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41 Froude, William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1810 Dartington, Devon, Englandd. 4 May 1879 Simonstown, South Africa[br]English naval architect; pioneer of experimental ship-model research.[br]Froude was educated at a preparatory school at Buckfastleigh, and then at Westminster School, London, before entering Oriel College, Oxford, to read mathematics and classics. Between 1836 and 1838 he served as a pupil civil engineer, and then he joined the staff of Isambard Kingdom Brunel on various railway engineering projects in southern England, including the South Devon Atmospheric Railway. He retired from professional work in 1846 and lived with his invalid father at Dartington Parsonage. The next twenty years, while apparently unproductive, were important to Froude as he concentrated his mind on difficult mathematical and scientific problems. Froude married in 1839 and had five children, one of whom, Robert Edmund Froude (1846–1924), was to succeed him in later years in his research work for the Admiralty. Following the death of his father, Froude moved to Paignton, and there commenced his studies on the resistance of solid bodies moving through fluids. Initially these were with hulls towed through a house roof storage tank by wires taken over a pulley and attached to falling weights, but the work became more sophisticated and was conducted on ponds and the open water of a creek near Dartmouth. Froude published work on the rolling of ships in the second volume of the Transactions of the then new Institution of Naval Architects and through this became acquainted with Sir Edward Reed. This led in 1870 to the Admiralty's offer of £2,000 towards the cost of an experimental tank for ship models at Torquay. The tank was completed in 1872 and tests were carried out on the model of HMS Greyhound following full-scale towing trials which had commenced on the actual ship the previous year. From this Froude enunciated his Law of Comparisons, which defines the rules concerning the relationship of the power required to move geometrically similar floating bodies across fluids. It enabled naval architects to predict, from a study of a much less expensive and smaller model, the resistance to motion and the power required to move a full-size ship. The work in the tank led Froude to design a model-cutting machine, dynamometers and machinery for the accurate ruling of graph paper. Froude's work, and later that of his son, was prodigious and covered many fields of ship design, including powering, propulsion, rolling, steering and stability. In only six years he had stamped his academic authority on the new science of hydrodynamics, served on many national committees and corresponded with fellow researchers throughout the world. His health suffered and he sailed for South Africa to recuperate, but he contracted dysentery and died at Simonstown. He will be remembered for all time as one of the greatest "fathers" of naval architecture.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS. Honorary LLD Glasgow University.Bibliography1955, The Papers of William Froude, London: Institution of Naval Architects (the Institution also published a memoir by Sir Westcott Abell and an evaluation of his work by Dr R.W.L. Gawn of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors; this volume reprints all Froude's papers from the Institution of Naval Architects and other sources as diverse as the British Association, the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Institution of Civil Engineers.Further ReadingA.T.Crichton, 1990, "William and Robert Edmund Froude and the evolution of the ship model experimental tank", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 61:33–49.FMW -
42 קיטע
