznie odbiła od brzegu she jumped into a dingy and hurriedly pushed off
    - nasz statek odbił/odbiliśmy od przystani o zachodzie słońca our ship/we set sail and left the haven at sunset
    2. (wyładować) to vent, to take [sth] out [gniew, zły humor] (na kimś on sb)
    - odbijać na kimś swoje niepowodzenia a. porażki to take out one’s frustration on sb
    3. (skręcić) [kierowca, pojazd] to turn off (od czegoś sth); [droga, trasa] to diverge, to branch off (od czegoś from sth)
    - od głównej drogi odbiliśmy w prawo we turned off the main road to the right
    - ulica, przy której mieszkam, odbija od drogi przelotowej the street where I live branches off the main road a. through route
    4. (odłączyć się) to stray
    - kilka owiec odbiło od stada a few sheep strayed from the flock
    5. (o broni) to recoil Ⅲ v imp. 1. pot. (oszaleć) jemu/im odbiło he’s/they’re nuts pot., he’s/they’ve gone round the twist GB pot. 2. pot. (stać się zarozumiałym) odbiło mu/jej he’s/she’s got big-headed a. too big for his/her boots pot. Ⅳ odbić się — odbijać się 1. Fiz. [dźwięk, fale, promieniowanie] to reflect (od czegoś off sth) 2. (ukazać swój obraz) to be mirrored a. reflected
    - jej twarz odbiła się w lustrze her face was reflected in the mirror
    3. (uzewnętrznić się) [uczucia, stany] to show, to be noticeable
    - na jej twarzy odbiło się zadowolenie her face showed satisfaction
    4. (uderzyć i zmienić kierunek) [piłka, strzał] to rebound (od czegoś from sth); to bounce, to bound (od czegoś off sth)
    - kamień odbił się od ziemi/ściany i uderzył go w nogę a stone bounced off the ground/wall and hit his leg
    - piłka odbiła się od słupka i wpadła do bramki the ball rebounded from a post and landed in the goal
    5. (skoczyć) [osoba, zwierzę] to push with one’s legs (od czegoś against); to push oneself (od czegoś off sth)
    - chłopak/pies odbił się od ziemi i skoczył w kierunku piłki the boy/dog leapt from the ground and jumped towards the ball
    - kot odbił się tylnymi łapkami i wskoczył na parapet the cat used its hind legs to spring onto the window sill
    6. (zostawić ślad) to be impressed
    - na piasku odbił się ślad stopy a footprint was impressed in the sand
    7. (wywrzeć wpływ) to affect vt
    - taki tryb życia odbija się na zdrowiu such a lifestyle affects one’s health
    - sytuacja na rynku odbija się pozytywnie/negatywnie na nastrojach społeczeństwa the economic situation adversely/favourably affects public opinion
    8. (oddalić się) to stray, to wander away
    - na wycieczce odbił od grupy i zabłądził during the excursion he wandered away from the group and got lost
    Ⅴ odbić sobie — odbijać sobie (rekompensować) to make up for [straty, brak]
    - straciliśmy mnóstwo czasu, ale odbijemy to sobie we’ve lost a lot of time, but we’ll make up for it
    - musiał odbić sobie na sprzedaży zboża to, co stracił na mleku he had to make up a. compensate for the losses in the milk sales by making gains in grain sales
    Ⅵ odbić się — odbijać się v imp. (czknąć) mnie/dziecku odbiło się I/the child belched

