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61 Kulturkampf
* * *Kul|tur|kampfm no plcultural war; (HIST) Kulturkampf (struggle between Church and State 1872-1887)* * *Kul·tur·kampf* * *Kulturkampf m; nur sg; HIST struggle between state and church (in Prussia 1872-87), US auch Kulturkampf -
62 école
école [ekɔl]1. feminine nouna. ( = établissement) school• envoyer or mettre un enfant à l'école to send a child to school• grande école prestigious higher education institute with competitive entrance examination → GRANDES ÉCOLESb. ( = enseignement) schooling ; ( = système scolaire) school systemc. ( = mouvement artistique, de pensée) school2. compounds► école des Beaux-Arts ≈ art college• faire l'école buissonnière to play truant (Brit) or hooky (US) ► École centrale prestigious college of engineering► École normale ≈ teacher training college → GRANDES ÉCOLES━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━Nursery school ( l'école maternelle) is publicly funded in France and, though not compulsory, is attended by most children between the ages of three and six. Statutory education begins with primary (grade) school (« l'école primaire ») and is attended by children between the ages of six and 10 or 11.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The École nationale d'administration or ÉNA, in Strasbourg (formerly in Paris), is a competitive-entrance college training top civil servants. Because so many ministers and high-ranking decision-makers are « énarques » (ex-students of ÉNA), the school has often been criticized for exercising too much influence, and French political life is perceived by some as being monopolized by the so-called « énarchie ». → CONCOURS* * *The French school system has three tiers: l'école maternelle (from the age of two); l'école primaire comprising cours préparatoire (CP), cours élémentaire 1 et 2 ( CE1, CE2), cours moyen 1 et 2 ( CM1, CM2); and l'école secondaire ( collège and lycée). School attendance is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 16* * *ekɔl nf1) school2)* * *école nf1 Scol ( établissement) school; être à l'école to be at GB ou in US school; aller à l'école to go to school; le directeur a réuni toute l'école the headteacher assembled the whole school; école de garçons/filles boys'/girls' school; enfants des écoles schoolchildren; la grande/petite école primary/nursery school;2 ( enseignement) school; l'école est finie school is over; avoir école to have school; mettre un enfant à l'école to send a child to school; dès l'école from the very first days at school; quitter l'école à 16 ans to leave school at 16;3 ( système) education system; réformer l'école to reform the education system;4 Univ (grande) école higher education institution with competitive entrance examination; une école d'ingénieurs a Grande École of Engineering; une école de commerce a business school;5 ( source de formation) training (de in); la lexicographie est une école de patience lexicography is a training in patience; être à bonne école to be in good hands; être de la vieille école to be of the old school; l'école de la vie the university of life;6 ( mouvement) school; école flamande/romantique Flemish/Romantic school; école de pensée school of thought; faire école to gain a following.école communale local school; école de conduite driving school; école de danse dancing school; école élémentaire primary school; école de gestion Univ business school, school of business and management GB; école hôtelière hotel management school; école d'infirmières nursing college; école de journalisme school of journalism; école de langues language school; école libre ( système) independent education; ( établissement) independent school; école maternelle nursery school; école militaire military academy; école de musique music school; école normale, EN primary teacher training college; école obligatoire compulsory schooling; école parallèle progressive school GB, alternative school; école de pilotage flying school; école de police police college GB, police academy US; école primaire primary school; école privée private school; école professionnelle training college; école publique ( établissement) state school GB, public school US; ( système) state education GB, public education US; école de secrétariat secretarial college; École centrale des arts et manufactures, Centrale○ Grande École of Engineering; École des chartes, les Chartes○ School of Palaeography and Archival Studies; École des Mines, les Mines○ Grande École of Mining Studies; École nationale d'administration, ENA Grande École of Public Management; École nationale des ponts et chaussées, les Ponts et chaussées○, les Ponts○ Grande École of Civil Engineering; École nationale supérieure des arts et métiers, les Arts et métiers○, les Arts○, ENSAM Grande École of Engineering; École normale supérieure, ENS Grande École preparing teachers for higher education.École The French school system has three tiers: l'école maternelle (from the age of two); l'école primaire comprising cours préparatoire (CP), cours élémentaire 1 et 2 ( CE1, CE2), cours moyen 1 et 2 ( CM1, CM2); and l'école secondaire ( collège and lycée). School attendance is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 16.[ekɔl] nom féminin1. [établissement] school2. [cours] school3. [système]4. [collège supérieur]École (centrale) des arts et manufactures, École centrale prestigious engineering schoolÉcole nationale d'administration → link=ENA ENA5. [lieu spécialisé] school6. [pédagogie]7. [disciples] school8. (figuré)The separation of Church and State, which reflects the republican ideal and became law in 1905, is an important aspect of French culture. Since that date State education has been independent of the Church, and explicitly excludes religious instruction and religious ceremony. -
