complete+program

   1) A Comparison of the Digital Computer and the Brain

   The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)

   2) Computers Do Not Crunch Numbers, They Manipulate Symbols

   It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....

   The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)

   3) Getting Computers to Explain Things to Themselves

   The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)

   4) Some Limits of Artificial Intelligence

   In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)

   5) The Computer as a Humanizing Influence

   A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.

   In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....

   It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)

   6) The Intentionality of Computers Is Essentially Borrowed, Hence Derivative

   [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)

   7) The Possibility of Computer Thought

   he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)

   8) We Are Getting Better at Building Even Better Computers, an Ever- Escalating Upward Spiral

   t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.

   According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)

    10) Why People Are Smarter Than Computers

   What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.

   What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.

   In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

 

ажурный
решетчатый
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики

• нефтегазовая промышленность

Синонимы

• решетчатый

EN

• skeleton

 

каркас
Несущая стержневая конструкция, являющаяся остовом здания, сооружения или конструкции
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

Тематики

• строительство в целом

EN

• frame
• framework
• skeleton

DE

• Skelett

FR

• carcasse
• charpente
• ossature

 

каркас (тепловыделяющей сборки ядерного реактора)
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• skeleton

 

скелет
(напр. номограммы)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• skeleton

 

скелетон
1 Зимний вид спорта, который представляет собой спуск по ледяной трассе на одиночных санях, на которых спортсмен лежит на животе головой вперед в направлении движения. В программу Олимпийских игр входят индивидуальные соревнования среди мужчин и женщин. Олимпийские соревнования по скелетону длятся два дня. Каждый спортсмен совершает по 4 заезда. Победителем становится тот, чье суммарное время (по всем 4 заездам) минимально. Если два спортсмена финишируют с одинаковым временем, они получают одинаковые награды.
2. Небольшие двухполозьевые сани на укрепленной раме, на которых спортсмен лежит во время спуска.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

skeleton
1. Winter discipline where competitors aim to drive a one-person sled in a prone, head-first position down an ice track. Skeleton consists of two events in the Olympic program — individual men and individual women. Olympic skeleton events consist of four runs that are contested over two days, and the final standings are determined by the aggregate time of the four runs. If athletes complete the competition in a tie, they receive the same award.
2. Small two-runner sled with a hardened frame. It is ridden by a single slider in the prone position.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• санный спорт, бобслей, скелетон

EN

• skeleton

 

бобслей
боб
Бобслей представляет собой скоростной спуск с гор по специально оборудованным ледовым трассам на управляемых санях (бобах). В программу Олимпийских игр входят три вида соревнований: мужчины на двух- и четырехместных бобах, женщины на двухместных бобах. Олимпийские соревнования по бобслею в каждом виде программы проходят в два дня — по 2 заезда в день. Победительницей становится та команда, чье суммарное время (по всем 4 заездам) минимально. Если две команды финишировали с одинаковым временем, то они получают одинаковые награды.
Синоним термина боб.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

bobsleigh
bobsled
US
Bobsleigh is a sport that involves high-speed mountain descent down specially equipped iced tracks on steerable sleds (bobs). Three events make up the Olympic bobsleigh program: men compete in two- and four-person competitions; women compete in two-person competitions. Olympic bobsleigh competition consists of four runs held over a two-day period, with two runs completed each day. Medals are awarded on the basis of total time over four runs, with the winner having the lowest overall time. If two teams complete the competition in a tie, they are awarded the same place.
Another terms for bob.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• санный спорт, бобслей, скелетон

Синонимы

• боб

EN

• bobsled
• bobsleigh
• US

 

бобслей
боб
Бобслей представляет собой скоростной спуск с гор по специально оборудованным ледовым трассам на управляемых санях (бобах). В программу Олимпийских игр входят три вида соревнований: мужчины на двух- и четырехместных бобах, женщины на двухместных бобах. Олимпийские соревнования по бобслею в каждом виде программы проходят в два дня — по 2 заезда в день. Победительницей становится та команда, чье суммарное время (по всем 4 заездам) минимально. Если две команды финишировали с одинаковым временем, то они получают одинаковые награды.
Синоним термина боб.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

bobsleigh
bobsled
US
Bobsleigh is a sport that involves high-speed mountain descent down specially equipped iced tracks on steerable sleds (bobs). Three events make up the Olympic bobsleigh program: men compete in two- and four-person competitions; women compete in two-person competitions. Olympic bobsleigh competition consists of four runs held over a two-day period, with two runs completed each day. Medals are awarded on the basis of total time over four runs, with the winner having the lowest overall time. If two teams complete the competition in a tie, they are awarded the same place.
Another terms for bob.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• санный спорт, бобслей, скелетон

