code+of+behavior

* * *

1. (= zachowanie) conduct, behavior; nienaganne postępowanie irreproachable l. impeccable conduct; właściwe/niewłaściwe postępowanie appropriate/inappropriate conduct; zasady l. normy postępowania code l. rules l. standards of conduct.

2. prawn. (legal) proceeding(s); postępowanie sądowe court proceeding(s); postępowanie apelacyjne appeal l. appellate proceeding(s); postępowanie arbitrażowe arbitration proceeding(s); postępowanie cywilne civil proceeding(s); postępowanie karne criminal proceeding(s); postępowanie dowodowe taking of evidence, hearing of evidence; wszcząć postępowanie institute l. initiate proceedings, take a legal action; zawiesić/umorzyć/zamknąć postępowanie suspend/discontinue/close proceedings.

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

1 to alter.

2 to modify (grammar).

Lisa modificó el vestido Lisa modified the dress.

3 to amend, to revise.

Ricardo modificó su conducta Richard amended his behavior.

* * *

Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar

► verbo transitivo

1 to alter, modify

* * *

* * *

VT [+ producto, vehículo] to modify; [+ texto] to change, alter; [+ vida] to change

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) < aparato> to modify; < plan> to change; <horario/ley> to change, alter

b) (Ling) to modify

modificarsev pron to change, alter

* * *

= adjust, alter, change, edit, modify, doctor, redraw [re-draw], repackage [re-package], fine tune [fine-tune], repack, redact.

Ex. The brightness can be adjusted by turning the two knobs at the lower right of the screen.

Ex. Even the same collection some years on will have altered, and the device, in order to remain effective, must evolve in keeping with the development of the collection.

Ex. A scheme should permit changes in terminology as subjects change their names.

Ex. During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.

Ex. This revised chapter modified the code in keeping with the recently agreed ISBD(M), and proposed a slightly different description for monographs.

Ex. The purpose of the present paper is to determine the effect of doctoring AACR2 in this manner.

Ex. the Internet has fundamentally redrawn the way in which people can organize themselves.

Ex. The objective of the second phase is to synthesise, repackage and disseminate findings for various audiences.

Ex. These statistics have been used to fine tune the system and improve response time = Se han usado estos resultados estadísticos para ajustar el funcionamiento del sistema y mejorar el tiempo de respuesta.

Ex. The problem posed by the increasing number of documents may be solved by repacking them photographically into smaller categories.

Ex. Also, the movie has been redacted by the producer -- it ends with a horrifying montage of real photos of dead and wounded Iraqis.

----

* modificar el precio = reprice.

* modificar un registro = amend + record.

* modificar y adaptar = repackage [re-package], repack.

* sin modificar = unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* * *

verbo transitivo

a) < aparato> to modify; < plan> to change; <horario/ley> to change, alter

b) (Ling) to modify

modificarsev pron to change, alter

* * *

* * *

modificar [A2 ]

1 ‹aparato› to modify; ‹plan› to change; ‹horario/ley› to change, alter

la dosis puede modificarse según criterio médico the dosage may be altered o varied on the advice of your doctor

la entonación modifica el sentido de la frase the intonation alters o changes the meaning of the sentence

2 ( Ling) to modify

to change, alter

* * *

a) ‹ aparato› to modify;

b) (Ling) to modify;

◊ modifica al verbo it modifies the verb

* * *

modificar vt

1. [diseño] to alter, to modify;

modificar genéticamente to genetically modify

2. Gram to modify

* * *

v/t modify

* * *

modificar {72} vt

alterar: to modify, to alter, to adapt

* * *

modificar vb to alter

han decidido modificar la cubierta they've decided to alter the cover

tenue² [t(ə)ny]

1. feminine noun

   a. ( = habillement, apparence) dress

• ce n'est pas une tenue pour aller au golf ! that's no way to dress to play golf!