63 kości|ół
m 1. (świątynia) church- kościół pod wezwaniem Bożego Ciała Corpus Christi Church- chodzić do kościoła to go to church2. (instytucja) Kościół the Church- rozdział Kościoła od Państwa the separation of church and state a. (the) church from (the) state3. (wspólnota religijna) Kościół Church, denomination- był członkiem Kościoła metodystycznego he was a member of the Methodist Church4. pot. (nabożeństwo) church pot.- spotkamy się po kościele we can meet after church- □ Kościół ewangelicko-augsburski Relig. the Lutheran Church of the Augsburg Confession- Kościół ewangelicko-reformowany the Reformed (Calvinist) Church- Kościół koptyjski Relig. Coptic Church- Kościół luterański Relig. the Lutheran Church- Kościół prawosławny the Orthodox Church- Kościół rzymskokatolicki Relig. the Roman Catholic Church- Kościół wschodni Relig. the (Eastern) Orthodox Church■ pójść pod kościół pot. to go out and begThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kości|ół
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64 biblioteca eclesiástica
(n.) = ecclesiastical library, church libraryEx. This article considers the current status of ecclesiastical libraries, the size of their holdings, their administrative problems and future prospects.Ex. This article considers the roles of the church and state in the administration of church libraries.* * *(n.) = ecclesiastical library, church libraryEx: This article considers the current status of ecclesiastical libraries, the size of their holdings, their administrative problems and future prospects.
Ex: This article considers the roles of the church and state in the administration of church libraries. -
65 séparation
séparation [sepaʀasjɔ̃]feminine nouna. ( = dissociation) separationb. ( = démarcation) division• un paravent sert de séparation entre les deux parties de la pièce a screen separates the two parts of the room* * *sepaʀasjɔ̃1) gén, Politique, Droit separationla séparation des pouvoirs — Politique the separation of powers
après la séparation des composants du mélange — after separating out the constituents of the mixture
la séparation du pays en deux États — the division ou splitting of the country into two states
2) ( division) ( entre des jardins) boundary; ( entre des pièces) partition; fig boundary, dividing linemur de séparation — ( extérieur) boundary wall; ( intérieur) dividing wall
établir une séparation (nette) entre sa vie privée et professionnelle — to keep one's private life (completely) separate from one's work
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *sepaʀasjɔ̃ nf1) (= action) separation2) (= cloison) partition* * *séparation nf1 (de groupes, genres, secteurs, d'objets) ( fait d'être séparés) separation (entre between); ( action de séparer) separating, separation; la séparation des pouvoirs Pol the separation of powers; la séparation de l'Église et de l'État the separation of Church and State; ils envisagent la séparation de leurs activités commerciales et de recherche they are thinking of separating their commercial and research activities; après la séparation des composants du mélange after separating out the constituents of the mixture; la séparation du pays en deux États the division ou splitting of the country into two states;2 ( de personnes) ( fait d'être séparés) separation; ( action de se quitter) parting; ( rupture) aussi Jur separating, separation; après deux ans de séparation after two years' separation; depuis sa séparation d'avec sa femme since he separated from his wife, since his separation from his wife;3 ( limite) ( entre jardins) boundary; ( entre pièces) partition; fig boundary, dividing line; mur de séparation ( extérieur) boundary wall; ( intérieur) dividing wall; établir une séparation (nette) entre sa vie privée et professionnelle to keep one's private life (completely) separate from one's work.séparation de biens Jur matrimonial division of property; séparation de corps Jur judicial separation; séparation de fait Jur de facto separation.[separasjɔ̃] nom fémininelle n'a pas supporté la séparation d'avec ses enfants she couldn't bear to be parted ou separated from her childrenquand arriva le jour de notre séparation when the day of our separation arrived, when the day came for us to partséparation amiable ou de fait voluntary separation4. POLITIQUE -
66 Inquisition, Portuguese
