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41 Calico
In Lancashire this name is applied generally to any plain weave cloth coarser than muslin. Originally meant a printed cotton cloth. The name came from Calicut (India) where the art of colour printing was first practised Printed calicoes now generally pass under the name of chintz or prints. The term calico has practically no recognition in the manufacturing side of the trade and is only to be found in retail shops where it means any plain weave cloth used for ordinary domestic purposes, and is coarser than muslins. The term calico was known in 1604 -
42 ситцепечатание
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > ситцепечатание
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43 ситцепечатание
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44 calicoprinting
calico-printing
1> ситценабивное дело, ситцепечатание -
45 cal. prin.
(calico printing) ситцепечатание -
46 cal. prin.
(calico printing) ситцепечатание -
47 Bell, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]fl. 1770–1785 Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of a calico printing machine with the design engraved on rollers.[br]In November 1770, John Mackenzie, owner of a bleaching mill, took his millwright Thomas Bell to Glasgow to consult with James Watt about problems they were having with the calico printing machine invented by Bell some years previously. Bell rolled sheets of copper one eighth of an inch (3 mm) thick into cyliders, and filled them with cement which was held in place by cast iron ends. After being turned true and polished, the cylinders were engraved; they cost about £10 each. The printing machines were driven by a water-wheel, but Bell and Mackenzie appeared to have had problems with the doctor blades which scraped off excess colour, and this may have been why they visited Watt.They had, presumably, solved the technical problems when Bell took out a patent in 1783 which describes him as "the Elder", but there are no further details about the man himself. The machine is described as having six printing rollers arranged around the top of the circumference of a large central bowl. In later machines, the printing rollers were placed all round a smaller cylinder. All of the printing rollers, each printing a different colour, were driven by gearing to keep them in register. The patent includes steel doctor blades which would have scraped excess colour off the printing rollers. Another patent, taken out in 1784, shows a smaller three-colour machine. The printing rollers had an iron core covered with copper, which could be taken off at pleasure so that fresh patterns could be cut as desired. Bell's machine was used at Masney, near Preston, England, by Messrs Livesey, Hargreaves, Hall \& Co in 1786. Although copper cylinders were difficult to make and engrave, and the soldered seams often burst, these machines were able to increase the output of the cheaper types of printed cloth.[br]Bibliography1783, patent no. 1,378 (calico printing machine with engraved copper rollers). 1784, patent no. 1,443 (three-colour calico printing machine).Further ReadingW.E.A.Axon, 1886, Annals of Manchester, Manchester (provides an account of the invention).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (provides a brief description of the development of calico printing).RLH -
48 Thickener
Calico printing term for the substances used to give the mordant, or printing colour, sufficient consistency to make it print with clear outlines. -
49 Mercer, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 21 February 1791 Great Harwood, Lancashire, Englandd. 30 November 1866 Oakenshaw, Lancashire, England[br]English pioneer in textile chemistry.[br]Mercer began work at the age of 9 as a bobbinwinder and then a hand-loom weaver. He had no formal education in chemistry but taught himself and revealed remarkable ability in both theoretical and applied aspects of the subject. He became the acknowledged "father of textile chemistry" and the Royal Society elected him Fellow in 1850. His name is remembered in connection with the lustrous "mercerized" cotton which, although not developed commercially until 1890, arose from his discovery, c. 1844, of the effect of caustic soda on cotton linters. He also discovered that cotton could be dissolved in a solution of copper oxide in ammonia, a phenomenon later exploited in the manufacture of artificial silk. As a youth, Mercer experimented at home with dyeing processes and soon acquired sufficient skill to set up as an independent dyer. Most of his working life was, however, spent with the calico-printing firm of Oakenshaw Print Works in which he eventually became a partner, and it was there that most of his experimental work was done. The association was a very appropriate one, for it was a member of this firm's staff who first recognized Mercer's potential talent and took the trouble in his spare time to teach him reading, writing and arithmetic. Mercer developed manganese-bronze colours and researched into catalysis and the ferrocyanides. Among his innovations was the chlorination of wool in order to make it print as easily as cotton. It was many years later that it was realized that this treatment also conferred valuable shrink-resisting qualities. Becoming interested in photochemistry, he devised processes for photographic printing on fabric. Queen Victoria was presented with a handkerchief printed in this way when she visited the Great Exhibition of 1851, of which Mercer was a juror. A photograph of Mercer himself on cloth is preserved in the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. He presented papers to the British Association and was a member of the Chemical Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1850.Further ReadingObituary, Manchester Memoirs, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.Dictionary of National Biography.E.A.Parnell, 1886. The Life and Labours of John Mercer, F.R.S., London (biography). 1867, biography, Journal of the Chemical Society.A.E.Musson and E.Robinson, 1969, Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (includes a brief reference to Mercer's work).RLH -
