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61 теория
theory, hypothesis• Адекватные экспериментальные подтверждения данной теории отсутствуют. - Adequate empirical support for the theory is lacking.• Большая часть данной теории может быть развита в терминах... - A large part of the theory can be developed in terms of...• Было выдвинуто много теорий, чтобы объяснить... - Many theories have been advanced to explain...• В данной главе мы разовьем теорию... - In this chapter we shall develop the theory of...• В данной книге описывается современная теория... - This book describes the modern theory of...• В данной приближенной теории предполагается, что... - In the approximate theory it is assumed that...• В настоящий момент не существует полностью удовлетворительной теории... - Currently there is no completely satisfactory theory of...• Все эти теории имеют общей идею, что... - These theories have in common the idea that...• Д-р Смит был основным разработчиком теории... - Dr. Smith has been a key contributor to the theory of...• Данная теория могла бы соответственно основываться на... - The theory could accordingly be based on...• Данная теория недостаточно разработана, чтобы разрешить... - This theory is not sufficiently advanced to permit...• Данная теория также объясняет тот факт, что... - This theory also explains the fact that...• (Действительно) последовательная теория должна учитывать (эффект и т. п.). - A comprehensive theory must account for...• Детальная теория показывает, что... - Detailed theory shows that...• Другим недостатком данной теории является то, что... - The other disadvantage of the theory is that...• Если эта теория верна, то... - If this theory is correct, then...• К сожалению, как мы увидим, данная теория не предсказывает... - Unfortunately, as we shall see, the theory does not predict...• Каждая из этих теорий включает в себя предположения относительно... - Each of these theories involves assumptions about...• Мы могли бы продолжить развитие теории... - We could go on to develop a theory of...• Наиболее широко принятые современные теории утверждают, что... - The most widely accepted modern theories suggest that...• Наилучшим образом проблема исследуется с использованием теории... - The problem is best approached through the theory of...• Не было разработано никакой теории, чтобы анализировать... - No theory has been developed to analyze...• Обширная часть теории была разработана для... - A vast amount of theory has been developed for...• Одна простая теория может использоваться для... - A simple theory can be used to...• Одна теория предлагает... - One theory suggests that...• Однако данная теория по-прежнему имеет два дефекта. - The theory still suffered from two defects, however.• Однако окончательные результаты теории не могут зависеть от... - But the final results of the theory must not depend on...• Однако, во-первых, нам необходимо изучить общую теорию... - First, however, we need to study the general theory of...• Одним из таких орудий является классическая теория (чего-л). - One such tool is the classical theory of...• Перед тем, как оставить общую теорию, было бы желательно... - Before leaving the general theory it may be desirable to...• Предыдущая теория легко иллюстрируется (посредством)... - The above theory is easily illustrated by means of...• Приведенная выше теория не предсказывает хорошо известный результат, что... - The theory given above does not predict the well-known result that...• Приложения данной теории играют жизненно важную роль в... - The applications of this theory play a vital role in...• Применение данной теории к частным случаям требует... - The application of the theory to particular cases requires...• Работая независимо, Смит [1] развил теорию... - Smith [1], working independently, developed the theory of...• Развивая данную теорию, мы будем существенно использовать... - In developing the theory we shall make considerable use of...• Развитие подобной теории началось в ранних 1980-х годах работой Смита[1]. - The development of such a theory began in the early 1980s with the work of Smith [1].• Развитие этой теории в огромной степени облегчается... - The development of this theory is greatly facilitated by...• Следовательно, мы обязаны попытаться развить теорию, которая приводит к... - Hence, we must try to develop a theory that leads to...• Согласно теории электромагнетизма... - According to electromagnetic theory,...• Существуют несколько способов дать введение в теорию... - There are several ways of introducing the theory of...• Такое согласие между теорией и экспериментом вполне удовлетворительно в свете... - The agreement between theory and experiment is quite good in view of..'