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > odbi|ć

  • 46 gros

    gros, grosse [gʀo, gʀos]
    ━━━━━━━━━
    ━━━━━━━━━
    1. <
       a. (dimension) big, large ; [personne, ventre, bébé] fat ; [lèvres, corde, pull, manteau] thick ; [chaussures, averse] heavy
       b. ( = important) [travail, problème, ennui, erreur] big ; [somme, entreprise] large ; [soulagement, progrès] great ; [dégâts] extensive ; [fièvre] high ; [rhume] bad
    • c'est un gros morceau (inf) ( = travail) it's a big job ; ( = obstacle) it's a big obstacle
       c. ( = houleux) [mer] rough
       d. ( = sonore) [soupir] deep
    • gros nigaud ! (inf) you big ninny! (inf)
       f. ( = rude) [drap, laine, vêtement, plaisanterie, traits] coarse
    • nous dire ça, c'est un peu gros saying that to us was a bit thick (inf)
    2. <
       a. ( = personne) fat man
       d. ► en gros
    • dites-moi, en gros, ce qui s'est passé tell me roughly what happened
    3. <
    grosse ( = personne) fat woman
    4. <
       b. ( = beaucoup) il risque gros he's risking a lot
    • je donnerais gros pour... I'd give a lot to...
    • il y a gros à parier que... it's a safe bet that...
    5. <
    ► grosse caisse ( = instrument) bass drum
    ► gros porteur ( = avion) jumbo jet
    * * *

    1.
    grosse gʀo, gʀos adjectif
    1) gén big, large
    2) ( épais) thick
    3) ( gras) fat
    4) ( important) big, large
    5) ( grave) [problème, erreur] serious, big; [déception, défaut] big, major
    6) ( fort) [rhume] bad; [sanglots] loud; [soupir, voix] deep; [pluie, chute de neige] heavy; [orage] big; [temps, mer] rough; [buveur, fumeur] heavy

    gros malin! — (colloq) you silly fool! (colloq)

    7) ( rude) [rire] coarse; [drap, laine] coarse

    2.
    nom masculin, féminin fat man/woman

    3.
    1) ( en grands caractères) [écrire] big
    2) ( beaucoup) [miser, perdre] lit a lot of money; fig a lot

    jouer gros — lit, fig to play for high stakes

    il y a gros à parier que... — it's a good bet that...


    4.
    nom masculin invariable
    1) ( plupart)

    le gros de — the majority ou bulk of [spectateurs, passagers]; the main body of [manifestants, expédition]; the bulk of [travail]; most of [hiver, saison]; most of [déficit]

    2) Commerce wholesale trade

    de gros — [magasin, prix] wholesale

    3)

    5.
    en gros locution adverbiale

    en gros je suis d'accord — basically, I agree

    2) Commerce [acheter] wholesale
    3) ( en grands caractères) in big letters
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    en avoir gros sur le cœur or la patate — (colloq) to be very upset

    * * *
    ɡʀo, ɡʀos gros, -se
    1. adj
    1) (fruit, maison, paquet) big, large, (câble, trait) thick, heavy
    2) (personne) fat
    3) (travaux, dégâts) extensive, (problème, quantité) great
    4)
    2. adv
    1) (= beaucoup)
    2)
    3. nm
    2)

    le gros de (= la majeure partie de) — most of, [travail] the bulk of

    Le gros de l'hiver est derrière nous. — The worst of the winter is behind us now.

