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121 HÖLDR
a. fleshy; vel holdr, well-fleshed.* * *m., in old MSS. spelt hꜹlðr or hꜹlþr, denoting that the d is inflexive, not radical; [the word therefore is not to be derived from halda, but is identical with A. S. hæleð, Germ. held, whence mod. Swed. and Dan. hjälta and helt, see halr]:—a Norse law term, a kind of higher yeoman, like the statesman of Westmorland, i. e. the owner of allodial land, mod. Norse odelsbonde; the höld is to be distinguished from a hersir (q. v.) or a lendr maðr, who held land in fee from the king, see the interesting story in Har. S. Harðr. ch. 62 (Fms. vi. 278); the höld is thus defined, sá er hꜹldr er hann hefir óðöl at erfðum tekit bæði eptir föður ok móður, þau er hans forellrar ( forefathers) hafa átt áðr fyrir þeim, N. G. L. ii. 146; hölda tvá eða bændr ina beztu, i. 251. In old Norway the churchyards were divided into four parts; in the first were buried the lendir menn, next them the hölds and their children (hölds-lega), then the freed men (leysingjar), and lastly the thralls (man, q. v.) nearest to the wall; the höld had right to twice as much as the simple franklin, and half as much as the lendr maðr, e. g. bóandi hálvan annan eyri, höldr þrjá aura, lendr maðr sex aura, jarl tólf aura, konungr þrjár merkr, N. G. L. i. 45, cp. 55, 71, 81; þegnar ok hꜹlðar, svá eru búendr kallaðir, Edda 107; haulðar, þat er búendr þeir, er gildir eru af ættum eða réttum fullum, 94; Björn hlaut annan bústað góðan ok virðilegan, görðisk hann ekki handgenginn konungi, því var hann kallaðr Björn hölðr, Eg. 198; lends manns son skal taka hölds rétt ef hann fær eigi lönd, N. G. L. i. 71; hann veltisk ór jarldóminum ok tók hölds rétt, Orkn. 12: for the weregild to be paid for a höld (hölds-gjöld) see N. G. L. i. 81: a law of king St. Olave ordered that Icelanders whilst in Norway should enjoy the right of a höld; Íslendingar eigu at hafa hölds-rétt í Noregi, D. I. i. 65.2. in poetry, a man, Hm. 41; hölda synir, the sons of men, 93, Fm. 19, Hkr. i. 101, where the mother of Ganger-Rolf calls him ‘the kinsman of the hölds,’ cp. also Rm. 21, Gs. 17; h. inn hvíti, Ísl. ii. 251 (in a verse): in mod. Icel. usage it remains in bú-höldr, q. v. -
122 JARL
* * *(-s, -ar), m.1) poet. a highborn, noble man or warrior;2) earl (in dignity next to the king).* * *m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; Engl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old and common to the Saxons as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specifically Norse, which afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was finally established by the Norman Conquest.A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk, as opp. to the churl folk or common people (karlar, búendr); thus the old poem Rígsmál distinguishes three classes, earls, churls, and thralls (jarla-ætt, karla-ætt, þræla-ætt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost proverbially opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, ‘erl’ is used about a hundred times = a man. Prof. Munch suggested that the name of the Teutonic people Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative ( warriors), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countries this use of jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in poët. phrases, in old saws, and in law phrases; oddar görva jarli megin, spears make the earl’s might, Mkv.; rudda ek sem jarlar forðum mér til landa, I won me lands like the earls of yore, Glúm, (in a verse): jarls yndi, an earl’s delight = a man’s delight, Hm. 96; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21; hlaðit ér, earlar, eikiköstinn, 20; ítrar jarla-brúðir, ‘earl’s-brides,’ ladies, Gkv. 1. 