.• Теперь мы приходим к теории... - We now come to the theory of...• Подходящая теория может быть развита при использовании... - A satisfactory theory can be developed using...• Чтобы получить удовлетворительную теорию, мы обязаны... - То obtain a satisfactory theory it is necessary to...• Чтобы отдать предпочтение одной из двух теорий,... - То decide between the two theories...• Эта теория может также объяснить... - This theory may also account for...• Эти трудности мотивировали формулировку приближенных теорий для описания... - These complications have motivated the formulation of approximate theories to describe...• Эти уравнения положены в основу теории... - These equations form the basis of the theory of...• Это находится в соответствии с теорией... - This is in accordance with the theory of...• Эту сложную теорию трудна объяснить в простых терминах. - This theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.• Эту теорию можно использовать только когда... - This theory is applicable only when...• Явное расхождение между теорией и практикой может быть устранено, если... - The apparent discrepancy between theory and practice can be resolved if...• Яркой чертой данной теории является то, что... - A salient feature of the theory is that... -
62 almindelig
1) о́бщий, всео́бщийalmíndelig válgret — всео́бщее избира́тельное пра́во
2) обыкнове́нный* * *common, commonplace, customary, general, plain, prevailing, prevalent, regular, straight* * *adj( uden særlige ejendommeligheder) ordinary ( fx an ordinary girl in ordinary dress; ordinary people, quality); normal ( fx day, people);( sædvanlig) usual ( fx size);( gennemsnits) average;( jævn, dagligdags) plain ( fx food);( hyppigt forekommende) common ( fx experience, fault; the common opinion);(omfattende flertallet el. alle) general ( fx of general interest; a general rule; the general opinion);( omfattende alle uden undtagelse) universal ( fx meet with universal acceptance); all-round ( fx improvement);( fremherskende, F) prevalent; prevailing ( fx the prevailing opinion);adv commonly; generally, currently; universally; ordinarily;[ almindelig anvendt] in general use;[ han fremsatte nogle almindelige bemærkninger] he made some general remarks;[ almindelig brøk] vulgar fraction;[ langt ud over det almindelige] quite out of the ordinary; quite exceptional;[ almindelige dødelige] ordinary mortals;[ til almindelig forbavselse for] to the general surprise of;[ den almindelige mand] the man in the street;[ almindelig menneskeforstand] ordinary common sense;[ almindelig praksis] common practice;[ et almindeligt rygte] a common (el. current) rumour;[ almindelig udbredt] widespread; -
63 correntemente
correntemente avv.1 fluently: parla correntemente l'inglese, he speaks English fluently (o he speaks fluent English)2 ( comunemente) currently, usually: è un'espressione usata correntemente, it's an expression in current use.* * *[korrente'mente]1) (speditamente) fluently2) (comunemente) usually, commonly* * *correntemente/korrente'mente/1 (speditamente) fluently2 (comunemente) usually, commonly. -
64 иметься в продаже
•The book is in print (антон. out of print).
•The conveyor is now being marketed (or sold) with a 40 ft boom and 18 in. belt.
•These elements are offered in a range of sizes.
* * *Иметься в продаже-- Several special-purpose machines are currently on the market which combine previously separate manufacturing operations into one machine.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > иметься в продаже
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65 внедрять использование ... на отдельных
Внедрять использование... на отдельных-- These splines are currently in production and are being introduced for use on selected military and commercial aircraft.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > внедрять использование ... на отдельных
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66 технологичность
streamlined; the use of (currently) available technologies (techniques, processes)/ ease of processing/manufacturingТехнологичность — совокупность технических свойств объемно-конструктивных решений строительных объектов, характеризующих их соответствие требованиям технологии строительного производства и эксплуатации. К показателям, определяющим уровень Т., относятся: разнотипность, разновесность, масса, разрезка, конфигурация и др. Эти показатели могут быть выражены аналитически через стоимость, материалоемкость, трудоемкость, продолжительность возведения здания или сооружения и др. Количественные абсолютные и относительные характеристики. Качественные показатели Т. - лучше, хуже, удобнее и т.п. Определяют экспертными методами.
