bufe

n. live stock, esp. the milch kine.

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(fel; fal, fálum; fólginn), v.

1) to hide, conceal (fálu þeir gullit í Rín; þær austr ok vestr enda fálu);

fel sverð þitt, sheathe thy sword;

yrkja fólgit, to use obscure phrases (in poetry);

impers., fal þá sýn (acc.) milli þeirra, they lost sight of one another;

2) fela e-m e-t, to make over, to give in trust or charge to one;

hann fal Óðni allan þann val, he gave all the slain to Odin;

mey frumunga fal hann (entrusted to) megi Gjúka;

fela e-m e-t á hendi, to commit a thing to one’s charge, to commend;

fálu sik ok sálir sínar guði almáttkum á hendi, they commended themselves and their souls to God Almighty;

fela e-t undir eið sinn (þegnskap sinn), to vouch upon one’s oath (upon one’s honour);

fela e-t undir e-m, to put under one’s charge;

er und einum mér öll um fólgin hodd Niflunga, the whole hoard of the Niflungs is in my hands alone;

man hér öll vár vinátta undir felast, all our friendship will depend upon this;

fela e-n á brott, to put one out for alimentation;

fela e-n inni = fela e-n á brott;

sá bóandi, er hann felr sik inni, the man with whom he boards and lodges;

fela búfé inni at e-m, to put out (cattle, sheep) to one to keep;

3) refl. felast, to hide oneself (mörg leyni þau, er felast mátti í);

felast í faðmi e-m, to be locked in one’s arms;

felast á hendi e-m, to put oneself in another’s hands, enter his service (Kolskeggr falst á hendi Sveini Dana-konungi).

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pret. fal, 2nd pers. falt, pl. fálu; pres. fel; pret. subj. fæli; part. fólginn: in mod. usage, pret. faldi, part. falinn, and sup. falið, with weak declension, if in the sense to hide; but fól, pl. fólu, part. fólginn, if in the sense to commend; thus, undir trjánum sig faldi, Pass. 33. 6; einn fyrir engum faldist, 33. 7; but, þá Frelsarinn í Föðurs hönd fól nú blessaðr sína önd, 45. 1; fól and falinn, however, never occur in old MSS.:—[Ulf. filhan = κρύπτειν, θάπτειν; Hel. bi-felhan; O. H. G. felahan; Germ. be-fehlen and emp-fehlen; Lat. se-pēlio contains the same root, properly meaning to hide, shut up: cp. Engl. bury, which really means to hide.]

I. to hide, conceal; allt veit ek Óðin, hvar þú auga falt, Vsp. 22; þú falt fé þitt í svá mikilli þoku, Band. 12; hrís-kjarrit þat er Vaði risi fal sverðit, Þiðr. 69, Gm. 37; fálu þeir gullit í Rín, Edda 76; tóku likit ok fálu þar, Ó. H. 225 (fólu, Hkr. ii. 380, wrongly); ek mun fela yðr her í gamma mínum, Fms. i. 9: barnit var fólgit, Fs. 60, Gullþ. 26; fel sverð þitt, sheathe thy sword, Fms. xi. 348; felðu (= fel þú) sverð þitt í umgörð, 656 C. 4; þær austr ok vestr enda fálu, Hkv. 1. 2; fólgit, hidden, preserved, Vsp. 31; fólginn, hid, Þkv. 7, 8; örlög fólgin e-m, fate hidden, in store for one, Vsp. 36, Akv. 16; fólginn endi lífs, poët. the hidden thrum of life, i. e. death, Ýt. 17.

β. to bury, Ýt. 24; liggja fulginn, to lie buried (in a cairn), on a Runic stone, Rath 178.

2. metaph., hefir þú fólgit nafn hennar í vísu þessi, Eg. 325; fólgit í rúnum, Edda 47; yrkja fólgit, to use obscure phrases (in poetry), 110.

3. impers., fal þá sýn (acc.) milli þeirra, they lost sight of one another, with the notion of a hill or object coming between, Ó. H. 182; þegar er sýn fal í milli þeirra Egils, Eg. 545.

