commitment+form

1) преим. брит.; амер. commitment 5); юр. заключение в тюрьму, под стражу, арест; помещение в психиатрическую лечебницу

- committal proceedings

2) вверение, передача в распоряжение

3) погребение; предание земле

4) редк. приверженность, преданность

[ˈletə]

accompanying letter сопроводительное письмо airmail letter письмо, отправленное авиапочтой allotment letter уведомление подписчика о числе выделенных ему ценных бумаг и необходимости их оплатить answering letter ответное письмо audit letter уведомление о ревизии back letter гарантийное письмо bank letter банковский документ block letter вчт. печатная буква block letter прописная печатная буква business letter деловое письмо call letter требование очередного взноса chain letter письмо (обыкн. религиозно-мистического содержания), рассылаемое по нескольким адресам с тем, чтобы получатель разослал его по другим адресам code letter вчт. кодовый знак collection letter инкассовое поручение comfort letter письмо с выражением поддержки commitment letter письменное обязательство confirmed letter of credit подтвержденный аккредетив cottage letter арендодатель коттеджа cover letter сопроводительное письмо dog's letter старинное название буквы R drive letter вчт. имя диска drop letter вчт. буквица dunning letter письменное требование уплаты долга dunning letter письмо с настойчивым требованием уплаты долга engagement letter рев. письмо-соглашение express letter срочное письмо first-class letter заказное письмо follow-up letter письмо-напоминание follow-up letter повторное рекламное письмо follow-up letter (амер.) рекламное письмо, посланное вслед за другим (в случае непоступления заказа) form letter бланк письма franked letter франкированное письмо hand-delivered letter письмо, передаваемое из рук в руки in letter and in spirit по форме и по существу insured letter заказное письмо internal circular letter внутренний циркуляр inventory letter заявление клиента об инвентаризации letter буква letter полигр. буква letter буква; the letter of the law буква закона; to the letter буквально; точно letter вытиснять буквы, заглавие (на корешке книги) letter документ letter полигр. литера letter полигр. литера letter pl литература; man of letters писатель; the profession of letters профессия писателя letter наймодатель, арендодатель letter письмо; послание; letter of advice извещение; авизо; letter of attorney доверенность letter письмо, послание letter письмо letter помечать буквами letter помечать буквами; надписывать чертеж letter послание letter регистрировать letter шифр завода-изготовителя letter шрифт letter эрудиция, образованность; to win one's letter заслужить право быть членом спортивной организации и носить ее инициалы Letter: Letter: President's letter послание президента (США) letter: letter: proposal letter предложение о заключении контракта letter by express delivery срочное письмо letter by special delivery заказное письмо letter for further particulars заявление с изложением новых деталей letter of accreditation аккредитация letter письмо; послание; letter of advice извещение; авизо; letter of attorney доверенность letter of advice авизо letter of advice извещение letter of advice уведомление letter of allotment уведомление о подписке на акции letter of allotment уведомление о подписке на облигации letter of appointment приказ о назначении letter of approval извещение об одобрении letter of approval извещение об утверждении letter письмо; послание; letter of advice извещение; авизо; letter of attorney доверенность letter of attorney доверенность letter of attorney письменная доверенность letter of authority доверенность letter of cancelation уведомление об аннулировании letter of cancellation уведомление о расторжении договора letter of claim претензия letter of comfort письменное выражение поддержки letter of commitment гарантийное письмо letter of complaint письменная жалоба letter of confirmation письменное подтверждение letter of credit аккредитив letter of credit фин. аккредитив; letters credential, letters of credence (of recall) дип. верительные (отзывные) грамоты letter of credit opening письмо об открытии аккредитива letter of guarantee гарантийное письмо letter of guardianship уведомление об опеке letter of health свидетельство о состоянии здоровья letter of hypothecation залоговое письмо letter of identity удостоверение личности letter of indemnity гарантийное письмо letter of instruction директивное письмо; letters of administration судебное полномочие на управление имением или имуществом умершего letter of intent гарантийное письмо letter of intent письмо о намерении совершить сделку letter of intent письмо-обязательство Международному валютному фонду letter of introduction письмо-представление letter of invitation письменное приглашение letter of invitation to tender письменное приглашение на торги letter of recall отзывная грамота letter of recommendation рекомендательное письмо letter of recommendation рекомендация letter of reference характеристика letter of renunciation письменный отказ letter of reply письменный ответ letter of representation сопроводительное письмо letter of request письменное ходатайство letter of resignation заявление об увольнении letter of resignation предупреждение об увольнении letter of resignation уведомление об отставке letter of rights свидетельство о правах letter of subrogation страх. объявление о суброгации letter of subscription бирж. уведомление о подписке letter of termination уведомление о прекращении действия letter буква; the letter of the law буква закона; to the letter буквально; точно letter of the law буква закона letter of understanding протокол о взаимопонимании letter to stockholders письмо акционерам letter of credit фин. аккредитив; letters credential, letters of credence (of recall) дип. верительные (отзывные) грамоты letter of instruction директивное письмо; letters of administration судебное полномочие на управление имением или имуществом умершего letters: letters: letter of administration полномочия администратору на управление наследством letter of administration полномочия душеприказчику на управление наследством letter of credit фин. аккредитив; letters credential, letters of credence (of recall) дип. верительные (отзывные) грамоты lowercase letter вчт. строчная буква letter pl литература; man of letters писатель; the profession of letters профессия писателя man: letter of letters писатель, литератор, ученый; man of office чиновник; man of the pen литератор management letter письменный ответ администрации management letter служебное письмо night letter телеграмма, отправляемая ночью со скидкой official letter пат. официальное заключение official letter официальное письмо open letter инф. открытое письмо open: trial in letter court открытый судебный процесс; open letter открытое письмо (в газете и т. п.) the order was obeyed to the letter приказ был выполнен точно original letter оригинал письма post-free letter письмо без почтовой оплаты letter pl литература; man of letters писатель; the profession of letters профессия писателя letter: proposal letter предложение о заключении контракта dog's letter старинное название буквы R r: r: the three R's разг. чтение, письмо и арифметика (reading, (w)riting, (a)rithmetic) trill: trill фон. вибрирующее r letter фон. произносить звук r с вибрацией registered letter заказное письмо registered: letter зарегистрированный; отмеченный; registered letter заказное письмо rights letter документ, дающий право участвовать в новом выпуске акций rogatory letter судебное поручение sales letter письменное уведомление о продаже sea letter морской паспорт stamp a letter ставить штамп на письмо standard letter типовое письмо threatening letter письмо с угрозами letter буква; the letter of the law буква закона; to the letter буквально; точно undeliverable letter письмо с неправильно указанным адресом understamped letter письмо с недостаточным количеством марок uppercase letter вчт. заглавная буква letter эрудиция, образованность; to win one's letter заслужить право быть членом спортивной организации и носить ее инициалы work letter ведомость выполненных работ

verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - tt-)

1) (perpetrate) commettere, perpetrare [ crime]; commettere [error, adultery]

2) (engage) impegnare, vincolare [ person] ( to do a fare)

3) (assign) impegnare, vincolare [ money] (to in); dedicare [ time] (to a)

4) dir.

5) form. (consign) affidare

verbo riflessivo (forma in -ing ecc. - tt-)

* * *

1) (to perform; to do (especially something illegal): He committed the murder when he was drunk.) commettere

2) (to hand over (a person) to an institution etc for treatment, safekeeping etc: committed to prison.) affidare

3) (to put (oneself) under a particular obligation: She has committed herself to looking after her dead brother's children till the age of 18.) impegnarsi

•

- commitment

* * *

verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - tt-)

1) (perpetrate) commettere, perpetrare [ crime]; commettere [error, adultery]

2) (engage) impegnare, vincolare [ person] ( to do a fare)

3) (assign) impegnare, vincolare [ money] (to in); dedicare [ time] (to a)

4) dir.

5) form. (consign) affidare

verbo riflessivo (forma in -ing ecc. - tt-)

have [hæv]

verbe auxiliaire ⇒ 1 avoir ⇒ 1, 2A (a)-(c), 2B (b)-(e), 2C (a), 2C (b), 2F (a), 2F (d), 2F (h), 2F (i) être ⇒ 1 posséder ⇒ 2A (a) disposer de ⇒ 2A (b) prendre ⇒ 2B (c) passer ⇒ 2B (d) recevoir ⇒ 2C (a), 2C (b) vouloir ⇒ 2C (c), 2F (f) tenir ⇒ 2D (a) faire faire ⇒ 2E (b), 2E (c) placer ⇒ 2F (b) devoir ⇒ 2G (a), 2G (b) concerner ⇒ 2G (c)

ⓘ GRAM Les formes négatives, haven't et hasn't, s'écrivent have not and has not dans un style plus soutenu.

ⓘ GRAM Most French verbs will conjugate with avoir to form the perfect tense. However, all reflexive verbs and many intransitive verbs - mainly of motion - will conjugate with être.

(3rd pers sing pres has [hæz], pt & pp had [hæd])

1 auxiliary verb

(a) (used to form perfect tenses) avoir, être;

∎ to have finished avoir fini;

∎ to have left être parti;

∎ to have sat down s'être assis;

∎ to have been/had avoir été/eu;

∎ has she slept? a-t-elle dormi?;

∎ have they arrived? sont-ils arrivés?;

∎ he has been ill il a été malade;

∎ when you've calmed down quand vous vous serez calmé;

∎ I will have forgotten by next week j'aurai oublié d'ici la semaine prochaine;

∎ the children will have gone to bed by the time we arrive les enfants seront couchés quand nous arriverons;

∎ you were silly not to have accepted tu es bête de ne pas avoir accepté;

∎ after or when you have finished, you may leave quand vous aurez fini, vous pourrez partir;

∎ she was ashamed of having lied elle avait honte d'avoir menti;

∎ she felt she couldn't change her mind, having already agreed to go elle sentait qu'elle ne pouvait pas changer d'avis, étant donné qu'elle avait dit être d'accord pour y aller;

∎ I have been thinking j'ai réfléchi;

∎ he has been working here for two months il travaille ici depuis deux mois, il y a deux mois qu'il travaille ici;

∎ I have known her for three years/since childhood je la connais depuis trois ans/depuis mon enfance;

∎ I had known her for years cela faisait des années que je la connaissais, je la connaissais depuis des années;

∎ she claimed she hadn't heard the news elle a prétendu ne pas avoir entendu la nouvelle;

∎ I had already gone to bed when he arrived j'étais déjà couché quand il est arrivé;

∎ we had gone to bed early nous nous étions couchés de bonne heure;

∎ when he had given his speech, I left une fois qu'il eut terminé son discours, je partis;

∎ had I known, I wouldn't have insisted si j'avais su, je n'aurais pas insisté;

∎ if I had known, I wouldn't have said anything si j'avais su, je n'aurais rien dit;

∎ they would have been happy if it hadn't been for the war ils auraient vécu heureux si la guerre n'était pas survenue;

∎ why don't you just leave him and have done with it? pourquoi donc est-ce que vous ne le quittez pas, pour en finir?;

∎ I'd as soon not j'aimerais mieux pas;