3; alsnotrir jarlar, the gentle earls, 2; eggja ek yðr, jarlar, Am. 54; jarla einbani, ‘earl-slayer’ = ανδροκτόνος, Em., Hkm.; karl-fólk ok jarla, churlfolk and earl folk, Sighvat; eitt mein sækir hvern jarl, every earl (man) has his ill luck, Fb. ii. (in a verse): in the law, jarls jörð, an earl’s estate, is opp. to konungs jörð, a king’s estate, in the phrase, hálfan rétt skal hann taka er hann kömr á jarls jörð, en þá allan ok fullan er hann kömr á konungs jörð, Grág. (Kb.) i. 192, for this is undoubtedly the bearing of this disputed passage; jarlmaðr is opp. to búkarl, Fms. vii. (in a verse); so also karlmaðr (q. v.) in its oldest sense is opp. to jarlmaðr, = churl-man and earl-man; hirð-jarl = hirðmaðr, Fms. xi. 302, v. l.; berg-jarl, poët. a ‘crag-earl’ = a giant, Edda (in a verse); bak-jarl, a ‘back-earl,’ an enemy in one’s rear; of-jarl (q. v.), an ‘over-earl,’ an overbearing man.B. A chief, as a title, specially Norse and Danish. The Landnáma, which is almost our only source for the political and personal history of Norway before king Harald Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland, records several chiefs of the 8th and 9th centuries who bore an earl’s name as a family dignity; Ívarr Upplendinga-jarl (Upplönd, a Norse county), Asbjörn jarl Skerja-blesi, Eyvindr jarl, 317; Atli jarl Mjóvi af Gaulum (a Norse county), Þorkell Naumdæla-jarl (earl in Naumdale, a Norse county), 281; Grjótgarðr jarl í Sölva (a county), 297: and as a family title, the famous Háleygja-jarlar (the earls of the Norse county Hálogaland, whose pedigree from Odin was drawn out in the old poem Háleygja-tal; Hákon jarl Grjótgarðsson, etc.): so also the Mæra-jarlar, the earls of Mæri (a Norse county), the foremost of whom was Rögnvaldr Mæra-jarl, the forefather of the earls of the Orkneys (Orkneyja-jarlar) and the earls of Rouen (Rúðu-jarlar = the dukes of Normandy).II. along with the Danish and Norse invasion the name appears in England, Bjartmár jarl in Ireland, Landn.; Hunda-Steinarr, an earl in England, id.; see also the Saxon Chronicle passim, where the very name indicates a Danish or Norse connexion. It is very likely that many of the earls of the Landnáma were sovereign chiefs, differing from kings only in title, for in old poetry a king and an earl were addressed in the same way.III. about the time of Harald Fairhair all the petty chiefs became liegemen under one king, the earl being in dignity nearest the king, answering to comes in mid. Lat. and graf in Germ. In Scandinavia both name and office became extinct about the 13th century: in Iceland, being a commonwealth, it never took root; see however Gizur jarl (died A. D. 1268) in the Sturlunga.—For references see the Sagas passim, esp. Har. S. Harf. ch. 6.IV. in eccl. translation the Roman procurator provinciae is often rendered by jarl, e. g. Pílatus jarl, earl Pilate, Ver. 67, Pass. 20. 2.COMPDS: jarlakappi, jarlaskáld, Jarlasögur, jarlsefni, jarlsmaðr, jarlsníð, jarlsríki, jarlssæti. -
123 kirkju-lög
n. pl. church-law, ecclesiastical law, Bs. i. -
124 kné-runnr
m. [A. S. cneow-rim and cneowres, see kné II. above: knérunnr (if referred to runnr = a grove) gives no adequate meaning, whereas the A. S. rîm = number is just the word we should expect; and as the identity between the A. S. and Norse law terms can scarcely be doubted, it is likely that the Norse or Icel. form is simply a corruption of the A. S. form. Probably, as the A. S. rîm was unintelligible to the Norsemen, they took the Norse word nearest in sound; the word was probably borrowed from the A. S. through the eccl. law, so that its use in Nj. is an anachronism]:—lineage, as also degree in lineage; þat er k. at telja frá systkinum, Grág. i. 171; telja knérunnum, 254; veg þú aldrei meir í enn sama knérunn en um sinn, Nj. 85; allt til hinnar sjaundu kynkvíslar eða knérunns, Stj. 54; ella mun ek mæla þat orð, Yngveldr, at uppi mun vera alla æfi í knérunni yðrum, Þorst. Síðu H. 186. -
