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complex+arithmetic

Толкование Перевод

21 число

count, figure, number, numeral

* * *
число́ с.
1. (совокупность предметов и т. п.) count, number

2. ( математическое представление исчислимого количества) number

вводи́ть число́ (в счё́тную маши́ну) — key [enter] a number into (a calculator)

изобража́ть число́ — represent a number

обознача́ть число́ — express a number

число́ о́бщее — total of …

округли́ть число́ — round off a number

представля́ть число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a number in true complement form

представля́ть число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a number in base [radix] minus ones complement form

представля́ть число́ в прямо́м ко́де вчт. — cast a number in sign-and-magnitude [in sign-and-absolute value] form

представля́ть двои́чное число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a binary number in 2's complement form

представля́ть двои́чное число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a binary number in 1's complement form

представля́ть десяти́чное число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a decimal number in 10's complement form

представля́ть десяти́чное число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a decimal number in 9's complement form

сбра́сывать чи́сла (на счё́тной маши́не) — clear the calculator

составля́ть ( такое-то) [m2]число́ — be in (such and such number)

число́ кана́лов (составля́ет) четы́ре — the channels are four in number

усека́ть число́ — truncate a number

3. ( в таблицах) ( не путать c №№ n/n) No. of …

4. ( количество) quantity

проверя́ть число́, напр. болто́в — check, e. g., the bolts for correct count

число́ А́ббе — Abbe number

число́ Авога́дро — Avogadro number

арифмети́ческое число́ — arithmetic number, absolute number

а́томное число́ — atomic number

ацето́новое число́ — acetone number

число́ без зна́ка вчт. — unsigned number

безразме́рное число́ — dimensionless [nondimensional, pure] number

число́ Берну́лли — Bernoulli number

число́ Ве́бера — Weber number

веще́ственное число́ — real number

взаи́мно-просты́е чи́сла — coprime numbers, relatively prime numbers

водоро́дное число́ — hydrogen number

водяно́е число́ ( калориметра) — water equivalent

волново́е число́ — wave number

гидрокси́льное число́ — hydroxyl number

число́ Грасго́фа — Grashoff number

число́ Гре́ца — Graetz number

двои́чно-десяти́чное число́ — binary coded decimal [BCD] number

двои́чное число́ — binary number

двои́чно-пятери́чное число́ — biquinary number

число́ двойны́х ходо́в в мину́ту — strokes per minute, s.p.m.

десяти́чное число́ — decimal (number)

десяти́чное, двои́чно-коди́рованное число́ — binary coded decimal [BCD] number

докрити́ческое число́ мех. — subcritical number

дро́бное число́ — fraction, fractional [broken] number

закрити́ческое число́ мех. — beyond-critical [supercritical] number

n
-зна́чное число́ — n -digit number

золото́е число́ — the golden number

изотопи́ческое число́ — isotopic number

имено́ванное число́ — denominate(d) number

иррациона́льное число́ — irrational (number), surd (number)

ио́дное число́ — iodine number, iodine value

число́ кавита́ции — cavitation number

кардина́льное число́ — cardinality, cardinal number

число́ Карма́на — Karman number

ква́нтовое число́ — quantum number

ква́нтовое, азимута́льное число́ — azimuthal quantum number

ква́нтовое, вну́треннее число́ — inner quantum number

ква́нтовое, гла́вное число́ — first [principal] quantum number

ква́нтовое, магни́тное число́ — magnetic quantum number

ква́нтовое, спи́новое число́ — spin quantum number

кислоро́дное число́ — oxygen number

кисло́тное число́ — acid number

ко́мплексное число́ — complex number

координацио́нное число́ — coordination number

кра́тное число́ — multiple

кру́глое число́ — round number

число́ Ло́кка — Lock number

число́ Лошми́дта — Loschmidt number

число́ Лью́иса — Lewis number

число́ М — Mach (number), M number

с число́м М — triplesonic

ма́ссовое число́ яд. физ. — mass [nucleon] number

число́ Ма́ха — Mach (number), M number

число́ Ма́ха, гиперзвуково́е — hypersonic M number

число́ Ма́ха, дозвуково́е — subsonic M number

число́ Ма́ха, околозвуково́е — transonic M number

число́ Ма́ха, сверхзвуково́е — supersonic [over-one] M number

число́ мест (в транспортном средстве, зрительном зале и т. п.) — seating capacity

мни́мое число́ — imaginary (number)

многозна́чное число́ — multidigit [multiplace] number

натура́льное число́ — natural number

число́ нейтрализа́ции — neutralization number

число́ нейтро́нов ( в ядре) — neutron number

ненормализо́ванное число́ — nonnormalized number

неотрица́тельное число́ — nonnegative number

нечё́тное число́ — odd number

нормализо́ванное число́ — standard [normalized] number, a number in normal form

число́ Ну́ссельта — Nusselt number

число́ оборо́тов — rotational speed

число́ оборо́тов в мину́ту — revolutions per minute, r.p.m.