∎ he'd rather or sooner stay at home than go out dancing il aimerait mieux rester ou il préférerait rester à la maison qu'aller danser;

∎ familiar he's had it (is in trouble) il est fichu ou foutu; (is worn out) il est à bout;

∎ familiar I've had it with all your complaining! j'en ai jusque-là de tes jérémiades!;

∎ familiar I've had it up to here with him j'en ai jusque-là de ce type-là;

∎ familiar the car has just about had it la voiture va bientôt rendre l'âme;

∎ familiar this plant has had it cette plante est fichue

(b) (elliptical uses)

∎ have you ever had the measles? - yes, I have/no, I haven't avez-vous eu la rougeole? - oui/non;

∎ she hasn't finished - yes, she has! elle n'a pas fini - (mais) si!;

∎ you've forgotten his birthday - no, I haven't! tu as oublié son anniversaire - mais non!;

∎ have you ever considered going into politics? if you have.../if you haven't… avez-vous déjà envisagé de rentrer dans la vie politique? si oui…/si non…;

∎ you've forgotten your gloves - so I have! vous avez oublié vos gants - en effet! ou tiens, c'est vrai!

(c) (in tag questions)

∎ you've read 'Hamlet', haven't you? vous avez lu 'Hamlet', n'est-ce pas?;

∎ he hasn't arrived, has he? il n'est pas arrivé, si?;

∎ so she's got a new job, has she? elle a changé de travail alors?

2 transitive verb

A.

(a) (be in possession of, own) avoir, posséder;

∎ do you have or have you got a car? avez-vous une voiture?;

∎ they have (got) a lot of friends/money ils ont beaucoup d'amis/d'argent;

∎ they don't have or they haven't got any more ils n'en ont plus;

∎ she shares everything she has (got) with them elle partage tout ce qu'elle a avec eux;

∎ he has (got) £10 left il lui reste 10 livres;

∎ we have (got) six of them left il nous en reste six;

∎ do you have or have you got any children? if you have... avez-vous des enfants? si vous en avez ou si oui...;

∎ they have (got) a 50 percent interest in the business ils ont ou détiennent 50 pour cent des intérêts dans l'affaire;

∎ I have (got) a lot of work to finish j'ai beaucoup de travail à finir;

∎ do we have or have we got any milk in the house? est-ce qu'on a du lait ou est-ce qu'il y a du lait à la maison?;

∎ she has (got) a baker's shop/bookshop elle tient une boulangerie/librairie;

∎ do you have or have you got the time? avez-vous l'heure?;

∎ he doesn't have or hasn't got a job il n'a pas de travail, il est sans travail;

∎ we have (got) a deadline to meet nous avons un délai à respecter;

∎ I've got it! ça y est, j'ai trouvé ou j'y suis!;

∎ paper, envelopes and what have you du papier, des enveloppes et je ne sais quoi encore;

∎ proverb you can't have your cake and eat it on ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l'argent du beurre;

∎ familiar give it all you have or all you've got! mets-y le paquet!

(b) (enjoy the use of) avoir, disposer de;

∎ we had a couple of hours to do our errands nous disposions de ou nous avions quelques heures pour faire nos courses;

∎ I don't have time or I haven't got time to stop for lunch je n'ai pas le temps de m'arrêter pour déjeuner;

∎ he has (got) a month to finish il a un mois pour finir;

∎ he hasn't (got) long to live il ne lui reste pas longtemps à vivre;

∎ do you have or have you (got) a minute (to spare)? tu as une minute?;

∎ she had the house to herself elle avait la maison pour elle toute seule;

∎ such questions have an important place in our lives ce genre de questions occupe une place importante dans notre vie;

∎ he has (got) nothing to do/to read il n'a rien à faire/à lire

(c) (possess as quality or attribute) avoir;

∎ she has (got) red hair elle a les cheveux roux, elle est rousse;

∎ you have (got) beautiful eyes tu as de beaux yeux;

∎ the ticket has (got) a name on it il y a un nom sur le billet;

∎ to have good taste avoir bon goût;

∎ to have a bad temper avoir mauvais caractère;

∎ she has (got) a reputation for being difficult elle a la réputation d'être difficile;

∎ the house has (got) a beautiful view of the mountains de la maison, on a une belle vue sur les montagnes;

∎ she has (got) what it takes or she has it in her to succeed elle a ce qu'il faut pour réussir;

∎ you've never had it so good! vous n'avez jamais eu la vie si belle!;

∎ familiar he really has it bad for Emma il a complètement craqué pour Emma

(d) (possess knowledge or understanding of)

∎ do you have or have you got any experience of teaching? avez-vous déjà enseigné?;

∎ she has (got) a clear sense of what matters elle sait très bien ce qui est important;

∎ he has some Greek and Latin il connaît un peu le grec et le latin;

∎ I have a little Spanish je parle un peu espagnol

B.