Known also as the Holy Office of the Inquisition, Portugal's Inquisition was established in 1536 under King João III and was finally abolished only in 1821. The initial motives for establishing this institution were more political than religious; King João III saw it as an instrument to increase central power and royal control in Portugal. Permission for its foundation was granted by the papacy in Rome, but the Inquisition's judges and officers were appointed by the Portuguese king, not by the papacy. Seven years after its establishment, the Inquisition's first victims were burned at the stake in Évora. Eventually, the Holy Office of the Inquisition became a kind of state within a state, with its own bureaucracy, censors who acted as a "thought police" over the faithful as well as over heretics or dissidents, and police who maintained their own prisons. The period of this infamous institution's greatest power to persecute, prosecute, and execute heretics was during the 16th and 17th centuries. During the administration of the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77), the Inquisition's power was curtailed. By 1821, when it was abolished by reformist governments, the Inquisition no longer had much significance.For centuries, however, the Inquisition generated fear and was able to amass wealth, goods, and property confiscated from victims. In the history of Portuguese politics and culture, the Inquisition has symbolized cruel oppression, the spirit of discrimination, and religious persecution of heretics and minorities, including Jews who were often forcibly converted. It created an era of censorship of intellectual activity, injustice, bigotry, racism, and anti-Semitism, and raised questions about the role and power of the Catholic Church in society and the relationship between the Church and state. Some opponents of the Estado Novo quite justifiably compared the Inquisition's control of free thought and action with that of the Estado Novo in its day. -
67 Kirchenkampf
m struggle between Church and state* * *Kịr|chen|kampfmstruggle between Church and state* * *Kirchenkampf m struggle between Church and state -
68 Estado Novo
The name of the Portuguese regime from 1930 until the Revolution of 25 April 1974. The term "New State" may have been influenced by an earlier regime's name for itself, República Nova or "New Republic," led by President Sidónio Pais (1917-18) during in the First Republic (1910-26). The name Estado Novo appears for the first time in 1930, during the military phase; it caught on with supporters of the regime and became official. The Estado Novo was a version of the extremely nationalistic regimes that came to power in Europe after World War I. The Portuguese version was strongly influenced by conservative Catholic social doctrines, which held that society was organically hierarchical and church and state were closely allied. The relationship of the individual to society and the state was mediated through his or her membership in natural "orders," such as the family. The conservative Catholicism of the Estado Novo emphasized discipline, obedience, dedication, and sacrifice. It was opposed to the liberal doctrines of the French Revolution (individualism, separation of church and state, democracy), as well as to the socialist doctrines of the Russian Revolution (collectivism, atheism, etc). -
69 Laïcité, la
Many people in France get passionate about the principle oflaïcité to a degree that their neighbours often find hard to understand. Laïcitélitterally translates as 'secularism', and refers to the principal of the separation of church and state, and the fact that there is no established religion in France. Most frequently, the term is nowadays used in two contexts, on the one hand as a reminder that there is no place for religious instruction in the state education system, and on the other to counter the development of Islamic fundamentalism.It has often been argued that the issue of laïcité arouses such heated passions among some of its activists inFrance, that it is almost a religion in its own right, a form of atheism.Passions over laïcité are a heritage of the years of the French Revolution, notably the time of the Terror, when religion was temporarily outlawed. The principle of laïcité in education was established in 1881 by the Jules Ferry law, and the separation of church and state finally established by law in 1905. While the Communist party, and other far left parties, are the most stalwart defenders of laicité in modern France, politicians of all parties, both left and right, regularly express their attachment to the principle. The principle oflaïcité is one that applies to public life, and does not infringe on the individual's right to practice religion.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Laïcité, la
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70 disestablishment
сущ.1) общ. отмена, расформирование, упразднение ( ранее учрежденного института)2) рел., пол. отделение церкви от государстваThere is a growing support that the state church in Britain, the Church of England, be disestablished. — Все большую поддержку получает мнение о том, что государственная церковь Великобритании — англиканская церковь — должна быть отделена от государства.