50 Back Cloth
An unbleached all-cotton plain cloth used as a reinforcing cloth for calico printing to support the fabric being printed. Made in many qualities from 72 X 72, 36/36, to high reeds and picks. -
51 Brighten
Calico printing term for the process of boiling the fabric in a solution of soda to make the colour more brilliant. -
52 Doctor
A steel blade placed on the calico printing machine to remove superfluous colour from the rollers. -
53 Scrimper Bar
The bar on a calico printing machine which spreads the cloth to right and left so that it runs full width on to the machine. -
54 Sightening
In calico printing, a fugitive colour added to paste to enable the operator to judge of the pattern. -
55 Bell, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1767 Torphichen Mill, near Linlithgow, Scotlandd. 1830 Helensburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish projector of the first steamboat service in Europe.[br]The son of Patrick Bell, a millwright, Henry had two sisters and an elder brother and was educated at the village school. When he was 9 years old Henry was sent to lodge in Falkirk with an uncle and aunt of his mother's so that he could attend the school there. At the age of 12 he left school and agreed to become a mason with a relative. In 1783, after only three years, he was bound apprentice to his Uncle Henry, a millwright at Jay Mill. He stayed there for a further three years and then, in 1786, joined the firm of Shaw \& Hart, shipbuilders of Borrowstoneness. These were to be the builders of William Symington's hull for the Charlotte Dundas. He also spent twelve months with Mr James Inglis, an engineer of Bellshill, Lanarkshire, and then went to London to gain experience, working for the famous John Rennie for some eighteen months. By 1790 he was back in Glasgow, and a year later he took a partner, James Paterson, into his new business of builder and contractor, based in the Trongate. He later referred to himself as "architect", and his partnership with Paterson lasted seven years. He is said to have invented a discharging machine for calico printing, as well as a steam dredger for clearing the River Clyde.The Baths Hotel was opened in Helensburgh in 1808, with the hotel-keeper, who was also the first provost of the town, being none other than Henry Bell. It has been suggested that Bell was also the builder of the hotel and this seems very likely. Bell installed a steam engine for pumping sea water out of the Clyde and into the baths, and at first ran a coach service to bring customers from Glasgow three days a week. The driver was his brother Tom. The coach was replaced by the Comet steamboat in 1812.While Henry was busy with his provost's duties and making arrangements for the building of his steamboat, his wife Margaret, née Young, whom he married in March 1794, occupied herself with the management of the Baths Hotel. Bell did not himself manufacture, but supervised the work of experts: John and Charles Wood of Port Glasgow, builders of the 43ft 6 in. (13.25 m)-long hull of the Comet; David Napier of Howard Street Foundry for the boiler and other castings; and John Robertson of Dempster Street, who had previously supplied a small engine for pumping water to the baths at the hotel in Helensburgh, for the 3 hp engine. The first trials of the finished ship were held on 24 July 1812, when she was launched from Wood's yard. A regular service was advertised in the Glasgow Chronicle on 5 August and was the first in Europe, preceded only by that of Robert Fulton in the USA. The Comet continued to run until 1820, when it was wrecked.Bell received little reward for his promotion of steam navigation, merely small pensions from the Clyde trustees and others. He was buried at the parish church of Rhu.[br]Further ReadingEdward Morris, 1844, Life of Henry Bell.Henry Bell, 1813, Applying Steam Engines to Vessels.IMcN -
56 Cockerill, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1759 Lancashire, Englandd. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)[br]English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.[br]William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.[br]Further ReadingW.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).RTS / RLH -
57 print
{print}
I. 1. отпечатък, следа, белег
2. щампа, печат
3. шрифт, печатни букви, печат
PRINT letters/hand печатни букви
in PRINT отпечатан и издаден, неизчерпан
out of PRINT изчерпан (за издание)
to appear in PRINT, to see one's name in PRINT отпечатва ми се книга и пр.
in cold PRINT черно на бяло, като го чете човек
4. издание, вестник, преса, книгопечатане
5. гравюра
6. снимка, копие от негатив, репродукция
7. басма, имприме
II. 1. печатам, отпечатвам, напечатвам
the book is now PRINTing книгата e под печат
2. щампосвам (плат и пр.)