(a) (indicating experience of a specified situation)

∎ to have a dream/nightmare faire un rêve/cauchemar;

∎ I have no regrets je n'ai aucun regret ou pas de regrets;

∎ I didn't have any trouble in finding it je n'ai eu aucune peine à le trouver;

∎ we have (got) nothing or we don't have anything against dogs on n'a rien contre les chiens;

∎ I've had my appendix out je me suis fait opérer de l'appendicite;

∎ he had all his money stolen il s'est fait voler ou on lui a volé tout son argent;

∎ I love having my back rubbed j'adore qu'on me frotte le dos;

∎ they had some strange things happen to them il leur est arrivé de drôles de choses

(b) (be infected with, suffer from) avoir;

∎ to have a cold avoir un rhume, être enrhumé;

∎ do you have or have you got a headache? avez-vous mal à la tête?;

∎ he has (got) problems with his back il a des problèmes de dos

(c) (perform, take part in → bath, lesson) prendre; (→ meeting) avoir;

∎ we had our first argument last night nous nous sommes disputés hier soir pour la première fois;

∎ to have a stroll se promener, faire un tour;

∎ I want to have a think about it je veux y réfléchir;

∎ to have a party (organize) organiser une fête; (celebrate) faire la fête;

∎ I'll have no part in it je refuse de m'en mêler

(d) (pass, spend) passer, avoir;

∎ I had a horrible day at work j'ai passé une journée atroce au travail;

∎ have a nice day! bonne journée!;

∎ to have a good time s'amuser;

∎ did you have a good time? c'était bien?, tu t'es bien amusé?;

∎ a good time was had by all tout le monde s'est bien amusé;

∎ she's had a hard time of it lately elle vient de traverser une mauvaise passe

(e) (exhibit, show) avoir, montrer;

∎ have mercy on us! ayez pitié de nous!;

∎ he had the nerve to refuse il a eu le culot de refuser;

∎ he didn't even have the decency to apologize il n'a même pas eu la décence de s'excuser

C.

(a) (obtain, receive) avoir, recevoir;

∎ I'd like him to have this picture j'aimerais lui donner cette photo;

∎ I'd like to have your advice on something j'aimerais que vous me donniez un conseil à propos de quelque chose;

∎ we had a phone call from the mayor nous avons reçu ou eu un coup de fil du maire;

∎ they've still had no news of the lost plane ils n'ont toujours pas de nouvelles de l'avion (qui a) disparu;

∎ I have it on good authority je le tiens de bonne source;

∎ I must have your answer by tomorrow il me faut votre réponse pour demain;

∎ let me have your answer by next week donnez-moi votre réponse avant la semaine prochaine;

∎ let me have your keys donne-moi tes clefs;

∎ let me have the book back when you've finished rends-moi le livre quand tu auras fini;

∎ she let them have the wardrobe for £300 elle leur a laissé ou cédé l'armoire pour 300 livres;

∎ there are plenty of flats to be had il y a plein d'appartements;

∎ familiar I let him have it (attacked him) je lui ai réglé son compte; (told him off) je lui ai passé un savon;

∎ familiar you had it coming! tu ne l'as pas volé!

(b) (invite) recevoir, avoir;

∎ she's having some people (over) for or to dinner elle reçoit ou elle a du monde à dîner;

∎ let's have him round for a drink et si on l'invitait à prendre un pot?;

∎ did you have any visitors? avez-vous eu de la visite?;

∎ after the movie we had them back for coffee après le cinéma, nous les avons invités à venir prendre le café chez nous

(c) (accept, take) vouloir;

∎ he'd like to marry but nobody will have him! il aimerait se marier mais personne ne veut de lui!;

∎ do what you want, I'm having nothing more to do with your schemes fais ce que tu veux, je ne veux plus être mêlé à tes combines

D.

(a) (clutch) tenir;

∎ to have sb in one's power avoir qn en son pouvoir;

∎ the teacher had (got) him by the arm/the ear le maître le tenait par le bras/l'oreille;

∎ he had (got) his assailant by the throat il tenait son agresseur à la gorge

(b) figurative (gain control or advantage over)

∎ you have me there! là vous me tenez!;

∎ I have (got) you right where I want you now! je vous tiens!;

∎ Sport the Bears have it! les Bears ont gagné!

(c) (bewilder, perplex)

∎ who won? - you've got me there qui a gagné? - là, tu me poses une colle

E.

(a) (cause to be)

∎ the news had me worried la nouvelle m'a inquiété;

∎ I'll have this light fixed in a minute j'en ai pour une minute à réparer cette lampe;

∎ we'll have everything ready tout sera prêt

(b) (with past participle) (cause to be done) to have sth done faire faire qch;

∎ I had my hair cut je me suis fait couper les cheveux;

∎ we must have the curtains cleaned nous devons faire nettoyer les rideaux ou donner les rideaux à nettoyer;

∎ three houses had their windows shattered trois maisons ont eu leurs fenêtres brisées;

∎ she had coffee brought up to the room elle a fait monter du café dans la chambre;

∎ I had my watch stolen je me suis fait voler ma montre

(c) (with infinitive) (cause to do) to have sb do sth faire faire qch à qn;

∎ she had him invite all the neighbours round elle lui a fait inviter tous les voisins;

∎ have them come in faites-les entrer;

∎ the boss had him up to his office le patron l'a convoqué dans son bureau;

∎ he soon had them all laughing il eut tôt fait de les faire tous rire;

∎ I had the children go to bed early j'ai couché les enfants de bonne heure;

∎ as he would have us believe comme il voudrait nous le faire croire

F.

(a) (consume → food, meal) avoir, prendre;

∎ we were having lunch nous étions en train de déjeuner;

∎ we're having dinner out tonight nous sortons dîner ce soir;

∎ to have breakfast in bed prendre le petit déjeuner au lit;

∎ would you like to have coffee? voulez-vous (prendre) un café?;

∎ do you have coffee or tea in the morning? prenez-vous du café ou du thé le matin?;

∎ I had tea with her j'ai pris le thé avec elle;

∎ we stopped and had a drink nous nous sommes arrêtés pour boire quelque chose;

∎ what will you have? - I'll have the lamb (in restaurant) qu'est-ce que vous prenez? - je vais prendre de l'agneau;

∎ we had fish for dinner nous avons mangé ou eu du poisson au dîner;

∎ he always has a cigarette after dinner il fume toujours une cigarette après le dîner;

∎ will you have a cigarette? voulez-vous une cigarette?