Syn:See:3) пол. = destatizationSee:* * *прекращение существования (юридического лица); роспуск; ликвидация (юридического лица. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
71 Würdenträger
m, Würdenträgerin f dignitary; geistlicher Würdenträger church dignitary; geistliche und weltliche Würdenträger dignitaries from church and state* * *der Würdenträgerdignitary* * *Wụ̈r|den|trä|ger(in)m(f)dignitary* * *(a person who has a high rank or office.) dignitary* * *Wür·den·träg·er(in)m(f) (geh) dignitary* * *der dignitary* * *geistlicher Würdenträger church dignitary;geistliche und weltliche Würdenträger dignitaries from church and state* * *der dignitary* * *m.dignitaries n.dignitary n.high official n. -
72 Religion
As of 2008, over 90 percent of the Portuguese people professed to be Catholic, but a growing number of Portuguese, along with larger numbers of resident migrants from the former Portuguese colonies in Africa and from North Africa, adhered to other religious creeds. While only a relatively small number were Muslims, and mainly from North Africa or from north Mozambique or Guinea- Bissau, the number of Muslims was increasing. In the 1980s, a prominent mosque was erected in Lisbon, not far, ironically, from the embassy of Spain. The number of Jews remained small, under 1,000, although public interest in the history of the Jews and Crypto-Jews in post-1496 Portugal has increased recently through the appearance of new books, articles, plays, and films on the subject.In Portuguese history, religious homogeneity was long the rule, as church and state remained united. Following the First Republic (1910-26), when church and state were first separated, and the 1976 Constitution, when this separation was reinforced, greater religious heterogeneity was possible, despite the traditionally close identity between being Portuguese and being Catholic. For centuries, non-Catholic religious groups were persecuted or could not practice their religions freely.Changes in the religious picture followed the Revolution of 25 April 1974. The new migrants from the former colonial empire, as well as from North Africa, brought in non-Catholic religious beliefs. The 1976 Constitution guarantees all religious faiths the right to practice, those who are both Protestant and conscientious objectors can apply for alternative military service, Protestant missionaries have more freedom to serve abroad, and Protestant groups can build churches that look like churches, a right denied Protestants before 1974. Protestant sects comprise the most rapidly growing religious groups in Portugal, although the proportion of Portuguese Protestants in the population is smaller than that of Brazilian Protestants. Among such groups are Pentecostals, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Evangelicals. -
73 rozdział
- łu; -ły; loc sg -le; m( część książki) chapter; ( rozdzielanie) distribution; ( rozgraniczenie) separation* * *mi1. (część książki, przen. t. życia) chapter; szkoln. ( w podręczniku) unit; dzielić na rozdziały chapter.2. (= przydzielanie, dzielenie na części) distribution; (t. pieniędzy) dispensation; rozdział ról teatr cast.3. (= rozgraniczanie) separation; rozdział państwa od Kościoła separation of Church and State; rozdział majątku prawn. partition of property; trwały l. definitywny rozdział divorce ( pomiędzy czymś a czymś between sth and sth).4. (= niezgoda) discord, disagreement.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > rozdział
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74 separazione
f separationseparazione dei beni division of property* * *separazione s.f. separation; ( il separarsi) parting; division (anche dir.): dopo una lunga separazione dalla famiglia, after a long separation from his family; fu una triste separazione, it was a sad parting; separazione dei poteri, division of powers; separazione dei beni, separation of property // (dir.): separazione di letto e di mensa, separation from bed and board; separazione legale, judicial separation; separazione consensuale, separation by mutual consent // (fis.) separazione elettrolitica, electrolytic separation // (geol.) separazione orizzontale, ( di una faglia) offset.* * *[separat'tsjone]sostantivo femminile1) separation2) (distacco) parting, separation3) dir. separation•separazione dei beni — dir. separation of property