PRINTed calico басма
3. запечатвам (в паметта)
4. отпечатвам (копие от негатив) (и с off, out), отпечатвам се, излизам (за копие, гравюра и пр.)
5. пиша с печатни букви* * *{print} n 1. отпечатък; следа, белег; 2. щампа, печат; З. шрифт(2) {print} v 1. печатам, отпечатвам, напечатвам; the book is n* * *щампосвам; шрифт; щампа; снимка; отпечатвам; отпечатък; белег; гравюра; напечатвам;* * *1. i. отпечатък, следа, белег 2. ii. печатам, отпечатвам, напечатвам 3. in cold print черно на бяло, като го чете човек 4. in print отпечатан и издаден, неизчерпан 5. out of print изчерпан (за издание) 6. print letters/hand печатни букви 7. printed calico басма 8. the book is now printing книгата e под печат 9. to appear in print, to see one's name in print отпечатва ми се книга и пр 10. басма, имприме 11. гравюра 12. запечатвам (в паметта) 13. издание, вестник, преса, книгопечатане 14. отпечатвам (копие от негатив) (и с off, out), отпечатвам се, излизам (за копие, гравюра и пр.) 15. пиша с печатни букви 16. снимка, копие от негатив, репродукция 17. шрифт, печатни букви, печат 18. щампа, печат 19. щампосвам (плат и пр.)* * *print [print] I. n 1. отпечатък, следа, белег; 2. щампа, печат; 3. шрифт; печатни букви; печат; large ( small) \print едър (дребен) шрифт; the small ( fine) \print дребният шрифт в договори (който често остава незабелязан или пренебрегнат); \print letters, \print hand печатни букви; in \print отпечатан и издаден; edition in \print издание, което е в продажба (не е изчерпано); the book is in \print книгата излезе (от печат); to see o.'s name in \print виждам своя статия, книга и пр. отпечатана; out of \print изчерпан (за книга и пр.); to rush into \print изпращам бързо за печат; бързам да издам (напечатам) (особ. за недостатъчно обработен ръкопис); these speeches are not very interesting in cold \print тези речи не са особено интересни, като ги чете човек; 4. главно ам. печат, преса, вестници и списания; 5. гравюра; 6. снимка; 7. басма; II. v 1. печатам, отпечатвам, напечатвам; the book is now \printing книгата е под печат; \print matter пощ. печатно; 2. щамповам (плат и пр.); \printed calico басма; 3. запечатвам (в паметта и пр.); 4. отпечатвам се, излизам (за снимка, гравюра и пр.); 5. копирам от негатив (и с off, out); 6. пиша с печатни букви. -
58 Applegath, Augustus
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]fl. 1816–58 London, England[br]English printer and manufacturer of printing machinery.[br]After Koenig and Bauer had introduced the machine printing-press and returned to Germany, it fell to Applegath and his mechanic brother-in-law Edward Cooper to effect improvements. In particular, Applegath succeeded Koenig and Bauer as machine specialist to The Times newspaper, then in the vanguard of printing technology.Applegath and Cooper first came into prominence when the Bank of England began to seek ways of reducing the number of forged banknotes. In 1816 Cooper patented a device for printing banknotes from curved stereotypes fixed to a cylinder. These were inked and printed by the rotary method. Although Applegath and Cooper were granted money to develop their invention, the Bank did not pursue it. The idea of rotary printing was interesting, but it was not followed up, possibly due to lack of demand.Applegath and Cooper were then engaged by John Walter of The Times to remedy defects in Koenig and Bauer's presses; in 1818 Cooper patented an improved method of inking the forme and Applegath also took out patents for improvements. In 1821 Applegath had enough experience of these presses to set up as a manufacturer of printing machinery in premises in Duke Street, Blackfriars, in London. Increases in the size and circulation of The Times led Walter to ask Applegath to build a faster press. In 1827 he produced a machine with the capacity of four presses, his steam-driven four-feeder press.Its flat form carrying the type passed under four impression cylinders in a row. It could make 4,200 impressions an hour and sufficed to print The Times for twenty years, until it was superseded by the rotary press devised by Hoe. By 1826, however, Applegath was in financial difficulties; he sold his Duke Street workshop to William Clowes, a book printer. In the following year he gave up being a full-time manufacturer of printing machinery and turned to silk printing. In 1830 he patented a machine for printing rolls of calico and silk from bent intaglio plates.In 1848 Applegath was persuaded by The Times to return to newspaper printing. He tackled rotary printing without the benefit of curved printing plates and roll paper feed, and he devised a large "type revolving" machine which set the pattern for newspaper printing-presses for some twenty years.[br]Further ReadingJ.Moran, 1973, Printing Presses, London: Faber \& Faber.LRD -