число́ оборо́тов дви́гателя — engine speed

число́ оборо́тов дви́гателя на холосто́м ходу́ — idling speed

число́ оборо́тов, уде́льное — specific speed

число́ обраще́ний, допусти́мое ( в электростатических запоминающих трубках) — selection ratio

число́ обраще́нии ме́жду регенера́циями ( в электростатическом запоминающем устройстве) — read-around number, read-around ratio

число́ окисле́ния — oxidation number

окта́новое число́ — octane number, octane value, octane rating

число́ омыле́ния — saponification number, saponification value

ордина́льное число́ — ordinal (number)

отвлечё́нное число́ — dimensionless [nondimensional, pure] number

относи́тельные чи́сла — directed [signed, algebraic] numbers

отрица́тельное число́ — negative number

число́ Пекле́ — Peclet number

переводно́е число́ ( в физической химии) — transference number

переда́точное число́

1. мех. gear ratio

переда́точное число́ ме́жду зубча́тыми колё́сами А и Б равно́ 60: [m2]1 — gears A and B are geared by 60 to 1

переда́точное число́ от А к Б составля́ет 1:n ( в сервомеханизмах) — A is geared 1: n to B

2. эл. gain

переда́точное число́ два к одному́ — two-to-one ratio, two-to-one gear

число́ переда́ч — number of gears

пе́рекисное число́ — peroxide number

число́ перено́са

1. ( в физической химии) transport number

2. мат. carry quantity

пермангана́тное число́ ( целлюлозы) — permanganate number

пифаго́ровы чи́сла — Pythagorean numbers, Pythagorean triples

подкоренно́е число́ — radicand

поря́дковое число́ — ordinal; ordinal [serial] number

число́ Пра́ндтля — Prandtl number

число́ проду́ба кож. — tanning number

просто́е число́ — prime number

равнооста́точные чи́сла — congruent numbers

число́ разря́дов в реги́стре — register length

рациона́льное число́ — rational (number)

число́ Рейно́льдса — Reynolds number

число́ Рейно́льдса, крити́ческое — transition Reynolds number

число́ Ре́йхерта—Ме́йссля — Reichert-Meissl number

рода́новое число́ — thiocyanogen number, thiocyanogen value

случа́йные чи́сла — random numbers

выраба́тывать случа́йные чи́сла вчт. — generate random numbers

составно́е число́ — composite number

спиртово́е число́ — alcohol number

число́ с пла́вающей запято́й — floating-point number

число́ Строуха́ла — Strouhal number

число́ Стэ́нтона — Stanton number

число́ с фикси́рованной запято́й — fixed-point number

число́ твё́рдости — hardness number

число́ твё́рдости по Брине́ллю — Brinell (hardness) number

число́ твё́рдости по Ви́ккерсу — Vickers (hardness) number

число́ твё́рдости по Моо́су — Moos (hardness) number

число́ твё́рдости по Ро́квеллу — Rockwell (hardness) number

число́ теорети́ческих таре́лок — theoretical plate number

число́ Фараде́я — Faraday constant, faraday

фигу́рные чи́сла — figurate numbers

фле́гмовое число́ хим. — reflux ratio

число́ Фру́да — Froude number

це́лое число́ — integer, integral [whole] number

це́лое, ко́мплексное число́ — complex [Gaussian] integer

цета́новое число́ — cetane number

чё́тное число́ — even number

чи́сто мни́мое число́ — pure imaginary (number)

число́ Ше́рвуда — Sherwood number

число́ Шми́дта — Schmidt number

число́ Э́йлера — Euler number

эфи́рное число́ — ester number, ester value

Русско-английский политехнический словарь > число
22 вычислительный центр

1) General subject: computation centre, computer centre, computer centre (внутри организации), central computing facility

2) Military: computing (machine) centre, plotting room

3) Engineering: computation center, computer center, computer facility (внутри организации), computer installation, computer shop, computing center, computing machine centre, computing shop, electronic data processing center, service center

4) Law: calculation centre, computing centre

5) Polygraphy: data processing center

6) Information technology: EDP center, computer bureau, computer service bureau, computing services office (Система, обеспечивающая поиск по компьютерному справочнику учащихся и преподавателей какого-л. учебного заведения), digital arithmetic center, shop, site, computer bureaux