(b) (indicating location, position) placer, mettre;

∎ we'll have the wardrobe here and the table in there nous mettrons l'armoire ici et la table par là;

∎ she had her arm around his shoulders elle avait mis le bras autour de ses épaules;

∎ I had my back to the window je tournais le dos à la fenêtre;

∎ he had his head down il avait la tête baissée

(c) (be accompanied by)

∎ she had her mother with her sa mère était avec elle;

∎ I can't talk right now, I have someone with me je ne peux pas parler, je ne suis pas seul ou je suis avec quelqu'un

(d) (give birth to) avoir;

∎ she's had a baby elle a eu un bébé;

∎ she had her baby last week elle a accouché la semaine dernière;

∎ she's going to have a baby elle attend ou elle va avoir un bébé;

∎ he's had three children by her il a eu trois enfants d'elle;

∎ our dog has just had puppies notre chien vient d'avoir des petits

(e) (assert, claim) soutenir, maintenir;

∎ public opinion has it that he is not telling the truth on pense généralement qu'il ne dit pas la vérité;

∎ rumour has it that they're married le bruit court qu'ils sont mariés;

∎ as the government would have it comme dirait le gouvernement;

∎ as Plato has it comme dit Platon, comme l'a écrit Platon

(f) (with "will" or "would") (wish for) vouloir;

∎ what would you have me do? que voudriez-vous que je fasse?;

∎ I'll have you know I have a degree in French je vous fais remarquer que j'ai une licence de français

(g) (in negative) (allow, permit) I will not have him in my house! il ne mettra pas les pieds chez moi!;

∎ I won't have it! ça ne va pas se passer comme ça!;

∎ we can't have you sleeping on the floor nous ne pouvons pas vous laisser dormir par terre;

∎ familiar we tried to give the dog a bath but he wasn't having any of it! nous avons essayé de donner un bain au chien, mais rien n'y a fait!;

∎ familiar I'm not having any of your nonsense pas de bêtises

(h) (in passive) familiar (cheat, outwit) avoir;

∎ you've been had! tu t'es fait avoir!

(i) very familiar (sleep with) avoir

G.

(a) (with infinitive) (indicating obligation) to have (got) to do sth devoir faire qch, être obligé de faire qch;

∎ do you have to or have you got to leave so soon? êtes-vous obligé de partir ou faut-il que vous partiez si tôt?;

∎ I have (got) to go to the meeting il faut que j'aille ou je dois aller ou je suis obligé d'aller à la réunion;

∎ don't you have to or haven't you got to phone the office? est-ce que tu ne dois pas appeler le bureau?;

∎ he'll do it if he's got to il le fera s'il est obligé de le faire;

∎ you don't have to or you haven't got to go tu n'es pas obligé d'y aller;

∎ we had to take physics at school nous étions obligés de suivre des cours de physique à l'école;

∎ she had to take a blood test elle a été obligée de ou elle a dû faire un examen sanguin;

∎ I hate having to get up early j'ai horreur de devoir me lever tôt;

∎ I won't apologize - you have to je ne m'excuserai pas - il le faut;

∎ you've got to be joking! vous plaisantez!, c'est une plaisanterie!;

∎ you didn't have to tell your father what happened! tu n'avais pas besoin d'aller dire à ton père ce qui s'est passé!;

∎ ironic the train WOULD have to be late today of all days! il fallait que le train soit en retard aujourd'hui!;

∎ familiar that has (got) to be the stupidest idea I've ever heard! ça doit être l'idée la plus idiote que j'aie jamais entendue!

(b) (with infinitive) (indicating necessity) devoir;

∎ you have (got) to get some rest il faut que vous vous reposiez, vous devez vous reposer;

∎ I'll have to think about it il va falloir que j'y réfléchisse;

∎ I have (got) to know il faut que je le sache;

∎ we have to be careful about what we say on doit faire attention ou il faut qu'on fasse attention à ce qu'on dit;

∎ some problems still have to or have still got to be worked out il reste encore des problèmes à résoudre;

∎ if you finish the report this evening you won't have to come in to work tomorrow si vous finissez le rapport ce soir, vous n'aurez pas besoin de venir travailler demain;

∎ first the potatoes have (got) to be washed il faut d'abord laver les pommes de terre;

∎ I don't like housework but it has (got) to be done je n'aime pas faire le ménage mais il faut bien que quelqu'un le fasse;

∎ the plumbing has (got) to be redone la plomberie a besoin d'être refaite;

∎ you'd have to be deaf not to hear that noise il faudrait être sourd pour ne pas entendre ce bruit;

∎ do you have to turn the music up so loud? vous ne pourriez pas baisser un peu la musique?

(c) (with "to do") (idioms) the book has to do with archaeology ce livre traite de l'archéologie;

∎ their argument had to do with money ils se disputaient à propos d'argent;

∎ this has nothing to do with you ça ne te concerne ou regarde pas;

∎ I'll have nothing more to do with her je ne veux plus avoir affaire à elle;

∎ they had nothing to do with her being fired ils n'avaient rien à voir avec son licenciement

3 haves plural noun

∎ the haves les riches mpl, les nantis mpl;

∎ the haves and the have-nots les riches mpl et les pauvres mpl, les nantis mpl et les démunis mpl

➲ have around separable transitive verb

(keep available) garder ou avoir sous la main;

∎ I have the documents around somewhere les documents sont là quelque part, j'ai les documents quelque part;

∎ she's a useful person to have around il est bon de l'avoir sous la main;