• « tenue correcte exigée » "strict dress code"

• tenue d'intérieur indoor clothes

• en tenue légère (d'été) wearing light clothes ; (osée) scantily dressed

• en petite tenue scantily dressed

• en tenue d'Adam in one's birthday suit (inf)

• en tenue d'Ève in one's birthday suit (inf)

• se mettre en tenue to get dressed

• être en tenue to be in uniform

• les policiers en tenue policemen in uniform

   b. ( = maintien) posture

   c. ( = conduite) bonne tenue en classe good behaviour in class

• avoir de la tenue to have good manners

• allons ! un peu de tenue ! come on, behave yourself!

   d. ( = qualité) [de journal] standard

• publication qui a de la tenue publication of a high standard

   e. [de maison, magasin] running ; [de séance] holding

• la tenue des comptes the book-keeping

   f. (Stock exchange) performance

• la mauvaise tenue de l'euro face au dollar the poor performance of the euro against the dollar

2. compounds

► tenue de camouflage camouflage dress

► tenue de combat battle dress

► tenue de route road holding

► tenue de service uniform

► tenue de soirée evening dress

• « tenue de soirée de rigueur » ≈ "black tie" ► tenue de sport sports clothes

► tenue de ville [d'homme] lounge suit (Brit), town suit (US) ; [de femme] smart clothes

* * *

1) ( vêtements)

2) ( manières)

3) ( posture) posture [U]

4) Finance ( comportement) performance

•

- tenue de campagne

- tenue de cérémonie

- tenue de route

- tenue de travail

- tenue de ville

* * *

1) (action de tenir) [commerce] running, [registre, comptes] keeping, [réunion] holding

2) (= vêtements) outfit

3) (= allure vestimentaire) dress no pl appearance

4) (= comportement) manners pl behaviour Grande-Bretagne behavior USA

* * *

[təny] nom féminin

1. [d'une séance, d'un rassemblement]

2. [gestion - d'une maison, d'un établissement] running

4. BOURSE [fermeté] firmness

6. ÉQUITATION [d'un cheval] stamina

1. [attitude corporelle] posture, position

2. [comportement, conduite] behaviour

3. [aspect extérieur d'une personne] appearance

4. [habits - généralement] clothes, outfit, dress ; [ - de policier, de militaire, de pompier] uniform

5. [rigueur intellectuelle] quality

6. ÉQUITATION [d'un cavalier] seat

en grande tenue locution adjectivale

en petite tenue locution adjectivale

se promener en petite tenue to walk around with hardly a stitch on

————————

en tenue locution adjectivale

[militaire, policier] uniformed

a. [militaire] I was in civilian clothes that day

b. [policier] I was in plain clothes that day

————————

→ link=enen petite tenue

   1) A Unitary Search Process for All the Phenomena of Memory

   To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)

   2) Semantic Memory Is a Mental Thesaurus

   [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)

   3) The Development of Mnemonic Codes

   The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)

   4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology

   If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)

   5) The Constituent Elements of Memory Theory

   We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)

   6) The Problem with the Memory Metaphor

   The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)

   7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging

   The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)

   8) The Structure and Function of a Schema in Memory

   A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)

   9) Competence and Performance in Theories of Memory

   Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....

   Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)

    10) Metaphors of Memory

   When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....

   However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)

    11) Comparison of Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

   Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)

    12) Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory

   Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)

    13) The Relation of Memory to Thinking

   The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

1 machine, engine, piece of machinery.

2 railway engine.