125 KONA
* * *(gen. pl. kvenna), f.1) woman (var hón kvenna fríðust);2) wife (ek em kona Njáls).* * *u, f., kuna, Fms. vii. 106; gen. pl. kvinna, 109, 274, Hdl. 15, but usually kvenna, which form is a remains of an older obsolete kvina: [Goth. qino = γυνή; Hel. quena; O. H. G. chiona; Swed. kåna; Dan. kone; again, the forms of the Goth. quens or qveins, A. S. cwen, Engl. queen, Scot. quean = Engl. wench, Dan. kvinde answer to the obsolete kván, q. v.]:—a woman; karl ok kona, man and woman, passim; brigðr er karla hugr konum, Hm. 90; kona ok karlmaðr, Grág. i. 171; kona eða karlmaðr, Nj. 190; hón var kvinna fríðust, Fms. vii. 109; henni lézt þykkja agasamt, ok kvað þar eigi kvinna vist, 274; konor þær er óarfgengjar eru, Grág. i. 228; mun þat sannask sem mælt er til vár kvenna, Fms. iv. 132; kveðr hann vera konu níundu nótt hverja ok eiga þá viðskipti við karlmenn, N. G. L. i. 57: sayings, köld er kvenna ráð, Gísl.; meyjar orðum skyli manngi trúa, né því er kveðr kona, Hm. 83; svá er friðr kvenna, 89; hón var væn kona ok kurteis, Nj. 1; ok var hón kvenna fríðust, she was the fairest of women, 50; hón var skörungr mikill ok kvenna fríðust sýnum, hón var svá hög at fár konur vóru jafnhagar henni, hón var allra kvenna grimmust, 147; fundusk mönnum orð um at konan var enn virðuleg, Ld. 16; Unnr var vegs-kona mikil ( a stately lady), Landn. 117; konur skulu ræsta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175; konu-hár, -klæði, -föt, woman’s hair, attire, Fms. iii. 266, Greg. 53; konu bú, woman’s estate, Grág. ii. 47; konu-líki (liking), woman’s shape, Skálda 172, Grett. 141; konu-nám, konu-tak, eloping, abduction of a woman, Grág. i. 355, Bjarn. 17; konu-mál, rape, fornication, = kvenna-mál, Eb. 182, Fs. 62, Stj. 499: frænd-kona, a kinswoman; vin-kona, a female friend; mág-kona, a sister-in-law; álf-kona, an ‘elf-quean;’ troll-kona, a giantess; heit-kona, a spouse; brúð-kona, a bridemaid; vinnu-kona, grið-kona, a female servant; ráðs-kona, a stewardess; bú-kona, hús-kona, a house-mistress, house-wife; spá-kona, a prophetess, Scot. ‘spae-wife;’ skáld-kona, a poëtess.II. a wife; ek em kona Njáls, Nj. 54; Evu Adams konu, Hom. 31; við hans konu Sophram, Ver. 52; af konu minni eða sonum, Nj. 65; en ef bú þeirra standa, þá munu þeir vitja þeirra ok kvenna sinna, 207; messu-djákn enginn, né kona hans né klerkr hans, N. G. L. i. 97.—The word is now almost disused in sense I, kvennmaðr being the common word, whereas in sense II. it is a household word. konu-efni, n. one’s future wife, bride: konu-fé, n. a marriage portion, Js. 80: konu-lauss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fs.: konu-leysi, n. the being konulauss: konu-ríki, n., see kvánríki.B. COMPDS, with the gen. plur. kvenna-: kvenna-askr, m. a kind of half measure, opp. to karlaskr, q. v.; hálfr annarr k. í karlaski, Jb. 375. kvenna-ást, f. amour, Bs. i. 282, Fms. v. 341. kvenna-búnaðr, m. a woman’s attire, Skálda 334. kvenna-far, n. love affairs, Lat. amores, Fms. i. 187. kvenna-ferð, f. a journey fit for women, Ld. 240. kvenna-fólk, n. woman-folk, Nj. 199. kvenna-friðr, m. sacredness of women, N. G. L. ii. kvenna-fylgjur, f. pl. female attendants, Grág. i. 342. kvenna-gipting, f. marriage, N. G. L. i. 343, Jb. 6. kvenna-giptir, f. pl. a giving in marriage, N. G. L. i. 27, 343. kvenna-hagr, m. woman’s condition, Rb. 414. kvenna-heiti, n. names of women, Edda (Gl.) kvenna-hjal, n. women’s gossip, Gísl. 15. kvenna-hús, n. a lady’s bower, Fas. ii. 