∎ I don't like having children around je n'aime pas la compagnie des enfants

➲ have at inseparable transitive verb

British Fencing attaquer

➲ have away separable transitive verb

British very familiar

∎ to have it away (with sb) s'envoyer en l'air (avec qn)

➲ have down separable transitive verb

(invite from upstairs, the north) inviter;

∎ we're having his family down for the weekend sa famille vient passer le week-end chez nous

➲ have in separable transitive verb

(a) (cause to enter) faire entrer;

∎ she had him in for a chat elle l'a fait entrer pour discuter

(b) (invite)

∎ to have friends in for a drink inviter des amis à prendre un pot

(c) (doctor, workman) faire venir;

∎ we had to have the doctor in nous avons dû faire venir le médecin;

∎ they've got workmen in at the moment ils ont des ouvriers en ce moment

(d) familiar (idiom)

∎ to have it in for sb avoir une dent contre qn;

∎ they had it in for me from the day I arrived ils en ont eu après moi dès mon arrivée

➲ have off separable transitive verb

(a) (remove) retirer;

∎ the barber nearly had my ear off le coiffeur a failli me couper l'oreille

(b) (have removed) faire retirer;

∎ she's having the plaster off next week on lui retire son plâtre la semaine prochaine

(c) British very familiar (have sexual intercourse)

∎ to have it off (with sb) s'envoyer en l'air (avec qn)

➲ have on separable transitive verb

(a) (wear) porter;

∎ what does she have on? qu'est-ce qu'elle porte?, comment est-elle habillée?;

∎ she had her black dress on elle avait ou portait sa robe noire;

∎ the child had nothing on l'enfant était tout nu

(b) (radio, television)

∎ have you got the radio on? avez-vous allumé la radio?, est-ce que la radio est allumée?;

∎ he has the radio/television on all night sa radio/sa télévision est allumée toute la nuit

(c) (commitment, engagement)

∎ we have a lot on today nous avons beaucoup à faire aujourd'hui;

∎ do you have anything on for tonight? avez-vous des projets pour ou êtes-vous pris ce soir?;

∎ I have nothing on for the weekend je n'ai rien de prévu ce week-end

(d) British familiar (tease, trick) faire marcher;

∎ you're having me on! tu me fais marcher!;

∎ I was only having you on c'était juste pour te faire marcher

(e) (idiom)

∎ they have nothing on me ils n'ont aucune preuve contre moi;

∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui

➲ have out separable transitive verb

(a) (tooth) se faire arracher

(b) (settle)

∎ to have it out with sb s'expliquer avec qn;

∎ she had it or the matter or the whole thing out with him elle a eu une longue explication avec lui;

∎ let's have this out once and for all mettons les choses au point une fois pour toutes

➲ have over separable transitive verb

(invite) inviter

➲ have up separable transitive verb

(a) familiar (bring before the authorities)

∎ I'll have you up for blackmail je vais vous poursuivre (en justice) pour chantage;

∎ they were had up by the police for vandalism ils ont été arrêtés pour vandalisme;

∎ he was had up (before the court) for breaking and entering il a comparu (devant le tribunal) pour effraction

(b) (invite from downstairs, the south) inviter;

∎ he had them up (to his flat) for tea il les a invités à venir prendre le thé;

∎ we're having them up from London for the weekend il sont venus nous voir de Londres pour le week-end

✾ Film 'To Have and Have Not' Hawks 'Le Port de l'angoisse'

   1) All Human Complex Problem Solving Is Creativity

   Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Models of Creative Association

   Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)

   3) Creative Innovation and Social Independence

   There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)

   4) Ego Strength and Emotional Stability among Creative Geniuses

   he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)

   5) Its Mundane Character

   he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)

   6) Mozart's Musical Ideas Came to Him in Polished Form

   From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)

   7) Scientific Theories and Works of Art Alike Originate in Fantasy

   Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)

   8) Self- Esteem and Creative Expression

   The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)

   9) Stages in Creative Problem- Solving

   In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)

    10) The Bisociative Pattern of the Creative Synthesis

   he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)

    11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder

   Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)

    12) The Inner Life of the Creative Process

   New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)

    13) The Problem of What Impels the Creative Person

   [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....

   Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)

    14) Theories of Creative Thinking

   A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....

   Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

1) Компьютерная техника: office communication

2) Американизм: Option Chain

3) Спорт: Offensive Crouching, Open Canoe

4) Военный термин: Dissemination and extraction of Information Controlled, Office of the Comptroller, Ordnance Corps, Other Contingencies, object class, observation car, observer-controller, obstruction chart, obstruction clearance, office cadet, office candidate, office commanding, office of censorship, office of communications, officers' cook, official communication, on call, operating costs, operating cycle, operational capability, operational characteristic, operational command, operational commander, operational control, operations center, operations central, operations control, order cancelled, overseas commands

5) Техника: office call, office of controller, official communications, oil-cut, on camera, open-closed, operating company, operating curve, operational characteristics, outage continuing, output generator, ownership costs

6) Химия: Organic Carbon

7) Математика: оптимальное управление (optimal control), рабочая характеристика (operating characteristic)

8) Британский английский: королевский адвокат (Queen's Counsel)

9) Юридический термин: Organized Clan

10) Страхование: Open charter

11) Автомобильный термин: oxidation catalytic converter

12) Грубое выражение: Obtuse Crap, Oh, Crap!, Old Crap, Old Cunt, Orgasmically Charged, Original Cunts, Overly Crappy, Overrated Crap

13) Металлургия: oxygen cutting

14) Оптика: optical computing

15) Телекоммуникации: Operator Cutoff, Optical Channel, Optical Carrier (SONET), Разовое начисление