3 car.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) machine

2 (de un tren) engine

3 figurado machinery

■ la máquina del Estado the State machinery

4 (expendedora) vending machine

\

a máquina (cosido) machine-sewn 2 (escrito) typewritten

a toda máquina at full blast

coser a máquina to use a sewing machine, sew on a sewing machine

escribir a máquina to type, typewrite

máquina de afeitar shaver, electric razor

máquina de coser sewing machine

máquina de escribir typewriter

máquina de fotos / máquina fotográfica camera

máquina de lavar washing machine

máquina de tabaco cigarette machine

máquina de tricotar knitting machine

máquina de vapor steam engine

máquina tragaperras slot machine

* * *

1) machine

2) engine

* * *

1) (=aparato) [gen] machine

- forzar la máquina

2) (Transportes) [de tren] engine, locomotive; (=moto) * motorbike; CAm, Cuba (=coche) car; (=taxi) taxi

3) (Fot) camera

4) (Pol) machine

5) (=maquinaria) machinery, workings pl ; (=plan) scheme of things

* * *

1)

a) ( aparato) machine

b) (Jueg) fruit machine; (Fot) camera

c) ( de café) coffee machine

- máquina de afeitar

- máquina de calcular

- máquina de coser/lavar

- máquina de discos

- máquina de escribir

- máquina expendedora

- máquina tragamonedas or tragaperras

- máquina traganíqueles

2)

a) (Náut) engine

b) (Ferr) engine, locomotive

c) (Ven fam) ( auto) car

3) ( organización) machine

* * *

= machine.

Ex. Synonyms, related terms and other variants must now be collected, either by human selection, or with the aid of the machine.

----

* acabado a máquina = machine-finished.

* aprendizaje de la máquina = machine learning (ML).

* a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.

* avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* borrador escrito a máquina = typewritten draft.

* Catalogación Legible por Máquina (MARC) = MARC (Machine Readable Cataloguing).

* datos legibles por máquina = machine-readable data.

* de escritura a máquina = typing.

* de la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.

* documento legible por máquina = machine readable document.

* encargado de la máquina de imprimir = machine-minder.

* en la dirección de la máquina = machine-direction.

* entre la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.

* escribir a máquina = type.

* escrito a máquina = typewritten.

* escritura a máquina = typewriting.

* formato legible por máquina = machine-readable form, machine readable format, machine scannable format.

* hecho a máquina = machine-made.

* joven ayudante del encargado de la máquina de imprimir = machine boy.

* legible por máquina = machine-readable.

* máquina continua de papel = paper-making machine.

* máquina de afeitar = shaver, electrical razor, electric shaver.

* máquina de alzar = gathering machine.

* máquina de andar o correr estática = treadmill.

* máquina de cepillar = planing machine.

* máquina de componer en caliente = hot-metal composing machine, hot-metal machine.

* maquina de componer en frío = cold-metal machine, cold-metal composing machine.

* máquina de cortar en rebanadas = slicer.

* máquina de coser = sewing machine.

* máquina de coser libros = book-sewing machine.

* máquina de cotejar = collating machine.

* máquina de discos = jukebox.

* máquina de encartonar = casing-in machine.

* máquina de escribir = typewriter.

* máquina de escribir de margarita = daisy-wheel typewriter.

* máquina de escribir de pelota de golf = golf-ball typewriter.

* máquina de escribir eléctrica = electric typewriter, electronic typewriter.

* máquina de escribir libros = book-writing machine.

* máquina de estampar en relieve = embossing machine.

* máquina de estampar tela en relieve = cloth-embossing machine.

* máquina de fábrica = manufacturing equipment.

* máquina de fabricación = manufacturing equipment.

* máquina de fabricar tapas = casemaking machine.

* máquina de fax = fax machine.

* máquina de franquear = franking machine.

* maquina de grapar libros = book-stapling machine.

* máquina de imprenta = printing machine.

* maquina de imprimir con mecanismo de reiteración = perfector.

* máquina de imprimir direcciones = addressograph, addressing machine.

* máquina de matar = killing machine.

* máquina de papel continuo = newsprint machine.

* máquina de perforar papeles = desk punch.

* máquina de presión plana = platen jobber, platen, platen machine, flat-platen machine.

* máquina de recortar con cuchilla recta = straight-knife trimming machine.

* máquina de registro de préstamos por medio de la fotografía = photocharger, photocharging machine.

* máquina de reiteración = perfecting machine.

* máquina de sumar = adding machine.