162. kvenna-innganga, u, f. entrance of women into the church, churching, B. K. 110. kvenna-klæðnaðr, m. a female dress, Grág. i. 338. kvenna-land, n. the land of the Amazons, Rb. 348, Fms. xi. 414. kvenna-leiðir, m. ‘women-guide,’ a law term used of a child as the sole witness to lawsuit for a rape; barn þat er heitir k., N. G. L. i. 357, 367. kvenna-lið, n. woman-folk, Nj. 199, Lv. 38. kvenna-maðr, m. a woman’s man, given to women; mikill k., Hkr. i. 208, Rb. 414; lítill k., chaste, Fbr. 12. kvenna-mál, n. love matters, Orkn. 334: rape, fornication, 444, Lv. 3. kvenna-munr, m. distinction of women, Fms. x. 387. kvenna-nám, n. a rape, Grág. i. 353. kvenna-ráð, n. pl. women’s counsel, Nj. 177. kvenna-siðr, m. habits of women, Grág. i. 338. kvenna-skap, n. a woman’s temper, Nj. 68. kvenna-skáli, a, m. a woman’s apartment, Sturl. iii. 186. kvenna-skipan, f. arrangement of the ladies (at a banquet), Ld. 202. kvenna-sveit, f. a bevy of ladies, Fms. vi. 1. kvenna-vagn, m. ‘woman’s wain,’ a constellation, opp. to karlsvagn, Rb. 1812. 16. kvenna-vist, f. women’s abode, fit for women, Hkr. iii. 339. -
126 KVEÐJA
I)(kveð, kvaddi, kvaddr), v.1) to call on, summon (Þórvaldr kvaddi húskarla sína);kveðja e-n e-s, to request (demand) of one;kveðja matar, svefns, to call for food, sleep;kveðja sér hljóðs, to call for a hearing;kveðja þings, to convoke a meeting;kveðja e-n e-s, to call on, summon, one to do something (vóru vér kvaddir at bera vitni þat);2) to welcome, greet (þeir kvöddu konung);of one departing, to bid farewell, take leave of (hann gengr nú í brott ok kveðr engan mann);refl., kveðjast, to greet one another (þeir kvöddust vel);3) with preps.:kveðja e-n at e-u, to call on a person to do a thing, call his attention to (þik kveð ek at þessu);kveðja e-n frá e-u, to exclude from, deprive of (ek hefi opt menn frá æfi kvadda, er eigi vildu hlýða mínum boðum);kveðja e-n til e-s, to call on one for a thing (kveðja menn til ferðar);kveðja e-n upp, to call on one to rise (síðan vaknaði Haraldr ok kvaddi upp menn sína); to summon to arms;síðan safnaði hann liði ok kveðr upp almenning, after that he gathered men and roused the whole country;kveðja e-n út, to call one out of the house (hann kvaddi út Höskuld ok Hrút).f. welcome, greeting, salutation (konungr tók kveðju hans).* * *pres. kveð; pret. kvaddi; imperat. kveð, kveðþú, kveþþu, Hm. 127 (Bugge); part. kvaddr: with neg. suff., pres. indic. kveð-ka, Ls. 10: [see kveða]:—to call on, address, request, summon; Þorvaldr kvaddi húskarla sína, Nj. 18, Eb. 314: with gen. of the thing, acc. of the person, k. e-n e-s, ok er þess mest ván at ek kveðja þik þess eigi optar, Fms. iv. 38; k. dura, to call at the door, Skálda 163, Fms. ii. 194, vi. 21; k. matar, svefns, to call for food, sleep, Bs. i. 366; k. sér hljóðs, to call for a hearing, Nj. 105, Ísl. ii. 255, Rekst. 1; k. e-n at óði, to call one to listen to one’s song, Jd. 1, Leiðarv. 2.2. with prepp.; k. e-n at e-u, to call on a person to do a thing, call his attention to; þik kveð ek at þessu, Nj. 150; hann vildi, jafnan at Ólafr væri at kvaddr öllum stórmælum, Ld. 94; kvaddi hann at því Gregorium Dagsson, Fms. vii. 256; kvaddi hann þar at Erling Skakka, 257; Björn kveð ek at þessu, Ld. 14:—k. e-n brott af, frá, to call on one to go; eigi hefir ek yðr … brott kvatt af mínum garði, Fas. i. 71:—k. e-n frá, Nj. 170; ek hefi menn optlega kvadda frá erfðum, Fms. i. 305:—k. e-n til e-s, to call on one for a thing; kveð ek hann til farar með þér, … hann skaltú k. til föruneytis með þér … ekki skaltú hann k. til þessar ferðar, Ísl. ii. 322, 323; þá skaltú k. menn til ferðar með þér, Nj. 14:—k. upp, to call up; k. upp alla þá menn er mikils eru virðir, Fms. xi. 120; samnaði liði ok