16) Сокращение: Observer / Controller, Occitan, Officer Commanding, Oleoresin Capsicum (a form of tear gas), Order of Canada, open cover, oral contraceptive, organizational climate, outside circumference

17) Текстиль: Old Clothes

18) Университет: Off Campus, Oklahoma Christian, Online Class, Open Concepts

19) Физиология: Oleoresin Capsicum (pepper spray for self-defense)

20) Электроника: AND-OR circuit, Optical Cable, Over Current

21) Вычислительная техника: Optical Carrier, Object Class (OOP)

22) Нефть: off center, off center wear, oil cut, operations commenced, загрязнённый нефтью (oil-cut), пригодность к эксплуатации (operational capability), работоспособность (operational capability)

23) Организация производства: organisational commitment

24) Транспорт: Outrigger Canoe

25) Пищевая промышленность: Ostrich Cookies

26) Фирменный знак: Of Christ, Old Colony

27) Экология: oxygen capacity

28) СМИ: Off Camera, Original Character, Original Content, Other Characters

29) Деловая лексика: Other Company

30) Бурение: между центральными осями (on centers), между центрами (on centers), работы начаты (operations commenced)

31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: open center (control system), гидрораспределитель с открытым центром, система управления с гидрораспределителем с открытым центром

32) Образование: Operation Classroom

33) Сетевые технологии: Optical Connection, office communications

34) Полимеры: official classification, on centers, open circuit, open cup, operating characteristic

35) Пластмассы: Oleoresin Capsicum

36) Химическое оружие: ocular

37) Макаров: on center, open collector, optical communications

38) Золотодобыча: occupied point, точка стояния

39) Нефть и газ: optical cabinet

40) Электротехника: operating capacity, operating characteristics, overcurrent

41) Имена и фамилии: Oliver Cromwell

42) Молекулярная биология: oryzacystatin

43) Общественная организация: Organizing Committee

44) Чат: Out Of Character

45) Правительство: Ocean Cove, Okeechobee County, Orange County

46) Федеральное бюро расследований: Out of the Country

47) Единицы измерений: Ocean City

1) Компьютерная техника: office communication

2) Американизм: Option Chain

3) Спорт: Offensive Crouching, Open Canoe

4) Военный термин: Dissemination and extraction of Information Controlled, Office of the Comptroller, Ordnance Corps, Other Contingencies, object class, observation car, observer-controller, obstruction chart, obstruction clearance, office cadet, office candidate, office commanding, office of censorship, office of communications, officers' cook, official communication, on call, operating costs, operating cycle, operational capability, operational characteristic, operational command, operational commander, operational control, operations center, operations central, operations control, order cancelled, overseas commands

5) Техника: office call, office of controller, official communications, oil-cut, on camera, open-closed, operating company, operating curve, operational characteristics, outage continuing, output generator, ownership costs

6) Химия: Organic Carbon

7) Математика: оптимальное управление (optimal control), рабочая характеристика (operating characteristic)

8) Британский английский: королевский адвокат (Queen's Counsel)

9) Юридический термин: Organized Clan

10) Страхование: Open charter

11) Автомобильный термин: oxidation catalytic converter

12) Грубое выражение: Obtuse Crap, Oh, Crap!, Old Crap, Old Cunt, Orgasmically Charged, Original Cunts, Overly Crappy, Overrated Crap

13) Металлургия: oxygen cutting

14) Оптика: optical computing

15) Телекоммуникации: Operator Cutoff, Optical Channel, Optical Carrier (SONET), Разовое начисление

16) Сокращение: Observer / Controller, Occitan, Officer Commanding, Oleoresin Capsicum (a form of tear gas), Order of Canada, open cover, oral contraceptive, organizational climate, outside circumference

17) Текстиль: Old Clothes

18) Университет: Off Campus, Oklahoma Christian, Online Class, Open Concepts

19) Физиология: Oleoresin Capsicum (pepper spray for self-defense)

20) Электроника: AND-OR circuit, Optical Cable, Over Current

21) Вычислительная техника: Optical Carrier, Object Class (OOP)

22) Нефть: off center, off center wear, oil cut, operations commenced, загрязнённый нефтью (oil-cut), пригодность к эксплуатации (operational capability), работоспособность (operational capability)

23) Организация производства: organisational commitment

24) Транспорт: Outrigger Canoe

25) Пищевая промышленность: Ostrich Cookies

26) Фирменный знак: Of Christ, Old Colony

27) Экология: oxygen capacity

28) СМИ: Off Camera, Original Character, Original Content, Other Characters

29) Деловая лексика: Other Company

30) Бурение: между центральными осями (on centers), между центрами (on centers), работы начаты (operations commenced)

31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: open center (control system), гидрораспределитель с открытым центром, система управления с гидрораспределителем с открытым центром

32) Образование: Operation Classroom

33) Сетевые технологии: Optical Connection, office communications

34) Полимеры: official classification, on centers, open circuit, open cup, operating characteristic

35) Пластмассы: Oleoresin Capsicum

36) Химическое оружие: ocular

37) Макаров: on center, open collector, optical communications

38) Золотодобыча: occupied point, точка стояния

39) Нефть и газ: optical cabinet

40) Электротехника: operating capacity, operating characteristics, overcurrent

41) Имена и фамилии: Oliver Cromwell

42) Молекулярная биология: oryzacystatin

43) Общественная организация: Organizing Committee

44) Чат: Out Of Character

45) Правительство: Ocean Cove, Okeechobee County, Orange County

46) Федеральное бюро расследований: Out of the Country

47) Единицы измерений: Ocean City

1) Компьютерная техника: office communication

2) Американизм: Option Chain

3) Спорт: Offensive Crouching, Open Canoe

4) Военный термин: Dissemination and extraction of Information Controlled, Office of the Comptroller, Ordnance Corps, Other Contingencies, object class, observation car, observer-controller, obstruction chart, obstruction clearance, office cadet, office candidate, office commanding, office of censorship, office of communications, officers' cook, official communication, on call, operating costs, operating cycle, operational capability, operational characteristic, operational command, operational commander, operational control, operations center, operations central, operations control, order cancelled, overseas commands