    * * *
    A adj (before n)
    1 ( volumineux) gén big, large; [tête, cœur] lit large; [cigare] big, fat;
    2 ( épais) [lèvres, genoux, chevilles] thick; [couverture, pull, rideau] thick;
    3 ( gras) [homme, femme, enfant] fat; [bébé] big; [ventre] fat, big; un gros bonhomme a fat lump;
    4 ( important) [entreprise, exploitation] big, large; [commerçant, producteur, industriel, actionnaire, client] big; [contrat, investissement, marché] big; [dégâts] considerable; [dépense, héritage, somme] big; [récolte, cueillette] big; un de nos plus gros clients/actionnaires one of our major customers/shareholders;
    5 ( grave) [problème, erreur] serious, big; [difficulté, déception, défaut] big, major;
    6 ( fort) [mensonge, surprise] big; [rhume] bad; [sanglots] loud; [soupir, voix] deep; [câlin, larmes, appétit] big; [pluie, chute de neige] heavy; [orage] big; [temps, mer] rough; [buveur, fumeur] heavy; [mangeur] big; par gros temps in rough weather; avoir une grosse fièvre to have a very high temperature; avoir une grosse faim to be very hungry; d'une grosse voix in a very serious voice; pendant les grosses chaleurs when the weather is at its hottest; gros malin! you silly fool○!; un gros fainéant/porc a real lazybones/dirty pig;
    7 ( rude) [traits] coarse, heavy; [rire] coarse; [drap, laine] coarse.
    B nm,f fat man/woman; un petit gros a small fat man; une bonne grosse a plump old dear; mon gros my old thing; les petits payent pour les gros fig the rich live off the backs of the poor.
    C adv
    1 ( en gros caractères) [écrire] big ou in big letters; essaie d'écrire moins/plus gros try to write smaller/bigger;
    2 ( beaucoup) [miser, risquer, gagner, perdre] lit a lot of money; fig a lot; jouer gros lit, fig to play for high stakes; il y a gros à parier que… it's a good bet that…
    D nm
    1 ( plupart) le gros de the majority ou bulk of [spectateurs, lecteurs, passagers]; the main body of [manifestants, troupes, armée, expédition]; the bulk of [travail]; the main part of [effort, dépenses, revenus]; most of [été, hiver, saison]; most of [déficit]; le gros de la troupe a suivi the main body of the group followed;
    2 Comm wholesale trade; de gros [magasin, commerce, prix] wholesale;
    3 Pêche game fish; la pêche au gros game fishing.
    E en gros loc
    1 ( dans les grandes lignes) [expliquer, raconter] roughly; en gros, voilà ce qui s'est passé that's roughly what happened; il s'agit, en gros, de savoir si… what's roughly involved is finding out if…; en gros je suis d'accord avec toi basically, I agree with you;
    2 Comm [acheter, vendre] wholesale, in bulk; [achat, vente] wholesale ( épith), bulk ( épith);
    3 ( en gros caractères) [écrit, imprimé] in big letters.
    F grosse nf
    1 ( copie d'acte) engrossment;
    2 ( douze douzaines) gross.
    gros bétail Agric large livestock; gros bonnet○ big wig○ GB, big shot○; gros bras○ strong man; gros coup○ a big deal; réussir un gros coup to pull off a big deal; gros cube○ Aut, Transp big bike○ ou motorbike, big hog○ US; gros cul○ big truck; gros gibier Chasse big game; fig big time criminals (pl); gros lard○ fat slob○; gros linge heavy washing; gros lot Jeux first prize, jackpot; gagner or décrocher le gros lot lit, fig to hit the jackpot; gros morceau○ ( travail) big job; s'attaquer à un gros morceau to tackle a big job; gros mot swearword; dire des gros mots to use bad language, to swear; gros œuvre Constr shell (of a building); nous avons fini le gros œuvre we've finished the shell (of the building); gros plan Cin close-up; en gros plan in close-up; faire un gros plan sur to do a close-up of; gros plein de soupe○ fatso○; gros rouge○ red plonk○ GB, cheap red wine; gros sel Culin coarse salt; gros titre Presse headline; être en gros titres dans les journaux to hit the (newspaper) headlines; grosse caisse Mus bass drum; grosse légume○ = gros bonnet; grosse tête○ brain box○ GB, brain○.
    faire une grosse tête à qn◑ to give sb a thick ear○ GB, to beat sb upside the head○ US; avoir le cœur gros to have a heavy heart; en avoir gros sur le cœur or la patate○ to be very upset; gros comme le poing as big as my fist; gros comme une tête d'épingle no bigger than a pinhead; c'est un peu gros comme histoire! that's a bit of a tall story!; il dit des bêtises grosses comme lui he says ridiculous foolish things.
    ( féminin grosse) [gro, gros] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [groz]) adjectif
    1. [grand] large, big
    [épais, solide] big, thick
    le paquet est/n'est pas (très) gros the parcel is/isn't (very) big
    un gros pull a thick ou heavy jumper
    2. [corpulent] big, fat
    de grosses jambes fat ou stout legs
    3. [en intensif]
    un gros appétit/mangeur a big ou hearty appetite/eater
    un gros bruit a loud ou big noise
    un gros soupir a big ou heavy sigh
    4. [abondant] heavy
    5. [important] big
    le gros avantage des supermarchés the big ou major advantage of supermarkets
    de gros dégâts extensive ou widespread damage
    avoir de gros moyens to have a large income ou considerable resources
    de gros profits big ou fat profits
    un gros rhume a bad ou heavy cold
    de gros ennuis serious trouble, lots of trouble
    gros œuvre structural work, carcass (terme spécialisé)
    6. [prospère] big
    7. [rude]
    une grosse voix a rough ou gruff voice
    l'astuce/la supercherie était un peu grosse the trick/the hoax was a bit obvious
    [exagéré]
    tout de suite, les grosses menaces! (familier) so it's threats already, is it?
    par gros temps/grosse mer in heavy weather/seas
    9. (soutenu) [rempli]
    ————————
    , grosse [gro, gros] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [groz]) nom masculin, nom féminin
    ça va, mon gros? (familier) all right, son ou old boy?
    gros nom masculin
    1. [majorité]
    gros adverbe
    coûter/gagner gros to cost/to win a lot (of money)
    jouer ou miser ou risquer gros (figuré) to take ou to run a big risk, to stick one's neck out
    ————————
    de gros locution adjectivale
    [commerce, prix] wholesale
    ————————
    en gros locution adjectivale
    ————————
    en gros locution adverbiale
    1. [approximativement] roughly
    2. [en lettres capitales]
    ————————
    gros bonnet nom masculin
    ————————
    grosse légume nom féminin
    (familier) [personne influente] bigwig , big shot
    [officier] brass (hat)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > gros