4. the phrase, fela e-n á brott (= in mod. usage koma e-m fyrir), to put one out (for alimentation), of one sick or old, a child, etc., Grág. i. 155; or, fela e-n inni, id.; sá bóandi er hann felr sik inni, the husbandman with whom he boards and lodges, 158; ef sá maðr andask er fólginn var inni, 155: of cattle, to put out to keep, nú felr maðr búfé inni at manni at fúlgu-mála réttum, N. G. L. i. 25; hence fúlga, q. v. = meðgjöf.

II. to give into one’s keeping, entrust; hann fal Óðni allan þann val, he gave all the slain to Odin, Fas. i. 454; mey frumunga fal hann ( entrusted to) megi Gjúka, Skv. 3. 4: to invest, auð hefi ek minn ílla fólginn, Fms. vii. 49 (in a verse).

β. in the phrase, fela e-m e-t á hendi (mod. á hendr); þér fel ek á hendi, Skarphéðinn, at hefna bróður þíns, Nj. 154; fal hón sik ok allt sitt föruneyti á hendr lifanda Guði, Fms. i. 226; Kristi á hendi fólgin, 655 xxiii; fel’k þér á hendi ábyrgð hans at öllu, Grág. i. 245; fálu sik ok sálur sínar Guði Almáttkum á hendi, Bs. i. 139; at Jón Loptsson fæli Petri postula á hendi þá hjörð … en Jesus Kristr fal sína hjörð á hendr Föður sínum, 145; fela undir e-m, to put under one’s charge; er und einum mér öll um fólgin hodd Niflunga, i. e. all the hoard of Niflung is kept by me only, Akv. 26; fela ván sína alla undir Guði, 686 B. 2; mun hér öll vár vinátta undir felask, all our friendship will depend upon this, Eb. 130: a law term, skulu þeir fela undir eið sinn, they shall avouch it on their oath, Grág. i. 9; fela undir þegnskap sinn, to vouch upon one’s honour; þó rangt sé undir þegnskap fólgit, 33.

III. reflex. to hide oneself; ek mun felask, Fs. 48: hann falsk í Kröflu-helli, Landn. 183; mörg leyni þau er felask mátti í, Fms. x. 218; í skógi þar er þeir höfðu fólgizk, Ó. H. 152; en fálusk at degi, id.; felask í faðmi e-m, to be shut in one’s arms, Hkv. 2. 27.

2. felask á hendi e-m, to put oneself in another’s hands, enter his service; Kolskeggr falsk á hendi Sveini Dana-konungi, Nj. 121.

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(høgg; hjó, hjoggum or hjuggum; höggvinn and högginn), v.

1) to strike, smite (with a sharp weapon);

høggr sá, er hlífa skyldi, he strikes who ought to shield;

höggva sverði (or með sverði), to strike with a sword;

höggva e-n bana-högg, to give one his deathblow;

2) to cut down, destroy (þeir hjoggu drekann mjök);

3) to put to death, behead (suma lét hann hengja eða höggva);

to kill, slaughter (höggva hest, búfé, kýr, naut);

4) to fell trees (hann hefir höggvit í skógi mínum);

5) to strike, bite (of a snake, boar);

ormrinn hjó hann til bana, the snake struck him dead;

6) with preps.:

höggva e-t af, to hew or cut off (höggva af kampa ok skegg);

höggva af fé, to kill (slaughter) cattle;

höggva e-t af sér, to ward of;

höggva eptir e-m, to cut at one, = höggva til e-s (hjá eptir honum með sverði);

höggva í höfuð e-m, to give one a blow on the head;

höggva e-t niðr, to cut down (var merki hans niðr höggvit);

to kill, butcher (I. hefir áðr niðr höggvit brœðr sína tvá);

höggva e-t ór, to cut out;

fig. to make even, smooth (láta konung ok erkibisup ór höggva slíkar greinir);

höggva e-t í sundr, to hew asunder;

höggva til e-s, to strike (cut) at one, = höggva eptir e-m;

höggva upp tré, to cut down a tree;

höggva upp skip, to break a ship up;

7) refl. to be cut, hacked (hjást skjöldr Helga);

þótti honum nú taka mjök um at höggvast, things looked hard;

recipr., to exchange blows, fight (þeir hjuggust nökkura stund).

