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81 Arkwright, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 23 December 1732 Preston, Englandd. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England[br]English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.[br]Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1786.Bibliography1769, British patent no. 931.1775, British patent no. 1,111.Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).RLH -
82 концентрат
муж.
1) concentrated product пищевые концентраты
2) геол. concentrateм.
1. concentrated product;
пищевые ~ы food concentrates;
2. с.-х. concentrate;
кормовые ~ы concentrated feed/fodder sg.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > концентрат
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83 пищевые концентраты
food concentratesБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > пищевые концентраты
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84 в месте
•The ultrasonic softening concentrates at the deformation site.
•Interaction at different sites on the surface...
* * *В месте (присоединения к)-- One of the small oiler tubes was broken where it was connected to the engine. В месте -- at the location, at the position; where (anywhere, elsewhere)Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в месте
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85 в плане
•In plan delta wings are somewhat triangular resembling the Greek letter Δ.
* * *В плане -- against the background of (в свете); in the way of, in terms of (в отношении); in plan (в горизонтальной проекции)This paper concentrates on the brittle regime of crack growth against the background of experimental results.B & W prepares and submits to the utility complete recommendations on what needs to be accomplished in the way of repair, replacement, and equipment modifications.These tests parameters were selected to simulate turbine bucket operating conditions in terms of temperature and loading.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в плане
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86 в свете
•A large number of attenuation measurements have been surveyed ( the) light of the various theoretical and empirical relations.
•In the light of the new methods of synthesis this objection may no longer be valid.
* * *В свете -- in (the) light of; in terms of, against a background of (с точки зрения, в плане)Test results were discussed in terms of their implications for tubesheet erosion.This paper concentrates on the crack growth against a background of experimental results.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в свете
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87 в месте
•The ultrasonic softening concentrates at the deformation site.
•Interaction at different sites on the surface...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в месте
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88 достигать
•At room temperature the electron's average diffusion distance for the p-n junction after injection may be as much as several microns.
•This type of potential ranges up to about 100 millivolts.
•The cadmium content of zinc concentrates may run to 1-2 percent.
•The amount of mercury here may run as high as two parts per billion.
•After the orbit has attained its desired altitude...
•This amounts up to one third of the velocity of light.
•The output reaches its peak.
•The number of formulations ( составов) runs (or ranges) into the thousands.
•In metazoans, this may amount to as much as 11% of the deoxycytidines.
•The pressure can be raised to get to point 3.
•When equilibrium is attained (or established),...
II•Almost complete conversion can be obtained at ordinary pressure.
•Maximum efficiency is accomplished when...
•No improvement was brought about (or attained, or achieved) by applying this method.
•This realignment of the molecules can be brought about in several ways.
•These bodies of magma do not make it to the surface and solidify at depth...
•Almost all the heat generated in the earth's mantle finds its way to the ocean floor.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > достигать
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89 опускать
см. погружать вII•We drop all subscripts.
•For richer concentrates, roasting is omitted at many plants.
•Let us now pass over the distribution of molecular speeds in two dimensions and proceed directly to...
••It is conventional to leave out all the high powers of 2.
•For air is unity and may be omitted from the formula.
•The second term in Eq. (.35) can be dropped (or discarded).
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > опускать
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90 сбрасывать в отвал
•Before the treated concentrates are finally discarded, they may be ground in a ball mill.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > сбрасывать в отвал
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91 Sovoreconbill
Страхование: Bill of lading. To be used with Charter Parties for Ore and Ore Concentrates from USSR ports. (BIMCO) -
92 Workforce Development
Общая лексика: подготовка т (Workforce development concentrates on the skills, knowledge and behaviours that are needed by the workforce to deliver services both now and in the future and how these will be resourced.) -
93 excerptum
[ek'sɜːptəm]1) Общая лексика: отрывок (из сочинения)2) Книжное выражение: избранные места (из сочинения и т.п.), отрывок (из сочинения и т.п.)3) Религия: выдержка, (Something that summarizes or concentrates the essentials of a larger thing or several things) отрывок -
94 КС
1) Engineering: Overhead wiring (Контактная сеть)3) Finances: компенсационный сертификат4) Abbreviation: кассовый символ (в банковских выписках по счету), Конференция Сторон (термин в Киотском протоколе)6) Astronautics: SS7) Geophysics: apparent resistivity, resistivity logging, кажущееся удельное сопротивление, каротаж сопротивлений8) Police term: Комендантская служба9) Sakhalin energy glossary: корреспондентсткий счёт10) Chemical weapons: кольцо связи11) oil&gas: electrical survey( log), pump station (компрессорная станция), метод кажущихся сопротивлений, gas compressor station, gas-compressor station, CS, GCS, ГКС, газокомпрессорная станция, компрессорная станция12) Gas processing plants: compressor station (компрессорная станция) -
95 анализ концентратов, сплавов Доре и аффинированного золота на золото и серебро
Gold mining: analysis of concentrates, Dore and fine goldУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > анализ концентратов, сплавов Доре и аффинированного золота на золото и серебро
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96 диализованные концентраты
Makarov: dialysis concentratesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > диализованные концентраты
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97 замкнутая форма решения
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > замкнутая форма решения
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98 комбикорм
1) General subject: all mash, feed stuff, feed-stuff2) Biology: combined feed3) Engineering: combined fodder, compound feed, manufactured feed concentrate, mash, mixed feed, mixed provender, ready-mixed feed4) Agriculture: all-mash, complete feed, compound animal feedstuff, formula feed, formulated feed5) Economy: compound animal feedingstuff, feed concentrates6) Diplomatic term: compound animal feeding stuff7) Food industry: combination fodder8) Makarov: feed compound -
99 коносамент, используемый с чартером для перевозки руд и рудных концентратов из портов СССР
Insurance: Bill of lading. To be used with Charter Parties for Ore and Ore Concentrates from USSR ports. (BIMCO) (БИМКО)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > коносамент, используемый с чартером для перевозки руд и рудных концентратов из портов СССР
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100 концентрат суспензии
Agriculture: SC, suspension concentratesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > концентрат суспензии
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