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81 Independent Church
Религия: (A collective name for the various churches of an English religious movement for congregational autonomy) Независимая английская церковь -
82 jameh mosque
Общая лексика: (congregational) соборная мечеть -
83 Abbott, Lyman
(1835-1922) Эбботт, ЛайменКонгрегационалистский священник [ Congregationalists, Congregationalism], редактор, представитель либеральной теологии. С 1876 вместе с Г. Бичером [ Beecher, Henry Ward] редактировал журнал "Крисчиан юнион" [Christian Union] (с 1893 "Крисчиан аутлук" [Christian Outlook]). В 1888, после кончины Бичера, стал пастором Плимутской конгрегационалистской церкви [Plymouth Congregational Church] в Бруклине [ Brooklyn]. Его философия отражена в таких трудах, как "Эволюция христианства" ["The Evolution of Christianity"] (1892) и "Христианство и социальные проблемы" ["Christianity and Social Problems"] (1896).English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Abbott, Lyman
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84 Beecher, Henry Ward
(1813-1887) Бичер, Генри УордПроповедник-конгрегационалист [ Congregationalists], влиятельный оратор. Получил образование в колледже Амхёрста [ Amherst College] и теологической семинарии Лейн [Lane Theological Seminary] в г. Цинциннати. С 1847 его трибуной стала Плимутская конгрегационалистская церковь [Plymouth Congregational Church] в Бруклине [ Brooklyn], где он выступал против распространения рабства [ slavery], за избирательное право для женщин и даже как сторонник теории эволюции. Редактировал журналы "Индепендент" [Independent] (с 1861) "Крисчиан юнион" [Christian Union] (с 1870). Среди его трудов - "Жизнь Иисуса, Христа" ["The Life of Jesus, the Christ"] (1871) и "Эволюция и религия" ["Evolution and Religion"] (1885). Брат Х. Бичер-Стоу [ Stowe, Harriet Beecher]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Beecher, Henry Ward
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85 Evangelical Union
[,iːvæn'dʒelɪkəl,juːnjən]ист.Евангели́ческий сою́з (основан в 1843; влился в конгрегационалистскую шотландскую церковь [Congregational Church of Scotland] в 1896; см. тж. Morisonians)English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Evangelical Union
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86 United Reformed Church
[juː,naɪtɪdrɪ'fɔːmd,tʃəːtʃ]объединённая реформи́рованная це́рковь (создана в 1972 путём слияния конгрегационалистской церкви в Англии и Уэльсе [ Congregational Church in England and Wales] с пресвитерианской церковью Англии [ Presbyterian Church of England])English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > United Reformed Church
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87 a fisher of men
ловец человеков; проповедник, миссионер [a fisher of men этим. библ. Matthew IV, 19]Among the motley throngs came also the fishers of men, the first vanguard of Congregational missionaries landing in 1820 to prepare the way for a conquering church militant. (Ch. Beard and M. Beard, ‘The Rise of American Civilization’, ch. XXIV) — Среди многочисленных и разношерстных толп, наводнивших страну, были и миссионеры - первые отряды конгрегационистской церкви, высадившиеся на побережье в 1820 году, чтобы проложить путь победоносному духовному воинству.
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88 Конгрегациональная форма церковного управления
♦ ( ENG congregational form of church government)форма церковного управления, при к-рой власть принадлежит местным конгрегациям, являющимся автономными и независимыми.Westminster dictionary of theological terms > Конгрегациональная форма церковного управления
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89 Конгрегациональное правило жизни
♦ ( ENG congregational rule of life)общинная жизнь христианской конгрегации изо дня в день, из недели в неделю, из месяца в месяц, из года в год согласно установленному порядку. Церковный год имеет определенную структуру и дополнительные аспекты христианского послушания, предписываемого членам конгрегации.Westminster dictionary of theological terms > Конгрегациональное правило жизни
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90 Конгрегациональные церкви
♦ ( ENG Congregational Churches)церкви, имеющие конгрега-ционалъную форму церковного управления, при к-рой власть находится в руках местных конгрегации.Westminster dictionary of theological terms > Конгрегациональные церкви
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91 Catholic Church
1. вселенская церковьcollegiate church — коллегиальная церковь, соборная церковь
Church of England, English Church — англиканская церковь
cathedral church — кафедральный собор; соборная церковь
2. римско-католическая церковь -
92 singing
1. n пение2. n звон; свист; верещание3. n радио вой, свист; зуммирование4. a поющийСинонимический ряд:1. song (noun) chant; chorus; dirge; hymn; incantation; mantra; religious song; sing-song; song2. carolling (verb) carolling; vocalising3. chanting (verb) chanting; tuning; vocalizing4. talking (verb) squeaking; squealing; talking -