separazione consensuale — dir. separation by mutual consent
separazione legale — dir. legal o judicial separation
* * *separazione/separat'tsjone/sostantivo f.1 separation; la separazione dei poteri the separation of powers; la separazione tra Chiesa e Stato the separation of Church and State2 (distacco) parting, separation3 dir. separationseparazione dei beni dir. separation of property; separazione consensuale dir. separation by mutual consent; separazione legale dir. legal o judicial separation. -
75 estatu
iz.1.a. state; \estatua eta nazioa nation and state; elizaren eta \estatuaren bereizketa separation of church and state; Europako \estatuak the European states; \estatuen Europa Europe of the states; zuzenbidezko \estatu state with rule of lawb. [ izenen aurrean ] state-, of state; \estatu-arazoa a matter of state; \estatu-buru head of state; \estatu-kolpe coup d'—tat; \estatu-mailako batzarra state-wide congress2. ( herrialde mota) state; E\estatu Batuak the United States; Colorado E\estatua the State of Colorado; E\estatu Pontifikalak | Eliz \estatuak (Hist.) the Papal States3. (Hist.) ( Frantziari d.) estate; hiru \estatuak the three estates; hirugarren \estatu the third estate; E\estatu Orokorrak Estates-General4. Mil. \estatu nagusi high command -
76 Eglise Catholique
France is often described as a "Catholic" country; but this description is not technically true. Since 1905, there has been a strict separation of church and state in France, and France is officially a secular (laïc) republic. See laïcité. Nevertheless, Catholicism remains the main religion of France to this day. In 1999, slightly over half the French population claimed to be Catholic, though only about 12% of the population are churchgoers.There are 15 archbishoprics in the French Catholic church, plus the Catholic archdioceses of Strasbourg and Metz, which for historic reasons are directly dependent on the Vatican. Since the revolution, church buildings have belonged to the nation, and to this day their upkeep is the responsibility of local authorities. For more information see Religion in FranceDictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Eglise Catholique
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77 отделение церкви от государства
1) General subject: disestablishment, secularization2) Military: separation of church and state3) Makarov: the separation of Church and StateУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > отделение церкви от государства
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78 doctrine
доктрина; принцип; вченняdoctrine of diminished responsibility — доктрина ( або принцип) зменшеної відповідальності
doctrine of humanitarian intervention — доктрина втручання ( у справи іншої країни) заради дотримання прав людини
doctrine of national sovereignty — доктрина суверенітету держави, доктрина державного суверенітету
doctrine of privileged communication — доктрина нерозголошення ( або таємниці) змісту спілкування адвоката і його підзахисного
doctrine of "separate but equal" — доктрина рівності за умови відокремленості (сегрегації)
doctrine of the separation of church and state — доктрина ( або принцип) відокремлення церкви від держави
- doctrine of clean handsdoctrine of the unity of the legal personalities of husband and wife — доктрина єдиної правосуб'єктності чоловіка і жінки
- doctrine of conscience
- doctrine of decentralism
- doctrine of divine right
- doctrine of dual authority
- doctrine of dual federalism
- doctrine of entrapment
- doctrine of enumerated powers
- doctrine of fair use
- doctrine of flexible response
- doctrine of free law
- doctrine of guilt
- doctrine of implied powers
- doctrine of incapacitation