  • 47 verhaal

    1 [mondeling verslag; schriftelijke vastlegging] story
    2 [schadeloosstelling] redress ⇒ recoupment
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   de kern van het verhaal • the point of the story
         om een lang verhaal kort te maken • to cut a long story short
         〈 ironisch〉 een mooi verhaal! • a likely story
         sterke verhalen • tall stories
         zijn verhaal doen • tell/relate one's story
         het verhaal gaat dat … • the story goes …
         een raar verhaal ophangen • spin a yarn; 〈 opscheppen〉 shoot a line
         verhaaltjes vertellen • tell tales
         kom op met je verhaal! • out with it
         〈 figuurlijk〉 daar is het verhaal nog niet mee uit • that's not the end of the story
    2   verhaal halen (op) • recover/recoup losses (from)
    ¶   het is weer het bekende verhaal • the same old story
         een lang verhaal houden • give a long-winded account (of something)
         iemand op verhaal laten komen • let someone get one's breath back

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > verhaal

  • 48 bringe

    3
    приноси́ть, привози́ть, приводи́ть, доставля́ть

    brínge med sig — приноси́ть с собо́й

    brínge én fra nóget — отговори́ть кого́-л. От чего́-л.

    brínge ud — развози́ть на дом (товары и т. П.)

    * * *
    bring, get, hold, put, send, take
    * * *
    I. (en -r) chest.
    II. vb (bragte, bragt) take ( fx take the letters to the post office; take it away), carry ( fx a taxi carried him to his office),
    F convey;
    bring me that book; he told me to bring it to him; they brought him back to the camp),
    ( hente også) fetch ( fx fetch me that book);
    ( udbringe) deliver ( fx goods);
    ( bevirke) bring about ( fx a change), cause ( fx sorrow), give ( fx
    pleasure), bring ( fx it brought him losses);
    ( om avis: offentliggøre) print, publish; carry ( fx all the newspapers carried articles about it);
    ( i radio, TV) broadcast;
    [ få varerne bragt] have the goods sent (el. delivered) to one;
    [ bringe ham fra det] dissuade him from it;
    [ bringe i], se erfaring, I. fare, miskredit, orden, sikkerhed, I. stand;
    [ bringe udgifterne ned] cut down (el. reduce) expenses;
    [ han kan ikke bringe det over sit hjerte] he has not the heart to do it;
    [ bringe på], se II. bane, fod, II. ren, I. tale, I. tanke;
    [ bringe det dertil at] bring matters to such a pass that;
    [ bringe en til sig selv] bring somebody round;
    (varer etc) deliver;
    [ bringe det vidt] be successful, go far ( fx he will go far!);