7) Oil: computer service

8) Astronautics: computer complex, data-processing center

9) Mechanics: computing station

10) Network technologies: DPC, glass house

11) Automation: PC system, bureau service (по подготовке УП для станков с ЧПУ), center, centre, computation center (для централизованного использования и обслуживания вычислительной техники), computation office, computer center (для централизованного использования и обслуживания вычислительной техники), computer house, computing center (для централизованного использования и обслуживания вычислительной техники)

12) Chemical weapons: computer center (ВЦ)

13) SAP.tech. CC

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > вычислительный центр
23 число

1. с. count, number

эфирное число — esterification number

взаимно простые числа — coprime number

дружественное число — amicable numbers

дружественные числа — amicable numbers

мах, число Маха, число M — Mach number

2. с. number

вводить число — key a number into

изображать число — represent a number

обозначать число — express a number

число общее — total of …

округлить число — round off a number

представлять число в дополнительном коде — cast a number in true complement form

представлять число в обратном коде — cast a number in base minus ones complement form

представлять число в прямом коде — cast a number in sign-and-magnitude form

сбрасывать числа — clear the calculator

составлять число — be in

число столкновений — collision number

шестнадцатеричные числа — hex numbers

одноразрядное число — one-digit number

пифагоровы числа — Pythagorean numbers

сепаративное число — separative number

3. с. No. of …

уменьшение числа оборотов — easing off

4. с. quantity

число Аббе — Abbe number

число Авогадро — Avogadro number

арифметическое число — arithmetic number

атомное число — atomic number

ацетоновое число — acetone number

число без знака — unsigned number

безразмерное число — dimensionless number

число Бернулли — Bernoulli number

число Вебера — Weber number

вещественное число — real number

взаимно-простые числа — coprime numbers

водородное число — hydrogen number

водяное число — water equivalent

волновое число — wave number

гидроксильное число — hydroxyl number

число Грасгофа — Grashoff number

число Греца — Graetz number

двоично-десятичное число — binary coded decimal number

двоичное число — binary number

двоично-пятеричное число — biquinary number

число двойных ходов в минуту — strokes per minute

десятичное число — decimal

докритическое число — subcritical number

дробное число — fraction

закритическое число — beyond-critical number

n-значное число — n-digit number

золотое число — the golden number

изотопическое число — isotopic number

именованное число — denominate number

иррациональное число — irrational

иодное число — iodine number

число кавитации — cavitation number

кардинальное число — cardinality

число Кармана — Karman number

квантовое число — quantum number

кислородное число — oxygen number

кислотное число — acid number

комплексное число — complex number

координационное число — coordination number

кратное число — multiple

круглое число — round number

число Локка — Lock number

число Лошмидта — Loschmidt number

число Льюиса — Lewis number

число М — Mach

массовое число — mass number

число Маха — Mach

число мест — seating capacity

мнимое число — imaginary

многозначное число — multidigit number

натуральное число — natural number

число нейтрализации — neutralization number

число нейтронов — neutron number

ненормализованное число — nonnormalized number

неотрицательное число — nonnegative number

нечётное число — odd number

нормализованное число — standard number

число Нуссельта — Nusselt number

число оборотов — rotational speed

число оборотов в минуту — revolutions per minute

число оборотов двигателя — engine speed

число оборотов двигателя на холостом ходу — idling speed

число обращении между регенерациями — read-around number

число окисления — oxidation number

октановое число — octane number

число омыления — saponification number

ординальное число — ordinal

отвлечённое число — dimensionless number

относительные числа — directed numbers

отрицательное число — negative number

однозначное число — simple quantity

Синонимический ряд:

количество (сущ.) количество; численность

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > число
24 σύνθετος

σύν-θετος, ον, also fem. συνθέτη (or συνθετή as in Lys.Fr.34, Arist.Ph. 265a21, Metaph. 1051b27, al.): ([etym.] συντίθημι):—

A put together, compounded, composite, Pl.Phd. 78c, al.; of a centaur, διαιρετὸς.. καὶ πάλιν ς. X.Cyr.4.3.20, cf. Lys.l.c.; τὸ ς. the composite part of man, Arist.EN 1178a20; σ. ἐκ πολλῶν Pl.R. 611b
; ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν Id.Phlb. 29e
; σ. ἀναγνώρισις complex, Arist.Po. 1455a12.