Синонимы

• боб

EN

• bobsled
• bobsleigh
• US

 

бобслей
боб
Бобслей представляет собой скоростной спуск с гор по специально оборудованным ледовым трассам на управляемых санях (бобах). В программу Олимпийских игр входят три вида соревнований: мужчины на двух- и четырехместных бобах, женщины на двухместных бобах. Олимпийские соревнования по бобслею в каждом виде программы проходят в два дня — по 2 заезда в день. Победительницей становится та команда, чье суммарное время (по всем 4 заездам) минимально. Если две команды финишировали с одинаковым временем, то они получают одинаковые награды.
Синоним термина боб.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

bobsleigh
bobsled
US
Bobsleigh is a sport that involves high-speed mountain descent down specially equipped iced tracks on steerable sleds (bobs). Three events make up the Olympic bobsleigh program: men compete in two- and four-person competitions; women compete in two-person competitions. Olympic bobsleigh competition consists of four runs held over a two-day period, with two runs completed each day. Medals are awarded on the basis of total time over four runs, with the winner having the lowest overall time. If two teams complete the competition in a tie, they are awarded the same place.
Another terms for bob.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• санный спорт, бобслей, скелетон

Синонимы

• боб

EN

• bobsled
• bobsleigh
• US

 

лаковый бензин gb
Специальный бензин (растворитель), обычно используемый в лабораторной практике, с высокой испаряемостью и низким содержанием ароматических соединений.
Примечания
1. Наиболее широко используются сорта с пределами кипения от 40 до 60 °C или от 60 до 80 °C.
2. Ранее лаковый бензин также использовался для обозначения автомобильного бензина.
[СТ РК ИСО 1998-1-2004 (ИСО 1998-1:1998, IDT)]

Тематики

• нефтепродукты

EN

• petroleum spirit
• petroleum ether CA
• US

 

одноадресный контроль выборочных значений (функциональная связь)
—
[ ГОСТ Р 54325-2011 (IEC/TS 61850-2:2003)]]

Тематики

• релейная защита

EN

• unicast sampled value control (functional constraint)
• US

 

печное топливо
Газойль, состав которого пригоден для бытового, коммерческого и промышленного топочного оборудования непрерывного действия.
Примечание
На него часто ссылаются как на «дистиллятное нефтяное топливо».
[СТ РК ИСО 1998-1-2004 (ИСО 1998-1:1998, IDT)]

Тематики

• нефтепродукты

EN

• heating oil
• fuel oil CA
• US

 

ультразвуковой
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• ultrasonic
• US

 

официальный отчет об Олимпийских играх
Официальный отчет об Олимпийских играх изначально создавался с целью запечатлеть и задокументировать удивительное празднование Олимпийских игр в каждом уникальном городе-организаторе. В связи с тем что масштабы игр увеличились и возросла их значимость, официальный отчет стал публикацией, целью которой является не только запечатлеть и задокументировать важные исторические события Олимпийских игр, но и публикацией, которая является ключевым руководством для будущего ОКОИ по вопросам планирования организации будущих Игр. В результате развития программы УЗОИ официальный отчет стал более полным и завершенным, с многочисленными результатами, которые охватывают различные области:
• детальный обзор заявочного процесса;
• памятная книга, подчеркивающая своеобразие и волнительность празднования Игр;
• информация о планирования и деятельности по организации Игр;
• обзор глобального влияния Игр на город-организатор, страну-организатор и мир;
• короткий фильм, в котором рассказывается история Игр.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

EN

official report of the Olympic Games
Official report of the Olympic Games was originally intended to capture and document the extraordinary celebration of the Olympic Games in each unique host city. As the Games grew in size and importance, the official report became a publication that not only captured and documented the important historical events of an Olympic Games, but also became a key tool for future OCOGs to reference in the planning stages of the organization of future Games.the context of a developed OGKM program, the official report of the Games is now fuller and more complete, with a multiple set of deliverables which cover the following areas:
• a detailed view of the bidding process
• a commemorative book highlighting the color and excitement of the celebration of the Games
• information on the planning and operational aspects of the Games
• an overview of the global impact of the Games on the Host City, country and the world
• a short film which summarizes the story of the Games.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

Тематики

• спорт (управление Играми)

EN

• official report of the Olympic Games