    Danish-English dictionary > bringe

  • 49 total

    adj.
    1 total (completo) (cifra, coste).
    adv.
    basically, in a word.
    total que me marché so anyway, I left
    total, ¿qué más da? what difference does it make anyway?
    intj.
    in short.
    Total,nadie acudió a su trabajo! In short, nobody came to work!
    m.
    1 total (suma).
    2 whole (totalidad, conjunto).
    el total del grupo the whole group
    nos costó 200 dólares en total it cost us 200 dollars in total o all
    en total fuimos más de treinta personas in total there were more than thirty of us
    * * *
    1 total, complete, overall
    1 (totalidad) whole
    2 (suma) total, sum
    1 (en conclusión) in short, so
    ■ total, fue un fracaso in short, it was a failure
    ■ total, que se fueron porque quisieron they left because they wanted to
    2 (al fin y al cabo) after all
    ■ total, para lo que me sirve... after all, for all the good it is to me...
    \
    en total in all
    * * *
    noun m. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=absoluto) [éxito, fracaso] total
    2) (=global) [importe, suma] total
    3) * (=excelente) smashing, brilliant
    2. ADV
    1) (=resumiendo) in short, all in all; (=así que) so

    total que — to cut a long story short, the upshot of it all was that...

    total, que no fuimos — so we didn't go after all

    total, que vas a hacer lo que quieras — basically then you're going to do as you please

    2) (=al fin y al cabo) at the end of the day

    total, ¿qué más te da? — at the end of the day, what do you care?

    total, usted manda — well, you're the boss after all

    3.
    SM (=suma total) total; (=totalidad) whole
    * * *
    I
    a) ( absoluto) <desastre/destrucción> total; < éxito> resounding, total
    b) ( global) <costo/importe> total
    II
    masculino total

    ¿cuánto es el total? — how much is it altogether?

    III
    adverbio (indep) (fam)
    a) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end

    total, que me di por vencida — so in the end I gave up

    b) (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia)

    total, a mí qué — (fam) what do I care anyway

    total, mañana no tienes que trabajar — after all, you don't have to go to work tomorrow

    * * *
    I
    a) ( absoluto) <desastre/destrucción> total; < éxito> resounding, total
    b) ( global) <costo/importe> total
    II
    masculino total

    ¿cuánto es el total? — how much is it altogether?

    III
    adverbio (indep) (fam)
    a) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end

    total, que me di por vencida — so in the end I gave up

    b) (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia)

    total, a mí qué — (fam) what do I care anyway

    total, mañana no tienes que trabajar — after all, you don't have to go to work tomorrow

    * * *
    total1
    1 = tally [tallies, pl.], total, count, grand total.

    Ex: As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.

    Ex: Someone must read a total on the card, so that the machine can add its computed item to it.
    Ex: Not much data beyond loan counts was available and re-keying and remanipulations were frequently needed to make the information useful.
    Ex: The grand total of 4,300 exhibitors was 4 per cent up on 1996.
    * de un total de + Cantidad = out of a total of + Cantidad.
    * el total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * total comprometida = encumbrance.
    * total comprometido = accrual.
    * total de calorías = calorie count.
    * total de préstamos = circulation figures.
    * total devengado = encumbrance, accrual.
    * un total de = a universe of, a total of.

    total2
    2 = complete, full [fuller -comp., fullest -sup.], thorough, total, end to end, supine, unrelieved, utter, gavel to gavel, systemic, overarching, ultimate, avowed, out-and-out, certified, unmitigaged, fully blown, unreserved.

    Ex: The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.