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also spelt heyggva, Sæm. (Kb.); pres. höggr, mod. also heggr; pl. höggum, mod. höggvum; pret. hjó, hjótt, hjó, mod. hjó, hjóst, hjó; pl. hjoggum and hjuggum, mod. only the latter form; a Norse pret. hjoggi = hjó, D. N. ii. 331; pret. subj. hjöggi and heyggi, mod. hjyggi; part. högginn, mod. but less correct, höggvinn, which also is freq. in the Editions; but in the MSS. usually abbreviated, högḡ, höggͭ, = högginn, höggit: [not recorded in Ulf.; A. S. heawan; Engl. hew, hack; Hel. hauwan; O. H. G. houwan; Germ. hauen; Dan. hugge; Swed. hugga]:—höggva denotes to strike with an edged tool, slá and drepa with a blunt one:

1. to strike, smite with a sharp weapon; höggr sá er hlífa skyldi, he strikes who ought to shield, a saying: to deal blows with a weapon, hann görði ymist hjó eða lagði, Nj. 8; hann hjó títt ok hart, passim; höggva báðum höndum, 29; h. sverði, öxi, strike with, i. e. to brandish, a sword, axe, Fms. v. 168, Gs. 6; h. til e-s, to deal a blow to one, smite, Grág. ii. 7, Al. 78; h. e-n bana-högg, to smite with a deathblow, Eg. 220: to cut down, destroy, þeir hjuggu drekann mjök, Fms. vii. 249: to maim, ef maðr höggr hund eða björn til háðungar manni, Grág. ii. 121; h. rauf á hjálmi, Al. 78: the phrases, h. sik í lends manns rétt, Fms. ix. 399: spec. phrases, höggðú allra manna armastr, nú hjóttu Noreg ór hendi mér! Ek þóttumk nú Noreg í hönd þér höggva, Ó. H. 184.

2. to put to death, behead, Fms. vii. 250, 251, xi. 148–152: to kill, högg þú hestinn, Nj. 92: to kill cattle, slaughter, h. bú, búfé, kýr, geitr, naut, Landn. 293, Eg. 532, Fms. vi. 95, xi. 123, Fb. i. 186: höggva strandhögg, Eg. 81.

3. to fell trees; höggva skög, Grág. ii. 294; h. keyrivönd, id.: absol., hann hefir höggit í skógi mínum, Nj. 98, passim: to cut grass (rarely), ef maðr höggr hey á hlut annars manns, N. G. L. ii. 112; upp höggvit gras, cut grass, Dipl. iv. 9, Jm. 7, (else always slá of mowing.)

4. to bite, of snakes (högg-ormr); Miðgarðsormr hjó hann til bana, Edda 155; naðran hjó fyrir flagbrjóskat, 76: of a wound from a boar’s tusk, ef svín höggr mann, Gþl. 190: the phrase, h. hest sporum, to prick a horse with the spur, Mag. 9.

II. with prepp.; höggva af, to hew or cut off; h. af kampa ok skegg, to cut off the beard, K. Þ. K.; h. af lim, Sks. 555; to kill, slaughter, h. af fé, Ld. 64; höggva af sér, to parry off, Fms. v. 13:—h. niðr, to cut down, i. 38; to kill, butcher, vii. 261, Orkn. 120; hjuggu þeir niðr mungát sitt (by cutting casks to pieces), Fms. vii. 249:—h. upp, to cut down a tree, Greg. 48, Matth. iii. 10; h. upp skip, to break a ship up, Fms. iii. 228, ix. 381; h. upp hús, to break a house up, viii. 166:—h. ór, to cut out, metaph. to make even; vóru margar greinir þær er ór þurfti at h. milli biskups ok leikmanna, Bs. i. 751; láta konung ok erkibiskup ór h. ( smooth) sagðar greinir, 773.