59 набивка
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60 mill
1. фабрика; завод; 2. установка; 3. машина; 4. сновальный барабан (ручной сновки); 5. мельница; дробилка; 6. выделывать; 7. валять @mill together свойлачиваться @mill to width валка или увалка на определённую ширину @calico mill ситценабивная фабрика @canvas mill фабрика техноткани, технотканная фабрика @carpet mill ковроткацкая фабрика @cloth mill суконная фабрика @color mill краскотёрка @cotton mill хлопчатобумажная фабрика @cotton-printing mill ситценабивная фабрика @cotton-spinning mill хлопкопрядильная фабрика @crushing mill дробилка @doubling mill крутильная фабрика @flax-scutching mill льнозавод @flax-spinning mill льнопрядильная фабрика @granulating mill гранулятор @hemp-softening mill мяльная машина для пеньки, крутая мялка для пеньки @hosiery mill чулочная фабрика @integrated mill текстильный комбинат @knitting mill трикотажная фабрика @kraft mill завод сульфатной целлюлозы @low-end mill фабрика, вырабатывающая ткани низкого качества @oil mill маслобойный завод @rayon pulp mill целлюлозный завод @ring-spinning mill кольцепрядильная фабрика @roll-fulling mill вальцовая сукновальная машина @self-contained mill текстильный комбинат @silk mill 1. шёлкоперерабатывающая фабрика; 2. шёлкопрядильная фабрика; шёлкокрутильная фабрика @spinning mill 1. прядильная фабрика; 2. шёлкокрутильная фабрика; 3. шёлкокрутильная машина @throwing mill 1. крутильно-тростильная фабрика; 2. шёлкокрутильная фабрика; 3. кордная фабрика @tricot mill основовязальная фабрика @waste mill угарно-вигоневая фабрика @waste-silk mill шёлкопрядильная фабрика @weaving mill ткацкая фабрика @woolen mill суконная фабрика @worsted mill камвольная фабрика @
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См. также в других словарях:
Calico printing — Calico Cal i*co, n.; pl. {Calicoes}. [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as, super calicoes … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
calico printing — noun Etymology: calico (I) : the process of making fast color designs on cotton fabrics, especially calico * * * calico printing, the art of impressing designs in color upon cloth … Useful english dictionary
calico-printing — calˈico printing noun The process of printing coloured patterns on cloth, eg calico • • • Main Entry: ↑calico … Useful english dictionary
Calico printing — Ситценабивное дело … Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии
Calico — Cal i*co, n.; pl. {Calicoes}. [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as, super calicoes,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Calico bass — Calico Cal i*co, n.; pl. {Calicoes}. [So called because first imported from Calicut, in the East Indies: cf. F. calicot.] 1. Plain white cloth made from cotton, but which receives distinctive names according to quality and use, as, super calicoes … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
calico — /kal i koh /, n., pl. calicoes, calicos, adj. n. 1. a plain woven cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern, usually on one side. 2. Brit. plain white cotton cloth. 3. an animal having a spotted or particolored coat. 4. Obs. a figured cotton… … Universalium
calico printer — calico printer, British. a person engaged in printing patterns on calico … Useful english dictionary
printing — /prin ting/, n. 1. the art, process, or business of producing books, newspapers, etc., by impression from movable types, plates, etc. 2. the act of a person or thing that prints. 3. words, symbols, etc., in printed form. 4. printed material. 5.… … Universalium
Printing — Print Print, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Printed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Printing}.] [Abbrev. fr. imprint. See {Imprint}, and {Press} to squeeze.] 1. To fix or impress, as a stamp, mark, character, idea, etc., into or upon something. [1913 Webster] A look… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Textile printing — is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. In properly printed fabrics the colour is bonded with the fiber, so as to resist washing and friction. Textile printing is related to dyeing but, whereas in dyeing… … Wikipedia