* máquina de tambor = tumbler machine.

* máquina de tejer = knitting machine.

* máquina de torno = nipping machine.

* máquina de vapor = steam engine.

* máquina excavadora = excavator.

* máquina expendedora = vending machine.

* máquina expendedora de sellos = stamp dispenser.

* maquina expendora = dispensing machine.

* máquina Fourdrinier = Fourdrinier machine.

* máquina Fourdrinier de papel continuo = newsprint Fourdrinier.

* máquina fundidora de tipos = typecasting machine.

* máquina gofradora = cloth-embossing machine, embossing machine.

* máquina industrial = manufacturing equipment.

* máquina para leer = reading machine.

* máquina pensante = reasoning engine.

* máquina planográfica = platen machine.

* máquina que funciona con monedas = coin-operated machine.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* máquina redonda = mould machine.

* máquina rotativa = cylinder machine.

* máquinas plegadoras = folding machinery.

* máquina tragaperras = slot machine, fruit machine, one-arm(ed) bandit.

* montador de máquinas = machine setter.

* papel a mano-máquina = mouldmade paper.

* papel hecho a máquina = machine-made paper.

* papel verjurado hecho a máquina = machine-made laid paper.

* posible de ser consultado por máquina = machine-viewable.

* sala de máquinas = machine room.

* seleccionado por máquina = machine-selected.

* taller de máquinas = machine shop.

* terminado a máquina = machine-finished.

* texto escrito a máquina = typescript.

* texto legible por máquina = machine readable text.

* * *

1)

a) ( aparato) machine

b) (Jueg) fruit machine; (Fot) camera

c) ( de café) coffee machine

- máquina de afeitar

- máquina de calcular

- máquina de coser/lavar

- máquina de discos

- máquina de escribir

- máquina expendedora

- máquina tragamonedas or tragaperras

- máquina traganíqueles

2)

a) (Náut) engine

b) (Ferr) engine, locomotive

c) (Ven fam) ( auto) car

3) ( organización) machine

* * *

* * *

1 (aparato) machine

una máquina para hacer pasta a pasta-making machine

máquina expendedora de bebidas drinks machine

¿sabes coser a máquina? do you know how to use a sewing machine?

esto hay que coserlo a máquina this will have to be sewn on the machine

¿se puede lavar a máquina? can it be machine-washed?

no sé escribir a máquina I can't type

¿me pasas esto a máquina? would you type this (up) for me?

2 ( Jueg) fruit machine

3 (cámara) camera

4 (de café) coffee machine

electric razor, shaver ver tb maquinilla f A. (↑ maquinilla)

calculator

sewing machine

jukebox

typewriter

one-armed bandit, fruit machine

knitting machine

washing machine

snow machine

weight machine

knitting machine

wind machine

climbing machine

vending machine

( Esp) ticket machine

( AmL) ticket machine

postage meter ( AmE), franking machine ( BrE)

slot machine, fruit machine

( Col) slot machine, fruit machine

( Esp) slot machine, fruit machine

1 ( Náut) engine

a toda máquina at top speed, flat out ( colloq)

sala

2 ( Ferr) engine, locomotive

3 ( Ven fam) (auto) car

C (organización) machine

la máquina del partido the party machine

* * *

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

a) ( aparato) machine;

◊ ¿se puede lavar a máquina? can it be machine-washed?;

◊ máquina de coser/lavar sewing/washing machine;

b) (Jueg) fruit machine;

a) (Ferr, Náut) engine

b) (Ven fam) ( auto) car

* * *

máquina nf

1. [aparato] machine;

coser a máquina to machine-sew;

escribir a máquina to type;

escrito a máquina typewritten;

hecho a máquina machine-made;

lavar a máquina to machine-wash;

pasar algo a máquina to type sth out o up;

ser una máquina [muy rápido, muy bueno] to be a powerhouse

máquina de bebidas drinks machine, US drink vending machine;

máquina de café (espresso) coffee machine;