Технологичность продукции — приспособленность продукции к изготовлению применительно к освоенным технологическим процессам и оборудованию.
Технологичность сбора налогов — technical problems/aspects of tax collection
К примеру, это технологичность «Сони», которая позволяет компании постоянно модифицировать предлагаемые товары и тем самым расширять потенциальный рынок продаж. — … technological flexibility…
Основным преимуществом паркетной доски является технологичность ее укладки – высокая скорость укладки без применения специального инструмента, без излишнего шума и строительного мусора, также не обязательна высокая квалификация рабочих.
Зачастую при разработке и принятии налоговых законов или глав Налогового кодекса совершенно не принимается во внимание такое понятие, как технологичность сбора налогов и контроль за их поступлением.
Простота конструкции, высокая технологичность изделий, предлагаемых к внедрению, обеспечивают низкий уровень затрат при подготовке производства для их выпуска и не требуют специального технологического оборудования при их производстве.
2) использование при производстве тех или иных товаров передовых, высоких или просто необычных для данной сферы технологий.Спортсмены выбирают технологичность (о приобретении спортивной обуви.) — high-tech, technical innovations.
Белье XXI века: акцент на технологичность. Но не без изыска.
3) перен.Мы в этом вопросе все сделали очень грамотно, технологично. (Речь шла о хитром использовании правил процедуры) — What we did was smart and procedurally correct или We acted smartly from a procedural standpoint.
Жесткая технологичность театра «вербатим» оказалась единственно адекватным инструментом для отражения не менее жесткой технологичности телевидения – не в смысле беллетризованной публицистики или производственного натурализма (a la «Аэропорт» Хейли), а с точки зрения создания новой художественной реальности. ("Русский журнал") (жесткая технологичность здесь может переводится как technique/the process is all-important.)
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67 Bouilleur de cru
A dying breed, bouilleurs de cru are country-dwellers who still have the once-inherited right to produce about 20 litres of spirits per year, from fruit grown on their land, without paying excise duty. Transmission from father to son of the status of "bouilleur de cru" was stopped in 1959. However all other owners of land that is officially classified as an orchard or a vineyard have the right to produce, for their own use, about 20 litres of spirits, at a special discounted rate of excise duty, currently (2009) 7.5 € per litre of pure alcohol. In both cases, the specific allowance is 10 litres of pure alcohol; the actual volume of the liquors produced, typically in the form of Kirsch, Calvados, Mirabelle, or Marc, will depend on the alcohol content.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Bouilleur de cru
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68 Carte Orange
a card entitling residents in the greater Paris area to buy an unlimited travel pass for use on the region's public transport network. For this and other purposes, the greater Paris area is divided into six concentric zones, and cards cover one or more zones, working out from the centre to the outer zone. The system is currently being phased out, since different Paris travel concessions are being centralised within a new smart card system known as Navigo.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Carte Orange
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69 Foreign policy
The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007. -
70 earnings per share
Fina financial ratio that measures the portion of a company’s profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. It is the most basic measure of the value of a share, and also is the basis for calculating several other important investment ratios.EXAMPLEEPS is calculated by subtracting the total value of any preferred stock from net income (earnings) for the period in question, then dividing the resulting figure by the number of shares outstanding during that period.Net income – Dividends on any preferred stock/Average number of shares outstandingCompanies usually use a weighted average number of shares outstanding over the reporting period, but shares outstanding can either be “primary” or “fully diluted.” Primary EPS is calculated using the number of shares that are currently held by investors in the market and able to be traded. Diluted EPS is the result of a complex calculation that determines how many shares would be outstanding if all exercisable warrants and options were converted into shares at the end of a quarter.Suppose, for example, that a company has granted a large number of share options to employees. If these options are capable of being exercised in the near future, that could significantly alter the number of shares in issue and thus the EPS–even though the net income is the same. Often in such cases, the company might quote the EPS on the existing shares and the fully diluted version.Abbr. EPS -