קִיטֵּעַ, קִטֵּ׳m. (קָטַע) broken, crippled, stumped, paralyzed. Taan.21a ק׳ בשתיוכ׳ Ms. M. (ed. משתי) crippled on both legs. Yeb.102b; Sabb.VI, 8, v. קַב 2. Y.Keth.VII, end, 31d ק׳ באחת מידיו mutilated on one hand; a. fr.Pl. קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, קִטְּ׳. Gen. R. s. 32 פרט למורטים ולק׳ excluding bald or mutilated birds. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c מצווין … עברים ק׳וכ׳ Israelites are more earnestly commanded to sustain (from the public charity fund) crippled slaves than sound (Jews); Y.Keth.V, 30a מצווין … ק׳אפי׳וכ׳ (not מצויין, not קוט׳) Israelites are bound to sustain cripples, even if they be slaves.Esp. (sub. שיבלים) קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, contracted קִיטִּין tiny ears which escape the threshing sledge. Maasr. I, 6 נוטל מן הק׳וכ׳ Ar. (ed. הקוּטָּעִים = המְקוּטָּ׳) he may take (without tithing) of the tiny ears and from the sides of the pile. Y.Ter.V, 51d התרום בלבו על הק׳וכ׳ he that gives Trumah, has in his mind also the unthreshed ears and those on the sides (as the quantity from which to separate the gift); Tosef. ib. III, 6 על מה שבקיטין ed. Zuck. (Var. שבקוטין) the grain in the unthreshed ears.Fem. קִיטַּעַת. B. Kam.78b; Tosef. ib. VII, 15 הגונב את הק׳וכ׳ if one steals a stump-legged animal or a lame -
43 קט׳
קִיטֵּעַ, קִטֵּ׳m. (קָטַע) broken, crippled, stumped, paralyzed. Taan.21a ק׳ בשתיוכ׳ Ms. M. (ed. משתי) crippled on both legs. Yeb.102b; Sabb.VI, 8, v. קַב 2. Y.Keth.VII, end, 31d ק׳ באחת מידיו mutilated on one hand; a. fr.Pl. קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, קִטְּ׳. Gen. R. s. 32 פרט למורטים ולק׳ excluding bald or mutilated birds. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c מצווין … עברים ק׳וכ׳ Israelites are more earnestly commanded to sustain (from the public charity fund) crippled slaves than sound (Jews); Y.Keth.V, 30a מצווין … ק׳אפי׳וכ׳ (not מצויין, not קוט׳) Israelites are bound to sustain cripples, even if they be slaves.Esp. (sub. שיבלים) קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, contracted קִיטִּין tiny ears which escape the threshing sledge. Maasr. I, 6 נוטל מן הק׳וכ׳ Ar. (ed. הקוּטָּעִים = המְקוּטָּ׳) he may take (without tithing) of the tiny ears and from the sides of the pile. Y.Ter.V, 51d התרום בלבו על הק׳וכ׳ he that gives Trumah, has in his mind also the unthreshed ears and those on the sides (as the quantity from which to separate the gift); Tosef. ib. III, 6 על מה שבקיטין ed. Zuck. (Var. שבקוטין) the grain in the unthreshed ears.Fem. קִיטַּעַת. B. Kam.78b; Tosef. ib. VII, 15 הגונב את הק׳וכ׳ if one steals a stump-legged animal or a lame -
44 קִיטֵּעַ
קִיטֵּעַ, קִטֵּ׳m. (קָטַע) broken, crippled, stumped, paralyzed. Taan.21a ק׳ בשתיוכ׳ Ms. M. (ed. משתי) crippled on both legs. Yeb.102b; Sabb.VI, 8, v. קַב 2. Y.Keth.VII, end, 31d ק׳ באחת מידיו mutilated on one hand; a. fr.Pl. קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, קִטְּ׳. Gen. R. s. 32 פרט למורטים ולק׳ excluding bald or mutilated birds. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c מצווין … עברים ק׳וכ׳ Israelites are more earnestly commanded to sustain (from the public charity fund) crippled slaves than sound (Jews); Y.Keth.V, 30a מצווין … ק׳אפי׳וכ׳ (not מצויין, not קוט׳) Israelites are bound to sustain cripples, even if they be slaves.Esp. (sub. שיבלים) קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, contracted קִיטִּין tiny ears which escape the threshing sledge. Maasr. I, 6 נוטל מן הק׳וכ׳ Ar. (ed. הקוּטָּעִים = המְקוּטָּ׳) he may take (without tithing) of the tiny ears and from the sides of the pile. Y.Ter.V, 51d התרום בלבו על הק׳וכ׳ he that gives Trumah, has in his mind also the unthreshed ears and those on the sides (as the quantity from which to separate the gift); Tosef. ib. III, 6 על מה שבקיטין ed. Zuck. (Var. שבקוטין) the grain in the unthreshed ears.Fem. קִיטַּעַת. B. Kam.78b; Tosef. ib. VII, 15 הגונב את הק׳וכ׳ if one steals a stump-legged animal or a lame -