5) Техника: office call, office of controller, official communications, oil-cut, on camera, open-closed, operating company, operating curve, operational characteristics, outage continuing, output generator, ownership costs

6) Химия: Organic Carbon

7) Математика: оптимальное управление (optimal control), рабочая характеристика (operating characteristic)

8) Британский английский: королевский адвокат (Queen's Counsel)

9) Юридический термин: Organized Clan

10) Страхование: Open charter

11) Автомобильный термин: oxidation catalytic converter

12) Грубое выражение: Obtuse Crap, Oh, Crap!, Old Crap, Old Cunt, Orgasmically Charged, Original Cunts, Overly Crappy, Overrated Crap

13) Металлургия: oxygen cutting

14) Оптика: optical computing

15) Телекоммуникации: Operator Cutoff, Optical Channel, Optical Carrier (SONET), Разовое начисление

16) Сокращение: Observer / Controller, Occitan, Officer Commanding, Oleoresin Capsicum (a form of tear gas), Order of Canada, open cover, oral contraceptive, organizational climate, outside circumference

17) Текстиль: Old Clothes

18) Университет: Off Campus, Oklahoma Christian, Online Class, Open Concepts

19) Физиология: Oleoresin Capsicum (pepper spray for self-defense)

20) Электроника: AND-OR circuit, Optical Cable, Over Current

21) Вычислительная техника: Optical Carrier, Object Class (OOP)

22) Нефть: off center, off center wear, oil cut, operations commenced, загрязнённый нефтью (oil-cut), пригодность к эксплуатации (operational capability), работоспособность (operational capability)

23) Организация производства: organisational commitment

24) Транспорт: Outrigger Canoe

25) Пищевая промышленность: Ostrich Cookies

26) Фирменный знак: Of Christ, Old Colony

27) Экология: oxygen capacity

28) СМИ: Off Camera, Original Character, Original Content, Other Characters

29) Деловая лексика: Other Company

30) Бурение: между центральными осями (on centers), между центрами (on centers), работы начаты (operations commenced)

31) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: open center (control system), гидрораспределитель с открытым центром, система управления с гидрораспределителем с открытым центром

32) Образование: Operation Classroom

33) Сетевые технологии: Optical Connection, office communications

34) Полимеры: official classification, on centers, open circuit, open cup, operating characteristic

35) Пластмассы: Oleoresin Capsicum

36) Химическое оружие: ocular

37) Макаров: on center, open collector, optical communications

38) Золотодобыча: occupied point, точка стояния

39) Нефть и газ: optical cabinet

40) Электротехника: operating capacity, operating characteristics, overcurrent

41) Имена и фамилии: Oliver Cromwell

42) Молекулярная биология: oryzacystatin

43) Общественная организация: Organizing Committee

44) Чат: Out Of Character

45) Правительство: Ocean Cove, Okeechobee County, Orange County

46) Федеральное бюро расследований: Out of the Country

47) Единицы измерений: Ocean City

1) право

2) (the right) полит. правые

•

- a country's right to protect itself

- crackdown against human rights

- crude violation of rights

- observance of human rights

- occupation rights

- right to a nationality

- right to an abortion

- suppression of civil rights

- suspension of a right

- Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- upholder of civil rights

1) правый, правильный

2) полит. ( часто Right) правый

•

- extreme right

- insurance activities

1) наказ, команда, розпорядження, припис, вказівка; заявка; інструкція; вимога; лад, устрій; порядок; орден; ордер; черговість; перепустка; регламент ( звід правил); розділ ( правил судочинства Верховного суду Англії)

2) віддавати наказ, веліти; розпоряджатися, віддавати розпорядження; вимагати; давати інструкції; замовляти

•

- order a killing

adj ( form) unnachgiebig; will unbeugsam

\unbending determination eiserne Entschlossenheit

* * *

* * *

unbending adj (adv unbendingly)

1. unbiegsam

2. fig unbeugsam, entschlossen

3. fig reserviert, steif

* * *

entspannend adj.

a methodology aimed at reducing waste in the form of overproduction, excessive lead time, or product defects in order to make a business more effective and more competitive. Lean production originates in the production systems established by Toyota in Japan in the 1950s.

     In the early 1980s there was a significant increase in the application of lean production in Western companies. Lean production is characterized by lean operations with low inventories, quality management through prevention of errors, small batch runs, just-in-time production, high commitment human resource policies, team-based working, and close relations with suppliers. The term was popularized by researchers on the International Motor Vehicle Program of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in their book The Machine That Changed the World. Concepts that can help an organization move toward lean production include continuous improvement and world class manufacturing.

Also known as lean manufacturing

a scheme giving employees a payment that is conditional on the company’s profits. Profit sharing takes the form of a share incentive scheme, or a pay bonus. The purpose of relating payment to company performance is to increase employee commitment and motivation.

 

бюджетирование капитальных вложений
(ITIL Service Strategy)
Выделение средств с целью получения возврата в будущем за счёт дополнительной прибыли или сокращения затрат.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

EN

capital budgeting
(ITIL Service Strategy)
The present commitment of funds in order to receive a return in the future in the form of additional cash inflows or reduced cash outflows.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

EN

• capital budgeting