71 Internet payment system
E-comany mechanism for fund transfer from customer to merchant or business to business via the Internet. There are many payment options available, including credit card payment, credit transfer, electronic checks, direct debit, smart cards, prepaid schemes, loyalty scheme points-based approaches, person-to-person payments, and mobile phone schemes.Getting the online payment system right is critical to the success of e-commerce. Currently, the most common form of online consumer payment is by credit card (90% in the United States; 70% in Europe). The most commonbusiness-to-businesspayments,however, are still offline—probably because such transactions often involve large sums of money.Good online payment systems share key characteristics: ease of use; robustness and reliability; proper authentication (to combat fraud); efficient integration with the vendor’s own internal systems; security and assurance procedures which check that the seller gets the money and the buyer gets the goods. -
72 outside director
Gen Mgta member of a company’s board of directors neither currently, or formerly, in the company’s employment. An outside director is sometimes described as being synonymous with a nonexecutive director, and as usually being employed by a holding or associated company. In the United States, an outside director is somebody who has no relationships at all to a company. In U.S. public companies, compensation and audit committees are generally made up of outside directors, and use of outside directors to select board directors is becoming more common. -
73 инновация
инновация
1. Вложение средств в экономику, обеспечивающее смену поколений техники и технологии.
2. Новая техника, технология, являющиеся результатом достижений научно-технического прогресса. Развитие изобретательства, появление пионерских и крупных изобретений является существенным фактором инновации.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/buh/index.html]
инновация
1.- См статью Иннновации, 2. — результат вложения средств (инвестиций) в разработку новой техники и технологии, во внедрение новых форм бизнеса, современных методов работы на рынке, новых товаров и услуг, финансовых инструментов.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент
Partners in technologyNew challenges to a history of cooperation with customersПартнеры по технологииНовые уроки сотрудничества с заказчикамиABB’s predecessor companies, ASEA and BBC, were founded almost 120 years ago in a time when electromagnetism and Maxwell’s equations were considered “rocket science.” Since then several technological transitions have occurred and ABB has successfully outlived them all while many other companies vanished at some point along the way. This has been possible because of innovation and a willingness to learn from history. Understanding historical connections between products, technology and industrial economics is extremely Partners in technology New challenges to a history of cooperation with customers George A. Fodor, Sten Linder, Jan-Erik Ibstedt, Lennart Thegel, Fredrik Norlund, Håkan Wintzell, Jarl Sobel important when planning future technologies and innovations.Предшественницы АББ, компании ASEA и BBC, были основаны почти 120 лет назад, в то время, когда электромагнетизм и уравнения Максвелла считались «космическими технологиями». С тех пор прошло несколько технических революций и АББ успешно пережила их все, в то время как многие другие компании затерялись по дороге. Это стало возможным, благодаря постоянным инновациям и стремлению учиться на уроках истории. Для планирования будущих технологий и инноваций огромную роль играет понимание исторических взаимосвязей между продуктами, технологиями и экономикойThese connections rely on information channels in companies and their existence cannot be underestimated if a company is to survive. An organization can acquire more information than any one individual, and the optimal use of this information depends on the existence and types of communication channels between those working in a company and the relevant people outside it.Эти взаимосвязи опираются на существующие в компании информационные каналы и, если компания намерена выжить, их значение нельзя недооценивать. Организация может накопить значительно больше информации, чем любой отдельный человек, и оптимальное использование этой информации зависит от наличия и типов коммуникационных каналов между работниками компании и причастными людьми за ее пределами.Force Measurement, a division of ABB AB, has a long tradition of innovation. Thanks to strong ties with its customers, suppliers, research institutes and universities, Force Measurement provides state-of-the-art equipment for accurate and reliable measurement and control in a broad range of applications. At the same time, established principles such as Maxwell’s equations continue to be applied in new and surprisingly innovative ways to produce products that promote long-term growth and increased competitiveness.