III. reflex. to be cut, hacked; hjósk skjöldr Helga, Dropl. 24.

2. recipr. to exchange blows, fight; þeir hjuggusk nokkura stund, Háv. 56; þeir h. til í ákafa, Bret. 74.

3. metaph., höggvask í mitt mál, to begin abruptly, in the middle of a sentence; taka heldr at upphafi til, en höggvask í mitt mál, Landn. 275, v. l.; ef enn höggsk nokkurr í ok mælir svá, cuts in, objects, Skálda 168: þótti honum nú taka mjök um at höggvask, things looked hard, Grett. 142; þótti honum hart um höggvask, Bs. i. 423.

or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at-tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical consonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indifferently, t being particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus,—skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur,—bíti-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; væri-a, ne esset; urðu-a, non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t are more current forms: v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sa’r aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. ‘flo-at,’ Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Norse poems of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né (using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37–39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113–115, 126–128, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðsljóð, Lokasenna—all these poems probably composed by the same author, and not before the 10th century—about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or né): so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Skálaglam in Vellekla (circa 940–995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingavísur (composed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduction of Christianity in Icel. (995–1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tek-k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Subsequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose. The suffixed verbal negation was used,

α. in the delivering of the oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit í dóm þenna til liðs mér um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek finna, hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í dóm þenna ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form.

β. the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in publicly reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat landeigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at …, 48; erat þat sakar spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sakráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat fé, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr við at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting til fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við í öðru fé nema hann vili, 209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þá skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigandi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit, i. 23; skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann til véfangs ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat hann fleirum baugum bœta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5; skalat hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita þat fé, 59; í skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta þat, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann lóga fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá menn, 167; skalat svá skipta manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi vísu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut mál hans standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakbóta ( it does not count), 178; ef hann villat ( will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræðrat hann öðrum mönnum á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá sínum ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat honum þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 141; þarfat hann bíða til þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reflexive form: kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath—vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd ok egg—said, vask at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncing ‒ ‒́ instead of ‒́ ⏑. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir, Nj. 61 (now commonly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara þótt hœna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu á ísi, 19: also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age—erat vinum líft Ingimundar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þess meiri þörf, because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167; kannka ek til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.; mona ( will not) mín móna ( my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði verða, thou shalt not; esa þat undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann máttia sofna, he could not sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt á strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir menn hér koma, Niðrst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eirspennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at-tu, and the anastrophe in t, though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.]

(-ða, -ðr), v., birgja e-n at e-u, to furnish, provide one with a thing (nú vil ek birgja bú þitt at málnytuísumar).

* * *

ð, to furnish, provide; skal ek víst b. hann at nökkuru, Nj. 73; segir Sigurðr, at hann mun b. þá með nökkuru móti, Fær. 237; hann birgði þá ok um búfé, Ld. 144; nú vil ek b. bú þitt at málnytu í sumar, Hrafn. 9. [In the Edd. sometimes wrongly spelt with y, as it is quite different from byrgja, to enclose.]

* * *

(berg; barg, burgum; borginn), v.

1) to help, save, with dat.;

nema Þ. byrgi honum, unless Th. helped him;

sá er öldum bergr, who saves mankind (viz. against the giants, i. e. Thor);

guðs son er öllum heimi barg, who saved the whole world;

impers., e-m er borgit, one is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger (brutu skip sitt ok týndu fé öllu, en mönnum varð borgit flestum);

bjarga skipshöfn, to rescue the shipwrecked;

bjarga skipi, to haul a ship out of the reach of the tide;

bjarga hval, to secure a dead whale (by dragging it ashore);

bjarga konum, to help labouring women (cf. bjargrúnar);

bjarga kúm, to attend cows calving;

bjarga nám, to render the last service to dead bodies (cf. nábjargir);

bjarga sök, máli, to succeed in winning a case, a suit;

2) refl., bjargast, to keep up the heart, esp. against cold or hunger;

Oddr bargst vel á fjallinu (in a snow storm);

bjargast sjálfr, to gain one’s bread;

bjargast á sínar hendr, to support oneself with one’s own hands;

bjargast úti, to find one’s food (graze) in the field (of cattle);

Snorri góði fann, at nafni hans bargst lítt við ostinn, that he got on slowly with eating the cheese;

verði þér nú at bjargast við slík sem til er, you must now put up with what you can get.