    Ex: Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.
    Ex: Timely and thorough planning is essential.
    Ex: This situation requires a very skilled information worker if total disaster is to be avoided.
    Ex: Next morning the heap, now damp right through, was set up on one end of the horse (later called the bank), a bench long enough to take two piles of paper end to end, and about as high as the coffin of the press.
    Ex: 'I was saying that we shouldn't have a supine acceptance for temporary limitations'.
    Ex: Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.
    Ex: There is little to be said for this grudging acceptance or utter rejection of pseudonyms.
    Ex: A survey of state legislators finds that lawmakers support expanding television coverage of legislative proceedings to include gavel to gavel programming.
    Ex: There is a need for an examination of the whole process of information dissemination from a 'systemic' framework.
    Ex: There appears to be an unhealthy tendency among information technology professionals to elevate any single, highly successful practical experience instantly into an overarching paradigm for managerial success.
    Ex: The whole project is undeniably full of sentimental, cinephiliac rapture, but it provided the ultimate opportunity for filmmakers to talk feverishly about the basic nature of their medium.
    Ex: Anne Bogart's novel combines avowed misogyny with postfeminist frolic.
    Ex: Such an appraoch is unlikely to improve the social sciences unless valid informaton can first be distinguished from out-and-out incorrect information.
    Ex: She is a certified TV-addict -- you simply cannot talk to her when she's glued to the box.
    Ex: Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex: This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    Ex: It is also important that we all give them our unreserved support.
    * de movimiento total = full-motion.
    * en total = all told, altogether, in all, overall, in total, in toto.
    * fracaso total = complete failure.
    * integración total = seamlessness.
    * la suma total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * limpieza total = clean sweep.
    * Número + en total = Número + in number.
    * oscuridad total = pitch blackness, pitch darkness.
    * rechazo total = bold statement against.
    * síndrome de alergia total = total allergy syndrome.
    * siniestro total = write-off [writeoff].
    * suma total = sum total, count.
    * total atención = undivided attention.

    * * *
    1 (absoluto) ‹desastre/destrucción› total; ‹éxito› resounding ( before n), total
    la película fue un fracaso total the film was a total o an utter failure
    un cambio total a complete change
    2 (global) ‹coste/importe› total
    total
    ¿cuánto es el total? what's the total?, what does it all come to?, how much is it altogether?
    el total de las pérdidas/ganancias the total losses/profits
    el total asciende a $40.000 the total amounts to o comes to o is $40,000
    afecta a un total de 600 personas it affects a total of 600 people
    en total altogether
    son 5 euros en total that's 5 euros altogether
    ( indep) ( fam)
    total, que me di por vencida so in the end I gave up
    2
    (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia): ¿por qué no te quedas? total, mañana no tienes que trabajar why not stay? I mean o after all, you don't have to go to work tomorrow
    * * *

     

    total adjetivo
    a) ( absoluto) ‹desastre/destrucción› total;

    ‹ éxito› resounding ( before n), total;
    ‹ cambio› complete
    b) ( global) ‹costo/importe› total

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    total;

    ■ adverbio ( indep) (fam) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end;
    total, que me di por vencida so in the end I gave up
    total
    I adjetivo total
    un desastre total, a complete o total disaster
    eclipse total, total eclipse
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 total
    el total de la población, the whole population
    el total de los trabajadores, all the workers
    en total costó unas dos mil pesetas, altogether it cost over two thousand pesetas
    2 Mat total
    III adv (en resumen) so: total, que al final María vino con nosotros, so, in the end Maria came with us
    fam (con indiferencia) anyway: total, a mí no me gustaba, I didn't like it anyway