Группа измерения компании АББ имеет давние традиции использования инноваций. Благодаря прочным связям с заказчиками, поставщиками, исследовательскими институтами и университетами, она создает уникальное оборудование для точных и надежных измерений в самых разных областях. В то же время незыблемые принципы, подобные уравнениям Максвелла, продолжают применяться новыми и удивительно инновационными способами, позволяя создавать продукты, обеспечивающие устойчивый рост и высокую конкурентоспособность.Innovation is a key factor if companies and their customers are to survive what can only be called truly testing times. The target of innovation is to find and implement ideas that reshape industries, reinvent markets and redesign value chains, and many of these ideas come from innovative customers.Если компания и ее заказчики намерены пережить тяжелые времена, то основное внимание следует обратить на инновации. Целью инноваций является поиск и воплощение идей, позволяющих перевернуть промышленность, заново открыть рынки и перестроить стоимостные цепочки, причем многие из этих идей поступают от заказчиков.Key to successful innovation is communication or the types of information channels employed by firms [1, 2]. A global company like ABB, with offices and factories spanning 90 countries, faces many challenges in maintaining information channels. First of all, there are the internal challenges. Ideas need to be evaluated from many different perspectives to determine their overall impact on the market. Selecting the most effective ones requires expertise and teamwork from the various business, marketing and technology competence groups. Just as important are the channels of communication that exist between ABB, and its customers and suppliers.Секрет успешных инноваций кроется в типах используемых фирмой информационных каналов [1, 2]. Глобальные компании, подобные АББ, с офисами и заводами более чем в 90 странах, сталкиваются с серьезными проблемами управления информационными каналами. Во-первых, существуют внутренние проблемы. Чтобы определить ценность идеи и ее общее влияние на рынок, ее нужно подвергнуть всесторонней оценке. Выбор наиболее эффективных идей требует коллективной работы различных экономических, маркетинговых и технологических групп. Не менее важны и коммуникационные каналы между компанией АББ и ее заказчиками и поставщиками.Many of ABB’s customers come from countries that are gradually developing strong technology and scientific cultures thanks to major investments in very ambitious research programs. China and India, for example, are two such countries. In fact, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is currently conducting research projects in all state of-the-art technologies. Countries in Africa and Eastern Europe are capitalizing on their pool of young talent to create a culture of technology development. Emerging markets, while welcome, mean stiffer competition, and competition to companies like ABB encourages even greater levels of innovationМногие заказчики АББ пришли из стран, постоянно развивающих сильную технологию и научную культуру путем крупных инвестиций в грандиозные исследовательские программы. К таким странам относятся, например, Индия и Китай. На самом деле, Китайская академия наук ведет исследования по всем перспективным направлениям. Страны Африки и Восточной Европы делают ставку на молодые таланты, которым предстоит создавать культуру технологического развития. Новые рынки, хоть и привлекательны, ужесточают конкуренцию, а конкуренция с такими компаниями, как АББ способствует повышению уровня инноваций.Many customers, similar stories Backed by 120 years of technological development and experience, ABB continues to produce products and services in many automation, power generation and robotics fields, and the examples described in the following section illustrate this broad customer range.Заказчиков много, история однаОпираясь более чем на 120-летний опыт технологического развития, АББ продолжает выпускать продукты и оказывать услуги во многих отраслях, связанных с автоматизацией, генерацией энергии и робототехникой. Приведенные далее при меры иллюстрируют широкий диапазон таких заказчиков.Тематики
EN
3.1.29 инновация (innovation): Конечный результат инновационной деятельности, получивший реализацию в виде нового или усовершенствованного продукта, реализуемого на рынке, нового или усовершенствованного технологического процесса, используемого в практической деятельности.
Источник: ГОСТ Р 54147-2010: Стратегический и инновационный менеджмент. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > инновация
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