93 Crossley, Sir Francis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 26 October 1817 Halifax, Englandd. 5 January 1872 Belle Vue, Halifax, England[br]English developer of a power loom for weaving carpets.[br]Francis Crossley was the youngest of three brothers employed in their father's carpet-weaving business in Halifax and who took over the running of the company on their father's death in 1837. Francis seems to have been the one with technical ability, for it was he who saw the possibilities of weaving by power. Growth of the company was rapid through his policy of acquiring patents and then improving them, and it was soon at the forefront of the carpet-manufacturing trade. He had taken out rights on the patents of John Hill of Manchester, but his experiments with Hill's looms for weaving carpets were not successful.In the spring of 1850 Francis asked a textile inventor, George Collier of Barnsley, to develop a power loom for carpet manufacture. Collier produced a model that was a distinct advance on earlier looms, and Francis engaged him to perfect a power loom for weaving tapestry and Brussels carpets. After a great deal of money had been expended, a patent was taken out in 1850 in the name of his brother, Joseph Crossley, for a loom that could weave velvet as well as carpets and included some of the ideas of the American E.B. Bigelow. This new loom proved to be a great advance on all the earlier ones, and thus brought the Crossleys a great fortune from both sales of patent rights and the production of carpets from their mills, which were soon enlarged.According to the Dictionary of National Biography, Francis Crossley was Mayor of Halifax in 1849 and 1850, but Hogg gives this position to his elder brother John. In 1852 Francis was returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Halifax, and in 1859 he became the member for the West Riding. Among his benefactions, in 1855 he gave to the town of Halifax a twelve-acre park that cost £41,300; a statue of him was erected there. In the same year he endowed twenty-one almshouses. In 1863 a baronetcy was conferred upon him in recognition of his commercial and public services, which he continued to perform until his death. In 1870 he gave the London Missionary Society £20,000, their largest single donation up to that time, and another £10,000 to the Congregational Pastor's Retiring Fund. He became ill when on a journey to the Holy Land in 1869, but although he made a partial recovery he grew worse again towards the end of 1871 and died early in the following year. He left £800,000 in his will.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1863.Further ReadingObituary, 1872, The Times 6 January.Dictionary of National Biography.J.Hogg (ed.), n.d., Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Crossley's career).RLH -
94 De Forest, Lee
SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USAd. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA[br]American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.[br]De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.Bibliography1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.Further ReadingG.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.KF / JW -
95 Doane, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 20 September 1821 Orleans, Massachusetts, USAd. 22 October 1897 West Townsend, Massachusetts, USA[br]American mechanical engineer.[br]The son of a lawyer, he entered an academy in Cape Cod and, at the age of 19, the English Academy at Andover, Massachusetts, for five terms. He was then in the employ of Samuel L. Fenton of Charlestown, Massachusetts. He served a three-year apprenticeship, then went to the Windsor White River Division of the Vermont Central Railroad. He was Resident Engineer of the Cheshire Railroad at Walpote, New Hampshire, from 1847 to 1849, and then worked in independent practice as a civil engineer and surveyor until his death. He was involved with nearly all the railroads running out of Boston, especially the Boston \& Maine. In April 1863 he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Hoosac Tunnel, which was already being built. He introduced new engineering methods, relocated the line of the tunnel and achieved great accuracy in the meeting of the borings. He was largely responsible for the development in the USA of the advanced system of tunnelling with machinery and explosives, and pioneered the use of compressed air in the USA. In 1869 he was Chief Engineer of the Burlington \& Missouri River Railroad in Nebraska, laying down some 240 miles (386 km) of track in four years. During this period he became interested in the building of a Congregational College at Crete, Nebraska, for which he gave the land and which was named after him. In 1873 he returned to Charlestown and was again appointed Chief Engineer of the Hoosac Tunnel. At the final opening of the tunnel on 9 February 1875 he drove the first engine through. He remained in charge of construction for a further two years.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, School of Civil Engineers.Further ReadingDuncan Malone (ed.), 1932–3, Dictionary of American Biography, New York: Charles Scribner.IMcN -
96 Gilbert, Joseph Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1 August 1817 Hull, Englandd. 23 December 1901 England[br]English chemist who co-established the reputation of Rothampsted Experimental Station as at the forefront of agricultural research.[br]Joseph Gilbert was the son of a congregational minister. His schooling was interrupted by the loss of an eye as the result of a shooting accident, but despite this setback he entered Glasgow University to study analytical chemistry, and then went to University College, London, where he was a fellow student of John Bennet Lawes. During his studies he visited Giessen, Germany, and worked in the laboratory of Justus von Liebig. In 1843, at the age of 26, he was hired as an assistant by Lawes, who was 29 at that time; an unbroken friendship and collaboration existed between the two until Lawes died in 1900. They began a series of experiments on grain production and grew plots under different applications of nitrogen, with control plots that received none at all. Much of the work at Rothampsted was on the nitrogen requirements of plants and how this element became available to them. The grain grown in these experiments was analyzed to determine whether nitrogen input affected grain quality. Gilbert was a methodical worker who by the time of his death had collected together some 50,000 carefully stored and recorded samples.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1893. FRS 1860. Fellow of the Chemistry Society 1841, President 1882–3. President, Chemical Section of the British Association 1880. Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford University, 1884. Honorary Professor of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Honorary member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 1883. Royal Society Royal Medal 1867 (jointly with Lawes). Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1894 (jointly with Lawes). Liebig Foundation of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science Silver Medal 1893 (jointly with Lawes).AP -