    ' total' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - aforo
    - completa
    - completo
    - desconocimiento
    - esclarecimiento
    - importe
    - montante
    - monto
    - parque
    - radical
    - suma
    - sumar
    - toda
    - todo
    - totalizar
    - global
    - integral
    - liquidación
    - miramiento
    - monta
    - perdido
    - pleno
    - ser
    - silencio
    English:
    absolute
    - all
    - altogether
    - bedlam
    - capacity
    - come to
    - complete
    - dead
    - dedication
    - dismal
    - disregard
    - full
    - grand total
    - ignorance
    - in
    - overall
    - perfect
    - rank
    - raving
    - reversal
    - sell-out
    - serve out
    - sheer
    - subtotal
    - sum
    - tell
    - total
    - unqualified
    - utter
    - write off
    - write-off
    - account
    - add
    - come
    - count
    - disarray
    - downright
    - flat
    - grand
    - grid
    - gross
    - implicit
    - matter
    - number
    - out
    - recall
    - run
    - swell
    - virtual
    - write
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [cifra, coste, gasto] total;
    el importe total de las inversiones the total amount of the investments
    2. [confianza, rechazo, ruptura] total, complete;
    actúa con total libertad she acts completely freely, she has complete freedom of action;
    su influencia en ellos es total he has overwhelming influence over them
    3. Fam [fantástico] fab, Br brill
    ♦ nm
    1. [suma] total;
    el total de visitantes del museo alcanzó los tres millones the total number of visitors to the museum reached three million;
    me da un total de 580 I make it 580
    Cont total actualizado running total;
    total de ventas total sales
    2. [totalidad, conjunto] whole;
    el total del grupo the whole group;
    en total in total, in all;
    nos costó 200 dólares en total it cost us 200 dollars in total o all;
    en total fuimos más de treinta personas in total there were more than thirty of us
    ♦ adv
    1. [en resumen] basically, in a word;
    total, que me marché so anyway, I left;
    total, que te has quedado sin trabajo, ¿no? basically, you're out of a job, then?
    2. [en realidad] anyway;
    total, ¿qué más da? what difference does it make anyway?;
    llévatelo, total ¿para qué lo quiero yo? take it, what good is it to me, after all?
    * * *
    I adj total, complete;
    en total altogether, in total
    II m total;
    un total de 50 personas a total of 50 people
    III adv
    :
    total, que no conseguí estudiar the upshot was that I didn’t manage to get any studying done
    * * *
    total adv
    : in the end, so
    total, que no fui: in short, I didn't go
    total adj & nm
    : total
    ♦ totalmente adv
    * * *
    total1 adj total / complete
    total2 adv so
    total, que no piensas venir so, you're not coming then
    total3 n total
    eso hace un total de 2.000 pesetas that makes a total of 2,000 pesetas

    Spanish-English dictionary > total

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • cut one's losses — {v. phr.} To stop spending time, money, or energy on unprofitable projects and concentrate on what goes well. * / Just cut your losses, Jim, his father suggested, and get on with the rest of your life. / …   Dictionary of American idioms

  • cut one's losses — {v. phr.} To stop spending time, money, or energy on unprofitable projects and concentrate on what goes well. * / Just cut your losses, Jim, his father suggested, and get on with the rest of your life. / …   Dictionary of American idioms

  • cut one's losses — phrasal : to withdraw (as from an enterprise) and accept current losses in order to prevent further loss * * * cut one s losses To have done with an unprofitable venture • • • Main Entry: ↑cut * * * abandon an enterprise or course of action that… …   Useful english dictionary

  • cut one’s losses — tv. to do something to stop a loss of something. □ I knew I had to do something to cut my losses, but it was almost too late. □ Sell some of the high priced stuff to cut your losses …   Dictionary of American slang and colloquial expressions

  • Cut one's losses — abandon a project in which one has already invested some part of one s capital, either material or emotional, for no return, so as not to incur more losses …   Dictionary of Australian slang

  • cut one's losses — Australian Slang abandon a project in which one has already invested some part of one s capital, either material or emotional, for no return, so as not to incur more losses …   English dialects glossary

  • cut\ one's\ losses — v. phr. To stop spending time, money, or energy on unprofitable projects and concentrate on what goes well. Just cut your losses, Jim, his father suggested, and get on with the rest of your life …   Словарь американских идиом

  • cut one's losses — verb To discontinue an effort that seems unlikely ever to bear fruit …   Wiktionary

  • cut one's losses —    If you end or withdraw from something that is already failing, in order to reduce the loss of money, time or effort invested in it …   English Idioms & idiomatic expressions

  • cut one's losses — to end or withdraw from a bad situation which can only get worse (loss cutting) …   Idioms and examples

  • cut one’s losses (to) —  Concede defeat.  See also bailout …   American business jargon

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»