45 קִטֵּ׳
קִיטֵּעַ, קִטֵּ׳m. (קָטַע) broken, crippled, stumped, paralyzed. Taan.21a ק׳ בשתיוכ׳ Ms. M. (ed. משתי) crippled on both legs. Yeb.102b; Sabb.VI, 8, v. קַב 2. Y.Keth.VII, end, 31d ק׳ באחת מידיו mutilated on one hand; a. fr.Pl. קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, קִטְּ׳. Gen. R. s. 32 פרט למורטים ולק׳ excluding bald or mutilated birds. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c מצווין … עברים ק׳וכ׳ Israelites are more earnestly commanded to sustain (from the public charity fund) crippled slaves than sound (Jews); Y.Keth.V, 30a מצווין … ק׳אפי׳וכ׳ (not מצויין, not קוט׳) Israelites are bound to sustain cripples, even if they be slaves.Esp. (sub. שיבלים) קִיטְּעִים, קִיטְּעִין, contracted קִיטִּין tiny ears which escape the threshing sledge. Maasr. I, 6 נוטל מן הק׳וכ׳ Ar. (ed. הקוּטָּעִים = המְקוּטָּ׳) he may take (without tithing) of the tiny ears and from the sides of the pile. Y.Ter.V, 51d התרום בלבו על הק׳וכ׳ he that gives Trumah, has in his mind also the unthreshed ears and those on the sides (as the quantity from which to separate the gift); Tosef. ib. III, 6 על מה שבקיטין ed. Zuck. (Var. שבקוטין) the grain in the unthreshed ears.Fem. קִיטַּעַת. B. Kam.78b; Tosef. ib. VII, 15 הגונב את הק׳וכ׳ if one steals a stump-legged animal or a lame -
46 קפד
קְפַדch. sam( Hif. הִקְפִּיד (cmp. קָצַף) to be angry, lose temper), to be angry, sensitive; to be particular, care for, mind. Snh.113b, v. קַפְדָּן. Ḥull.107a קַפְדִּיתוּ אמנא are you particular about the condition of the vessel (used for ablution)? Ib. אמנא ואחזותא קַפְדִּינָן we are particular about the vessel and about the color (of the water), אשיעורא לא קַפְדִּינָן we are not so about the quantity. Sabb.147a והוא דקָפֵיד עלייהו provided a person is particular about his garments being shaken before he puts them on; אנן לא קפדינן we do not care about it. Pes.110b כל דקפיד קָפְדֵּי בהדיהוכ׳ he that minds (such practices) is strictly dealt with (suffers for disregarding them); he that does not care Snh.67b דקפיד אמנא שד a magician that is particular about the vessel he uses is a conjurer of demons; a. fr. Pa. קַפֵּיד same. Y.Sabb.I, 4a top מְקַפְּדִין, v. קוּרְיָיאָה. Ithpe. אִתְקְפַד, אִיקְּפַד 1) to be contracted, shortened. Targ. Is. 38:12 (ed. Lag. איתקפלו). Ib. 50:2. Targ. Mic. 2:7. 2) to be angry, excited. Y.Ber.II, 5b top שמע … וא׳ עילוי Samuel heard of it and was angry with him. Kidd.33a; a. fr. Af. אַקְפַּד to provoke, insult. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c חד בר נש א׳ לר׳וכ׳ (not איק׳) a man insulted R. Ḥ. -
47 קְפַד
קְפַדch. sam( Hif. הִקְפִּיד (cmp. קָצַף) to be angry, lose temper), to be angry, sensitive; to be particular, care for, mind. Snh.113b, v. קַפְדָּן. Ḥull.107a קַפְדִּיתוּ אמנא are you particular about the condition of the vessel (used for ablution)? Ib. אמנא ואחזותא קַפְדִּינָן we are particular about the vessel and about the color (of the water), אשיעורא לא קַפְדִּינָן we are not so about the quantity. Sabb.147a והוא דקָפֵיד עלייהו provided a person is particular about his garments being shaken before he puts them on; אנן לא קפדינן we do not care about it. Pes.110b כל דקפיד קָפְדֵּי בהדיהוכ׳ he that minds (such practices) is strictly dealt with (suffers for disregarding them); he that does not care Snh.67b דקפיד אמנא שד a magician that is particular about the vessel he uses is a conjurer of demons; a. fr. Pa. קַפֵּיד same. Y.Sabb.I, 4a top מְקַפְּדִין, v. קוּרְיָיאָה. Ithpe. אִתְקְפַד, אִיקְּפַד 1) to be contracted, shortened. Targ. Is. 38:12 (ed. Lag. איתקפלו). Ib. 50:2. Targ. Mic. 2:7. 2) to be angry, excited. Y.Ber.II, 5b top שמע … וא׳ עילוי Samuel heard of it and was angry with him. Kidd.33a; a. fr. Af. אַקְפַּד to provoke, insult. Y.B. Kam.VIII, end, 6c חד בר נש א׳ לר׳וכ׳ (not איק׳) a man insulted R. Ḥ.
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