- doctrine of legitimacy
- doctrine of nationalism
- doctrine of noninterference
- doctrine of overclaiming
- doctrine of part performance
- doctrine of precedence
- doctrine of precedent
- doctrine of preferred freedoms
- doctrine of recent complaint
- doctrine of relation back
- doctrine of reputed ownership
- doctrine of reserved powers
- doctrine of stare decisis
- doctrine of state sovereignty
- doctrine of the just war
- doctrine of two swords
- doctrine of ultra vires -
79 relationship
nотношения; взаимоотношения, взаимозависимость; связьto carry one's weight in the security relationship — нести свою часть бремени в обеспечении безопасности
to enter into a person-to-person relationship — вступать в личный контакт, устанавливать личный контакт
to inject some warmth in the chilly relationship — вносить некоторое потепление в прохладные отношения
to lay the foundations for one's new relationship — закладывать основы для новых взаимоотношений
to paper over / to patch up one's relationship — сглаживать противоречия в своих отношениях
- bilateral relationshipto reassess one's relationship — пересматривать свои отношения
- burgeoning relationship
- city-to-city relationship
- close relationship
- cordial relationship between the two countries
- disturbed relationship
- economic relationship
- equal relationship
- equitable relationship
- establishment of a normal relationship with a country
- expanding relationship
- global relationship
- harmonious relationship
- human relationship
- interindustry relationship
- intimate relationship
- kindred relationship
- labor relationship
- long relationship
- long-term relationship
- neighborly relationship
- new relationship
- new type of international relationship
- normal relationship
- operational relationship
- party-to-party relationship
- political relationship
- positive relationship with smb
- productive relationship
- relationship between church and state
- relationship between nature and society
- relationship of science and practice
- relaxed relationship
- same sex relationship
- smooth relationship
- stable relationship
- state-to-state relationship
- sterile relationship
- strains in the relationship between smb
- strategic relationship
- strengthening relationship
- strenuous relationship
- strong relationship
- trade relationships
- transatlantic relationship
- transpacific relationship
- triangular relationship
- trusting relationship
- unbreakable relationship
- uneasy relationship
- working relationship -
80 separate
1. ['sepəreit] verb1) ((sometimes with into or from) to place, take, keep or force apart: He separated the money into two piles; A policeman tried to separate the men who were fighting.) ločiti2) (to go in different directions: We all walked along together and separated at the cross-roads.) ločiti se3) ((of a husband and wife) to start living apart from each other by choice.) ločiti se2. [-rət] adjective1) (divided; not joined: He sawed the wood into four separate pieces; The garage is separate from the house.) ločen2) (different or distinct: This happened on two separate occasions; I like to keep my job and my home life separate.) različen•- separable
- separately
- separates
- separation
- separatist
- separatism
- separate off
- separate out
- separate up* * *I [séprit]1.adjectiveoddeljen, oddvojen, ločen ( from od), izoliran; separaten, poseben; posamičen, posamezenseparate maintenance juridically alimenti (ločeno živeče žene)the separate volumes of a book — posamični zvezki knjige;2.nounprintingposeben odtis članka iz revije ali iz zbornika, separat; plural dvodelna oblekaII [sépəreit]1.transitive verbločiti ( from od), oddeliti, razdeliti ( into v), razdružiti; odbrati, izolirati, centrifugirati (mleko); odpustiti iz vojaške službe; juridically (zakonsko) ločitito separate cream from milk — posneti smetano z mleka;2.intransitive verbločiti se, oddeliti se, oddvojiti se, razdružiti se, odcepiti se; (zakonsko) se ločiti
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