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1 combination laws
combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) -
2 combination laws
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > combination laws
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3 combination laws
Общая лексика: законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) -
4 combination laws
законы, направленные против союзовАнгло-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > combination laws
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5 combination laws
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6 combination laws
брит.; ист. законы против тред-юнионов (действовали до 1824 г.) -
7 combination laws
தொழிற்தொகுப்பினச் சட்டங்கள் -
8 combination laws
/,kɔmbi'neiʃn'lɔ:z/ * danh từ số nhiều - luật nghiệp đoàn (đặt ra nhằm chống lại các nghiệp đoàn Anh) -
9 combination
combination [ˏkɒmbɪˊneɪʃn] n1) соедине́ние; комбина́ция; сочета́ние;in combination в сочета́нии, во взаимоде́йствии
;combination of forces мех. сложе́ние сил
2) сою́з, объедине́ние (синдикат, трест и т.п.)3) мотоци́кл с прицепно́й коля́ской4) pl комбина́ция ( типа цельного купальника)5) attr.:combination gas жи́рный приро́дный газ
;combination lock замо́к с ши́фром
;combination laws зако́ны, напра́вленные про́тив сою́зов ( в Англии)
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10 combination
[ˌkɔmbɪˈneɪʃən]bit combination вчт. набор двоичных знаков business combination объединение компаний business combination слияние компаний combination женское нижнее белье combination pl комбинация (белье) combination комбинация combination комбинезон combination комбинирование combination монополистическое объединение combination мотоцикл с прицепной коляской combination объединение combination соединение; комбинация; сочетание; in combination в сочетании, во взаимодействии; combination of forces мех. сложение сил combination соединение combination сочетание combination союз, объединение (синдикат, трест и т. п.) combination союз combination шайка combination attr.: combination gas богатый нефтью естественный газ; combination lock секретный замок; combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) combination attr.: combination gas богатый нефтью естественный газ; combination lock секретный замок; combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) combination attr.: combination gas богатый нефтью естественный газ; combination lock секретный замок; combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) combination attr.: combination gas богатый нефтью естественный газ; combination lock секретный замок; combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) combination соединение; комбинация; сочетание; in combination в сочетании, во взаимодействии; combination of forces мех. сложение сил control combination вчт. управляющая комбинация combination соединение; комбинация; сочетание; in combination в сочетании, во взаимодействии; combination of forces мех. сложение сил insurance combination комбинация форм страхования media combination комбинирование различных средств рекламы product combination ассортимент продукции product combination товарная номенклатура -
11 combination
ˌkɔmbɪˈneɪʃən сущ.
1) соединение, сочетание, комбинация Syn: mixture
2) союз, объединение а) объединение отдельных лиц, корпораций, стран и т. п. для достижение общих социальных, экономических или политических целей б) объединение двух или более людей для совместной деятельности, иногда противоправной (напр., банда, шайка и т. п.) в) небольшая инструментальная группа The combination is a five piece one, comprising piano, saxophone, trumpet, banjo and drums. ≈ Группа - это единое целое, включающая фортепиано, саксофон, трубу, банджо и барабан.
3) комбинированное устройство, комбинированный прибор
4) замок с цифровой или буквенной комбинацией
5) мат. сочетание
6) шахм. комбинация, последовательность ходов
7) хим. соединение
8) мн. комбинация, нижнее женское белье Syn: combination-garment сочетание, комбинация;
- in * в сочетании, во взаимодействии;
- phraseological * фразеологическое сочетание союз, объединение, общество клика, шайка, банда обыкн. pl женское нижнее белье, трико, комбинация комбинированный прибор, комбинированное устройство;
- * body (автомобильное) кузов со съемным верхом мотоцикл с прицепной коляской цифровая или буквенная комбинация (замка) ;
- the * of the safe код замка сейфа замок с секретом, секретный замок (математика) сочетание (химическое) соединение;
- * reaction реакция присоединения( разговорное) профессорская (комната) в Кембриджском университете bit ~ вчт. набор двоичных знаков business ~ объединение компаний business ~ слияние компаний combination женское нижнее белье ~ pl комбинация (белье) ~ комбинация ~ комбинезон ~ комбинирование ~ монополистическое объединение ~ мотоцикл с прицепной коляской ~ объединение ~ соединение;
комбинация;
сочетание;
in combination в сочетании, во взаимодействии;
combination of forces мех. сложение сил ~ соединение ~ сочетание ~ союз, объединение (синдикат, трест и т. п.) ~ союз ~ шайка ~ attr.: ~ gas богатый нефтью естественный газ;
combination lock секретный замок;
combination laws законы, направленные против союзов ( в Англии) ~ attr.: ~ gas богатый нефтью естественный газ;
combination lock секретный замок;
combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) ~ attr.: ~ gas богатый нефтью естественный газ;
combination lock секретный замок;
combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) ~ attr.: ~ gas богатый нефтью естественный газ;
combination lock секретный замок;
combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии) ~ соединение;
комбинация;
сочетание;
in combination в сочетании, во взаимодействии;
combination of forces мех. сложение сил control ~ вчт. управляющая комбинация ~ соединение;
комбинация;
сочетание;
in combination в сочетании, во взаимодействии;
combination of forces мех. сложение сил insurance ~ комбинация форм страхования media ~ комбинирование различных средств рекламы product ~ ассортимент продукции product ~ товарная номенклатураБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > combination
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12 combination
{.kambi'neiJn}
1. комбиниране, комбинация, съчетание
COMBINATION lock секретна брава (на каси, сейфове и пр.), in COMBINATION съчетан, свързан
2. мат. комбинация
3. шахматна комбинация
4. хим. съединение
5. pi гащиризон
6. мотоциклет с кош
7. съюз, сдружение, обединение
8. малък инструментален оркестър* * *{.kambi'neiJn} n 1. комбиниране; комбинация; съчетание; combination* * *съединение; съвкупност; съюз; съчетание; сдружение; комбинация; комбиниране; комбинезон;* * *1. combination lock секретна брава (на каси, сейфове и пр.), in combination съчетан, свързан 2. pi гащиризон 3. комбиниране, комбинация, съчетание 4. малък инструментален оркестър 5. мат. комбинация 6. мотоциклет с кош 7. съюз, сдружение, обединение 8. хим. съединение 9. шахматна комбинация* * *combination[¸kɔmbi´neiʃən] n 1. съединение (и хим.); съчетание; комбинация; \combination gas естествен газ, богат на бензинови пари; \combination forces физ. взаимодействие на сили; in \combination съчетан, свързан; nitrogen in \combination with oxygen съединение на азот и кислород; 2. съюз, сдружение, синдикат, обединение; картел; right of \combination право на сдружаване; \combination laws закони против сдруженията (в Англия); 3. pl гащеризон (и pl a pair of \combinations); комбинезон; 4. ост. заговор, съзаклятие, комплот; 5. мотоциклет с кош. -
13 combination
noun1) соединение; комбинация; сочетание; in combination в сочетании, во взаимодействии; combination of forces mech. сложение сил2) (pl.) комбинация (белье)3) комбинезон4) союз, объединение (синдикат, трест и т. п.)5) мотоцикл с прицепной коляской6) (attr.) combination gas богатый нефтью естественный газ; combination lock секретный замок; combination laws законы, направленные против союзов (в Англии)Syn:mixture* * *(n) комбинация; монополистическое объединение; объединение; объединение конкурирующих компаний для укрепления рыночных позиций; покупка или продажа равного числа опционов колл; совмещение; соединение; сочетание; союз* * *соединение, сочетание, комбинация* * *[com·bi·na·tion || ‚kɒmbɪ'neɪʃn] n. сочетание, комбинация; союз, объединение; мотоцикл с прицепной коляской* * *комбинациякомбинезонобъединениесовмещениесовмещениясоединениесоитиесоитиясопряжениесопряжениясочетаниесочетаниясоюз* * *1) соединение 2) союз 3) комбинированное устройство, комбинированный прибор 4) замок с цифровой или буквенной комбинацией 5) мат. сочетание -
14 combination
[ˌkɔmbɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n]сущ.1) соединение, сочетание, комбинацияSyn:2) союз, объединение3) банда, шайкаThe combination is a five-piece one, comprising piano, saxophone, trumpet, banjo and drums. — Эта группа представляет собой квинтет, объединяющий фортепиано, саксофон, трубу, банджо и барабан.
5) комбинированное устройство, комбинированный прибор6) замок с цифровой или буквенной комбинацией7) мат. сочетание8) шахм. комбинация, последовательность ходов9) хим. соединение10) ( combinations) комбинация, нижнее женское бельё ( типа цельного купальника) -
15 laws of chemical combination
வேதிக் கூடுகை விதிகள் -
16 законы, направленные против союзов
General subject: combination laws (в Англии)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > законы, направленные против союзов
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17 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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18 forbindelse
communication, connection, connection, contact, link* * *subst. [ det å forbinde noe] connection, connecting, joining (f.eks.the joining of two towns by a railway
) subst. [ sammenheng] tie-in, connection (f.eks. there is no connection between the two events, the connection between religion and morality) subst. [ bindeledd] link (f.eks.the Crown is a link between the Commonwealth and the Mother Country
) subst. [ samferdsel] communication(s) (f.eks.communications between mainland and the island were rendered difficult by ice
) subst. [ fast rute] service (f.eks.the service between Oslo and Copenhagen, the air service to Iraq is temporarily suspended
) subst. (telefoni) connection, line (f.eks.a bad line, have a line to USA
) subst. [ i personlige forhold] connection, relations (f.eks.the relations between the party leaders are very intimate
) subst. [ person man står i forbindelse med] connection, contact (f.eks.all our English contacts, I have connections in Spain, he has connections in the ??
) subst. (kjemi) [ resultatet] compound, (det å) combination (f.eks.the laws of chemical combination
) subst. (militær) communication(s) (f.eks. ) (kjemisk forbindelse) compound, chemical combination -
19 HUNDRAÐ
(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).* * *n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel. -
20 Kartellrecht
Kartellrecht n RECHT antimonopoly law, antitrust law, cartel law, competition laws* * *n < Recht> antimonopoly law, antitrust law, cartel law, competition laws* * *Kartellrecht
right of combination, cartel legislation, antitrust law (US)
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