máquina de cambios change machine;

máquina de coser sewing-machine;

máquina de discos [en bar] jukebox;

máquina destructora de documentos document shredder;

máquina de escribir typewriter;

máquina expendedora vending machine;

máquina fotográfica camera;

máquina de fotos camera;

máquina herramienta machine tool;

máquina de oficina office machine;

máquina quitanieves snowplough;

máquina registradora cash register;

máquina de tabaco cigarette machine;

máquina del tiempo time machine;

máquina voladora flying machine

2. [para jugar]

máquina de marcianos Space Invaders® machine;

máquina recreativa arcade machine;

3. [locomotora] engine

4. [en buque] engine;

sala de máquinas engine room;

a toda máquina at full pelt o tilt;

no fuerces la máquina don't overdo it

5. [de estado, partido] machinery

6. Fam [vehículo] [moto] (motor)bike;

7. Cuba [automóvil] car

* * *

1 machine

2 FERR locomotive;

a toda máquina at top speed

3 C.Am., Carib

car

pasar algo a máquina type sth

* * *

máquina nf

1) : machine

máquina de coser: sewing machine

máquina de escribir: typewriter

2) locomotora: engine, locomotive

3) : machine (in politics)

a toda máquina : at full speed

* * *

máquina n

1. (en general) machine

2. (tren) engine

1 to spill.

2 to pour (out) (vaciar) (líquido).

los ríos vierten sus aguas en el mar rivers flow into the sea

Ella vierte el vino She pours the wine.

3 to translate.

Ellos vertieron el código They translated the code.

4 to make (expresar) (acusación, crítica).

verter insultos sobre alguien to shower somebody with insults

5 to express, to voice.

Ella vierte sus sentimientos She expresses her feelings.

* * *

Conjugation model [ ENTENDER], like link=entender entender

► verbo transitivo

1 (líquido - voluntariamente) to pour, pour out

2 (derramar) to spill; (lágrimas, sangre) to shed

■ vertió el té sobre la moqueta he spilt his tea on the carpet

3 (vaciar) to empty, empty out

4 (basura) to dump

■ siguen vertiendo residuos tóxicos en el mar they're still dumping toxic waste into the sea

5 (traducir) to translate

■ verter al inglés to translate into English

6 figurado (conceptos, ideas, etc) to express, voice

► verbo intransitivo

1 (corriente, río) to run (a, into), flow (a, into)

* * *

1) to pour

2) empty out

3) pour

* * *

1. VT

1) [+ contenido] to pour (out), empty (out); (sin querer) to spill, pour; [+ lágrimas, luz, sangre] to shed; [+ basura, residuos] to dump, tip

2) [+ recipiente] (=vaciar) to empty (out); (=invertir) to tip up; (sin querer) to upset

3) (Ling) to translate (a into)

VI [río] to flow, run (a into); [declive] to fall (a towards)

* * *

1)

a) ( echar) <agua/vino/trigo> to pour

b) ( derramar) < líquido> to spill; <lágrimas/sangre> (liter) to shed (liter)

2) (period) ( expresar) < opiniones> to voice, state

3) (frml)

a) ( traducir)

b) ( trasladar)

* * *

= pour (in/into), shed, decant.

Ex. The water of the stuff poured into the middle of the cylinder through its wire-mesh cover, and was immediately pumped out from one end leaving a film of fibres on the surface.

Ex. While some retractable awnings can be used during a light rain if they are pitched sufficiently to shed the water, most are not designed for use in inclement weather.

Ex. Last year's sloe gin has been steeping for ten months now - it's time to decant.

----

* verter por el desagüe = pour down + the drain.

* verter por el sumidero = pour down + the drain.