(að), v. (rare), = preceding (bjargat mun málinu verða).

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barg, burgu, borgit; pres. bergr, pl. björgum; imperat. bjarg; pret. subj. byrga: in mod. use after the Reformation this verb is constantly used weak, bjarga, að, pres. bjargar, pret. bjargat; the only remnant of the old is the sup. borgit, etc. In Norway this weak form occurs very early, e. g. bjargar, servat, Hom. 17; in Icel. the weak seldom occurs before the 15th century; bjargaðist, Fs. 143, and bjargat (sup.) = borgit, Lv. 11, are probably due to these passages being left in paper MSS.; the weak bjargaði, however, occurs in a vellum MS. of the 15th century, Þorf. Karl. 388; 1st pers. pres. bjarga, Fms. xi. 150 (MS. 13th century) seems to be a Norse idiom, [Goth. bairgan; Hel. bergan; A. S. beargan; cp. birgr]:—to save, help; with dat., bergr hverjum sem eigi er feigr (a proverb), Sturl. iii. 220; sá er öldum bergr, who saves mankind, viz. against the giants, i. e. Thor, Hým. 22; nema Þorgeirr byrgi honum, Rd. 295: absol., Guð barg (by God’s grace) er konungrinn varð eigi sárr, Fms. v. 268: in theol. sense, vildu þeir eigi snúast til mín at ek byrga þeim, 656 C. 23, Hom. l. c.: impers., e-m er borgit, is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger, Fær. 178, Hkv. Hjörv. 29.

2. a law term; b. sök, máli, to find a point of defence; hann bergr þeim kosti sökinni, at …, Grág. i. 40; bergsk hann við bjargkviðinn, he is free by virtue of the verdict, 36; borgit mun nú verða at lögum, i. e. there will be some means of putting it right, Lv. 11, Nj. 36.

3. special phrases; b. skipshöfn, to pick up the shipwrecked, Þorf. Karl. l. c., Fms. xi. 412; skipi, to haul a ship out of the reach of tides and waves, Grág. ii. 385; hval, to drag a dead whale ashore, Gþl. 461: to help labouring women (v. bjargrúnar), Sdm. 9; b. nám (v. nábjargir), to render the last service to a dead body, 33; b. kúm, to attend cows casting calf, Bjarn. 32; b. búfé, to milk ewes, N. G. L. i. 10; b. brókum, cacare, Fms. xi. 150.

II. recipr. of mutual help; bjargast at allir saman, to be saved all in common, Hkr. ii. 347.

III. reflex., bjargask vel, to behave well, keep the heart up, esp. in cold or hunger; Oddr bargst vel á fjallinu (in snow storm), Sturl. iii. 215, Orkn. 324, of one shipwrecked; b. úti, of cattle, to graze, N. G. L. i. 25; b. sjálfr, to gain one’s bread, Grág. i. 294; b. á sínar hendr (spýtur), to support oneself with one’s own hands, Fms. ii. 159: of food or drink, cp. bergja; Snorri goði fann, at nafni hans bargst lítt við ostinn, that he got on slowly eating the cheese, Eb. 244; hann spurði, hví hann byrgist svá lítt (v. l. mataðist svá seint), … why he ate so slowly, id.; verði þér nú at bjargast við slíkt sem til er, you must put up with what you can get, Germ. für lieb nehmen, Eg. 204; hon bað fyrir þær matar ok burgust þær við þat, Clem. 26; hon bjargaðist (= bargst) lítt við þá fæðu er til var, she could hardly eat the food they had (v. l. hjúkaðist), Fs. 174. Part. borginn, used as adj. and even in compar.; impers., erat héra (héri = hegri = duck) at borgnara þótt hæna beri skjöld, the drake is none the better off though a hen shield him, metaph. of a craven, Fs. 174, Fms. vii. 116: [Early Engl. to borrow = to save, ‘who borrowed Susanna out of wo,’ Sir Guy of Warwick.]