kvaddi upp almenning, Nj. 107, Fms. vi. 179:—hann kvaddi út Höskuld ok Rút, Nj. 21:—with dat., eigi kann ek þat at mínu ráði sjá, at kveðja í burtu mönnum Þorgils, ok förunautum, Sturl. i. 22.II. in law, a general term, to request, demand, summon, call on one to perform any legal duty, as also to challenge, appeal to, and the like, according to the context; svá skal mann kveðja, nemna mann þann á nafn, ok kveði hann gripar þess er hann á at honum, ok nemni gripinn, ok kveði hann laga kvöð ok lyritar, N. G. L. i. 218, 219; kvaddi hann svá at vér heyrðum á, kvaddi hann um handselt mál Þorgeirs, Nj. 238; gögn þau öll er áðr var til kvatt, Grág. i. 106; kveð ek yðr lögkvöð, Nj. 218; berum vér svá skapaðan kvið fram, sem Mörðr kvaddi oss, 238; þeir kvöddu fjóra búa ór kviðinum, they challenged four neighbours, 110; kveð ek yðr svá at þér heyrit á sjálfir, 218; stefna, ok kveðja til tólptar-kviðar, Grág. i. 213, 214;—kveðja búa heiman, to summon neighbours ( jurors) at their home (heiman-kvöð), a law phrase, opp. to kveðja búa á þingi, to summon them in parliament (þinga-kvöð), passim in Grág. and the Sagas, see kvöð; hann kvaddi búa til máls, Nj. 36; þú kvaddir Keisarann til þíns máls, they appealed to Caesar, Post.; kveð ek yðr um handselt mál N. M., Nj. 218.2. with gen. of the thing, to call, summon; kveðja þings, to convoke a meeting, Fms. i. 149, vi. 12 (acc., Fb. i. 565, wrongly); k. móts, Fms. vii. 60; k. tólptar-kviðar, Grág. i. 34; k. laga, D. N.; k. féránsdóms, 81; k. fjár, 402, N. G. L. i. 23; k. sér griða, Bs. i. 544:—k. e-n e-s, to summon, call on a person to perform a duty; k. goða tólptar-kviðar, Grág. i. 105; k. búa bjargkviðar, Nj. 110; kveð ek yðr þeirra orða allra er yðr skylda lög til um at bera, 218, 238; vóru vér kvaddir at bera vitni þat, 238.III. to welcome, greet; þeir kvöddu konung. Am. 6, Eg. 28, Nj. 3; hann var svá kátr at hvert barn kvaddi hann hlæjandi, Fms. vii. 172; kyssa ok kveðja, Hkv. 13: of one departing, hann gengr nú í brott ok kveðr engan mann, Band. 4 new Ed.2. recipr. to greet one another; þeir kvöddusk vel, Ísl. ii. 355, passim, see heilsa and the remarks there made: k. e-n heipta, to lay imprecations on one, Hm. 152, cp. 138. -
127 laga-afbrigði
n. breach of law, contempt of law, Grág. ii. 39, 345. -
128 laga-setning
f. legislation, Jb. (pref.), Fms. i. 33, v. 102, Orkn. 124; this word requires explanation,—in old writers it means the constitution, the fundamental laws or political constitution of a commonwealth; as Ari, the historian, says, ‘frá Íslands bygð, frá landnáms-mönnum ok lagasetning,’ of the settlement of Iceland, of her settlers and her political constitution, Íb. (pref.); where lagasetning refers to the institution of the alþing, and the other events related in Íb. ch. 2 and 3; so also, ritaði hann (viz. Ari) mest í upphafi sinnar bókar um Íslands bygð ( the settlement), ok lagasetning ( constitution), Hkr. (pref.), referring to the constitutional laws of Ulfljot recorded in ch. 2 of the Icelander Book; lagasetning here exactly answers to what Konrad Maurer, by a mod. term, calls ‘die entstehung des Isländisches staates.’ So also of the laws of king Hakon the Good (cp. the remarks s. v. þing), lagasetning Hákonar konungs, … hann (the king) var maðr stórvitr, ok lagði mikinn hug á lagasetning, hann ‘setti’ Gulaþings-lög …, Hkr. i. 135 (cp. Fms. i. 31): again, in Ó. H. 227 it answers to the mod. word legislation (of the laws of Sweyn, the son of Alfifa), and so Orkn. 24. It is to be borne in mind that ‘lög’ has a double sense, viz. law in a strict sense, and in a local-political sense = a ‘law-community,’ legally constituted state, nearly answering to Gr. πόλις.
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