* * *

1)

a) ( echar) <agua/vino/trigo> to pour

b) ( derramar) < líquido> to spill; <lágrimas/sangre> (liter) to shed (liter)

2) (period) ( expresar) < opiniones> to voice, state

3) (frml)

a) ( traducir)

b) ( trasladar)

* * *

* * *

verter [ E31 ] or [E8 ]

1 (echar) ‹agua/vino/trigo› to pour

vertió el contenido de la botella en el vaso he emptied o poured the contents of the bottle into the glass

verter residuos radiactivos al or en el mar to dump radioactive waste in the sea

2 (derramar) ‹líquido› to spill ‹lágrimas› ( liter) to shed ( liter)

vertieron su sangre por la patria ( liter); their blood was spilt o shed for their country

B ( period) (expresar) ‹opiniones› to voice, state

las acusaciones que ha vertido la prensa sobre él the accusations that the press has made against him

vertió ácidas críticas sobre su conducta he leveled bitter criticism against her for her behavior

C ( frml)

1 (traducir) verter algo A algo to translate sth INTO sth, render sth INTO sth ( frml)

vertió el poema al francés he translated o rendered the poem into French

(trasladar): vertió sus sentimientos al papel he put his feelings down on paper

to flow

el Ebro vierte al Mediterráneo the Ebro flows into the Mediterranean

* * *

a) ( en un recipiente) ‹agua/vino/trigo› to pour

b) ( derramar) ‹ líquido› to spill;

c) ‹ residuos radiactivos› to dump

* * *

♦ vt

1. [derramar] [sal] to spill;

mucha sangre se ha vertido ya much blood has already been shed o spilt

2. [echar] [líquido] to pour (out);

vertió la harina en el saco she poured the flour into the sack;

los ríos vierten sus aguas en el mar rivers flow into the sea

3. [vaciar] [recipiente] to empty

4. [traducir] to translate (a into)

5. [expresar] [opinión] to express;

las acusaciones/críticas vertidas por el periódico the accusations/criticisms made by the newspaper

♦ vi

verter a o [m5]en to flow into

♦ See also the pronominal verb verterse

* * *

I v/t dump; ( derramar) spill; fig: opinión voice;

el Ebro vierte sus aguas en el Mediterráneo the Ebro flows into the Mediterranean

II v/i de un río flow (a into)

* * *

verter {56} vt

1) : to pour

2) : to spill, to shed

3) : to empty out

4) : to express, to voice

5) : to translate, to render

verter vi

: to flow

* * *

verter vb

1. (derramar) to spill [pt. & pp. spilt]

2. (volcar) to pour

3. (basura, residuos) to dump

 Temperature measurements were carried out with the help of a commercially available thermocouple.

 The theoretical dynamic behavior of the vehicle is studied with the aid of a 17 degree of freedom mathematical model.

 The unmelted solid was extracted from the tube by means of the nylon line.

 Rather than attempt an analytical solution to this problem, the writers chose to gain some insight into the nature of the stress state through a simple experiment.

 The procedure to compute the new collapse pressure of an infinitely long tube with the present Code chart is very simple.

 The flow over plates placed in a water channel was visualized using dye injection.

 This is often accomplished by the steel mating gear.

 The naphthalene test surface was positioned via pins on the bed of a coordinate table.

 With centrifugal fan sets this will normally be achieved by limiting the mass flow by operation of the main damper.

a statement of desired standards of behavior or procedure applicable across an organization. Company policy defines ways of acting for staff in areas where there appears to be latitude in deciding how best to operate. This may concern areas such as time off for special circumstances, drug or alcohol abuse, workplace bullying, personal use of Internet facilities, or business travel. Company policy may also apply to customers, for example, policy on complaints, customer retention, or disclosure of information. Sometimes a company policy may develop into a code of practice.

a process for evaluating, reporting on, and improving an organization’s performance and behavior, and for measuring its effects on society. The social audit can be used to produce a measure of the social responsibility of an organization. It takes into account any internal code of conduct as well as the views of all stakeholders and draws on best practice factors of total quality management and human resource development. Like internal auditing, social auditing requires an organization to identify what it is seeking to achieve, who the stakeholders are, and how it wants to measure performance.