97 Kennedy, Sir Alexander Blackie William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 17 March 1847 Stepney, London, England d. 1928[br]English marine engineer and educator.[br]Sir Alexander Kennedy was trained as a marine engineer. The son of a Congregational minister, he was educated at the City of London School and the School of Mines, Jermyn Street. He was then apprenticed to J. \& W.Dudgeon of Millwall, marine engineers, and went on to become a draughtsman to Sir Charles Marsh Palmer of Jarrow (with whom he took part in the development of the compound steam-engine for marine use) and T.M.Tennant \& Co. of Leith. In 1874 he was appointed Professor of Engineering at University College, London. He built up an influential School of Engineering, being the first in England to integrate laboratory work as a regular feature of instruction. The engineering laboratory that he established in 1878 has been described as "the first of its kind in England" (Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers). He and his students conducted important experiments on the strength and elasticity of materials, boiler testing and related subjects. He followed the teaching of Franz Reuleaux, whose Kinematics of Machinery he translated from the German.While thus breaking new educational ground at University College, Kennedy concurrently established a very thriving private practice as a consulting engineer in partnership with Bernard Maxwell Jenkin (the son of Fleeming Jenkin), to pursue which he relinquished his academic posts in 1889. He planned and installed the whole electricity system for the Westminster Electric Supply Corporation, and other electricity companies. He was also heavily involved in the development of electrically powered transport systems. During the First World War he served on a panel of the Munitions Invention Department, and after the war he undertook to record photographically the scenes of desolation in his book From Ypres to Verdun (1921). Towards the end of his life, he pursued his interest in archaeology with the exploration of Petra, recorded in a monograph: Petra. Its History and Monuments (1925). He also joined the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1879, becoming the President of that body in 1894, and he joined the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1890. Kennedy was thus something of an engineering polymath, as well as being an outstanding engineering educationalist.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1887. Knighted 1905. Member, Institution of Civil Engineers 1879; President, 1906. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1894.Bibliography1921, From Ypresto Verdum.1925, Petra. Its History and Monuments.Further ReadingDNB supplement.1928–9, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 221:269–75.ABBiographical history of technology > Kennedy, Sir Alexander Blackie William
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98 Noyce, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 12 December 1927 Burlington, Iowa, USA[br]American engineer responsible for the development of integrated circuits and the microprocessor chip.[br]Noyce was the son of a Congregational minister whose family, after a number of moves, finally settled in Grinnell, some 50 miles (80 km) east of Des Moines, Iowa. Encouraged to follow his interest in science, in his teens he worked as a baby-sitter and mower of lawns to earn money for his hobby. One of his clients was Professor of Physics at Grinnell College, where Noyce enrolled to study mathematics and physics and eventually gained a top-grade BA. It was while there that he learned of the invention of the transistor by the team at Bell Laboratories, which included John Bardeen, a former fellow student of his professor. After taking a PhD in physical electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953, he joined the Philco Corporation in Philadelphia to work on the development of transistors. Then in January 1956 he accepted an invitation from William Shockley, another of the Bell transistor team, to join the newly formed Shockley Transistor Company, the first electronic firm to set up shop in Palo Alto, California, in what later became known as "Silicon Valley".From the start things at the company did not go well and eventually Noyce and Gordon Moore and six colleagues decided to offer themselves as a complete development team; with the aid of the Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company, the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation was born. It was there that in 1958, contemporaneously with Jack K. Wilby at Texas Instruments, Noyce had the idea for monolithic integration of transistor circuits. Eventually, after extended patent litigation involving study of laboratory notebooks and careful examination of the original claims, priority was assigned to Noyce. The invention