2 σύνθετον, τό, compound, Id.Ph. 187b12; τὰ ς., opp. τὰ στοιχεῖα, Id.Cael. 306b20, cf. Metaph. 1070b8; so ἡ σύνθετος οὐσία ib. 1043a30; ἡ συνθέτη οὐσία ib. 1023b2, cf. de An. 412a16; αἱ μὴ σ. οὐσίαι Id.Metaph. 1051b27
; cf. σύγκειμαι 11.4
.

3 in various technical senses,

a in Grammar, φωνὴ ς. a. compound sound, i.e. a syllable, Id.Po. 1456b35; or a word, ib. 1457a11; φωνῶν αἱ μὲν ἁπλαῖ (e.g. Δίων) , αἱ δὲ ς. (e.g. Δίων περιπατεῖ) S.E.M.8.135; σ. ὀνόματα compound nouns, Arist.Rh.Al. 1434b34, Demetr.Eloc.91, Philomnest. 2; σ. σχῆμα D.T.635.21
; σ. προσηγορία (e. g. ὑπνώδης καταφορά) Gal.7.643. Adv. - τως Str.13.2.5
, Sor.2.26, Gal.6.549.

b in Metre and Music, σ. ῥυθμός a compound foot, Pl.R. 400b; [διαστήματα] ς. Aristid.Quint.1.7, cf. Plu.2.1135b; ἁρμονίαν εἶναι σ. πρᾶγμα Pl.Phd. 92a
.

c in Arithmetic, σ. ἀριθμός a number composed of several factors, Arist.Metaph. 1020b4, Euc.7 Def.14.

d in Medicine, σύνθετα solid excrements, Hp.Coac. 109: also φάρμακον ς. compound drug, τὸ ξ. [φάρμακον] τὸ διὰ τῆς λιμνήστιδος καὶ εὐφορβίου καὶ πυρέθρου Aret.CD1.2
, cf. Hsch. s.v. φαρικόν.

II put together, got up, fictitious, λόγοι A.Pr. 686
.

III metaph., agreed upon, covenanted, ὥσπερ ἐκ συνθέτου by agreement, Hdt.3.86.

Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σύνθετος
25 rate of return

Fin

an accounting ratio of the income from an investment to the amount of the investment, used to measure financial performance.

EXAMPLE

There is a basic formula that will serve most needs, at least initially:

[(Current value of amount invested – Original value of amount invested) / Original value of amount invested] × 100% = rate of return

If $1,000 in capital is invested in stock, and one year later the investment yields $1,100, the rate of return of the investment is calculated like this:

[(1100 – 1000) / 1000] × 100% = 100 / 1000 × 100% = 10% rate of return

Now, assume $1,000 is invested again. One year later, the investment grows to $2,000 in value, but after another year the value of the investment falls to $1,200. The rate of return after the first year is:

[(2000 – 1000) / 1000] × 100% = 100%

The rate of return after the second year is:

[(1200 – 2000) / 2000] × 100% = – 40%

     The average annual return for the two years (also known as average annual arithmetic return) can be calculated using this formula:

(Rate of return for Year 1 + Rate of return for Year 2) /2 = average annual return

     Accordingly:

(100% + – 40%) /2 = 30%

The average annual rate of return is a percentage, but one that is accurate over only a short period, so this method should be used accordingly.

     The geometric or compound rate of return is a better yardstick for measuring investments over the long term, and takes into account the effects of compounding. This formula is more complex and technical.

     The real rate of return is the annual return realized on an investment, adjusted for changes in the price due to inflation. If 10% is earned on an investment but inflation is 2%, then the real rate of return is actually 8%.

Also known as return

The ultimate business dictionary > rate of return
26 Computers

   1) A Comparison of the Digital Computer and the Brain

   The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the inﬂuence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)

   2) Computers Do Not Crunch Numbers, They Manipulate Symbols

   It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....

   The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)

   3) Getting Computers to Explain Things to Themselves

   The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)

   4) Some Limits of Artificial Intelligence

   In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)

   5) The Computer as a Humanizing Inﬂuence

   A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.

   In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing inﬂuence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....

   It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)

   6) The Intentionality of Computers Is Essentially Borrowed, Hence Derivative

   [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)

   7) The Possibility of Computer Thought

   he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)

   8) We Are Getting Better at Building Even Better Computers, an Ever- Escalating Upward Spiral

   t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.

   Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)

   9) Weak Artificial Intelligence and Strong Artificial Intelligence

   According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)

    10) Why People Are Smarter Than Computers

   What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and ﬂuently through processing experience.

   What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the ﬂuidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.

   In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

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