was most timely. The Apollo Moon-landing programme announced by President Kennedy in May 1961 called for lightweight sophisticated navigation and control computer systems, which could only be met by the rapid development of the new technology, and Fairchild was well placed to deliver the micrologic chips required by NASA.In 1968 the founders sold Fairchild Semicon-ductors to the parent company. Noyce and Moore promptly found new backers and set up the Intel Corporation, primarily to make high-density memory chips. The first product was a 1,024-bit random access memory (1 K RAM) and by 1973 sales had reached $60 million. However, Noyce and Moore had already realized that it was possible to make a complete microcomputer by putting all the logic needed to go with the memory chip(s) on a single integrated circuit (1C) chip in the form of a general purpose central processing unit (CPU). By 1971 they had produced the Intel 4004 microprocessor, which sold for US$200, and within a year the 8008 followed. The personal computer (PC) revolution had begun! Noyce eventually left Intel, but he remained active in microchip technology and subsequently founded Sematech Inc.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966. National Academy of Engineering 1969. National Academy of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1978; Cledo Brunetti Award (jointly with Kilby) 1978. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1979. National Medal of Science 1979. National Medal of Engineering 1987.Bibliography1955, "Base-widening punch-through", Proceedings of the American Physical Society.30 July 1959, US patent no. 2,981,877.Further ReadingT.R.Reid, 1985, Microchip: The Story of a Revolution and the Men Who Made It, London: Pan Books.KF -
99 Unwin, William Cawthorne
[br]b. 12 December 1838 Coggeshall, near Colchester, Essex, England d. 1933[br]English engineer and educator.[br]Unwin made an important contribution to the establishment of engineering at the University of London. His family were of Huguenot stock, and his father was a Congregational minister. Unwin was educated at the City of London Corporation School and at New College, St John's Wood. At a time when the older universities were still effectively closed to Dissenters, he matriculated with Honours in Chemistry in the London University Matriculation Examination in 1858, and he subsequently graduated BSc from London in 1861. He served as Scientific Assistant to William Fairbairn in Manchester from 1856 to 1862, going on to manage engineering work of various sorts. He was appointed Instructor at the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (1869–72), and then he became Professor of Hydraulics and Mechanical Engineering at the Royal Indian Engineering College (1872–84). From 1884 to 1904 he was Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the Central Institution of the City \& Guilds of London, which was incorporated into the University of London in 1900. Unwin's research interests included hydraulics and water power, which led to him taking a leading part in the Niagara Falls hydroelectric scheme; the strength of materials, involving the stability of masonry dams; and the development of the internal combustion engine.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1886.Further ReadingDNB Supplement.E.G.Walker, 1938, Lift and Work of William Cawthorne Unwin.ABBiographical history of technology > Unwin, William Cawthorne
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100 singing
пение; поющий
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
congregaţional — CONGREGAŢIONÁL, Ă, congregaţionali, e, adj. De congregaţie, al congregaţiei. [pr.: ţi o ] – Din engl. congregational. Trimis de LauraGellner, 30.07.2004. Sursa: DEX 98 congregaţionál adj. m., pl. congregaţionáli; f … Dicționar Român
Congregational — Con gre*ga tion*al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to a congregation; conducted, or participated in, by a congregation; as, congregational singing. [1913 Webster] 2. Belonging to the system of Congregationalism, or to Congregationalist; holding to the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
congregational — index collective Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
congregational — 1630s, in reference to Congregationalism, a Protestant movement in which church congregations were to be self governing (the term most used in New England, in Britain they were called Independent); from CONGREGATION (Cf. congregation) + AL (Cf.… … Etymology dictionary
congregational — [käŋ΄grə gā′shə nəl, kän΄ grə grə gā′shə nəl] adj. 1. of or like a congregation 2. [C ] of Congregationalism or Congregationalists … English World dictionary
Congregational — /kɒŋgrəˈgeɪʃənəl/ (say konggruh gayshuhnuhl) adjective 1. relating or adhering to a Christian Protestant denomination distinguished mainly by a form of church government in which each congregation or local church acts as an independent, self… …
congregational — congregationally, adv. /kong gri gay sheuh nl/, adj. 1. of or pertaining to a congregation: congregational singing. 2. (cap.) pertaining or adhering to a form of Protestant church government in which each local church acts as an independent, self … Universalium
Congregational — adjective Of or pertaining to Congregationalism, Congregationalists or a Congregational church … Wiktionary
congregational — adj. Congregational is used with these nouns: ↑singing … Collocations dictionary
congregational — adjective 1》 relating to a congregation. 2》 (Congregational) of or adhering to Congregationalism … English new terms dictionary
congregational — /kɒŋgrəˈgeɪʃənəl / (say konggruh gayshuhnuhl) adjective of or relating to a congregation: congregational singing …