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(blend; blétt, bléndum; blandinn), v. to blend, mix, e-t e-u, with a thing (blanda mjöð, drykk, eitri); blanda e-t saman, to mix together (blanda saman hvítt ok rautt); more common, blanda e-u við e-t; blanda vatni við vín, to mix wine with water; blanda mötuneyti (dat.,) við e-n, to eat together with one;

refl., blandast við e-n, to have intercourse with one, esp. of sexual intercourse (blandast við konur af heiðnum þjóðum).

(að), v. = prec.

f. mixture of two fluids (fór fyrst ór blóð, síðan blanda), esp. sour whey mixed with water.

* * *

in early Icel. poetry and prose a strong verb; pres. 1st pers. blend, Ls. 3; 3rd pers. blendr, Grág. ii. 389; reflex. blendsk, Symb. 30; pret. 1st pers. blétt, Am. 79, Greg. 50; reflex. blézk, Orkn. 104 (in a verse from about A. D. 1046); pl. bléndu, bléndum, Ls. 9, Greg. 60, Edda 47; reflex. bléndusk, Hkm. 8; subj. reflex. bléndisk, Mart. 129; blandinn (freq.), Sdm., Ýt., etc., vide Lex. Poët., Skálda 164; but in the 13th century and later the weak form (blanda, að) prevailed in all tenses except the part. pass., where the old blandinn = blandaðr may still be used, though the weak is more common; imperat. blanda, Pr. 471, 472, N. G. L. i. 12; pres. blandar, 13; part. blandaðr, Sks. 349, Pr. 470, 472 (MS. about A. D. 1250), [Ulf. blandan, a redupl. verb; A. S. bland; Engl. blend; O. H. G. blantan; lost in N. H. G.; Swed. blanda]:—to blend, mix, the beverage in acc., the mixed ingredient in dat.; b. mjöð (drykk), eitri, meini, Greg. l. c.; drottning ok Bárðr blönduðu þá drykkinn ólyfjani, Eg. 210: adding ‘við,’ lítið (acc. instead of dat.) verðr ok við blandit, Skálda 164; maturt blandin við upsa-gall, Pr. l. c.; þar fellr Jórdan í gegnum, ok blendsk eigi ( does not blend) við vötnin, Symb. l. c.; tak skógar súru ok blanda (imperat.) við fornt vín, Pr. l. c.; b. með, id., Rb. 164; b. saman, to mix together, Pr. l. c.

II. metaph. to mix together, of fellowship or association, but partic. used of carnal intercourse, cp. the Gr. μιγηναι, Lat. misceri; b. mötuneyti (dat.) við e-n, to eat together with one, N. G. L. l. c.; blandask í samfélagi, to associate with, Mart. l. c.; vér megum eigi hjálp né heilsu af Guði fá, nema vér blandimk við hans orð, 625. 181; þeir blönduðusk þá meir við mannfólk enn nú, they had more intercourse with, Fas. i. 391: to have carnal intercourse, vár skal éingi blandask við búfé, N. G. L. i. 18; þat fell í hórdómum, ok blönduðusk við þær konur er af heiðnum þjóðum vóru, Sks. 588.

III. part. blandinn is used as an adj. with the notion mixed, mingled, bad, of temper, character, manner; Helgi var blandinn mjök (had a mixed, mingled creed), hann trúði á Krist, en hét á Þór til harðraeða ok sjófara, Landn. 206; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér ( thou art bold and brave), en hon er blandin mjök, but she is a woman of mixed report, Nj. 49.

(að), v. to chop (brytja mat);

brytja lið heiðingja, to put to the sword;

brytja niðr, to cut down.

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að, [brjóta-brotinn; A. S. bryttjan = to deal out], to chop, esp. of butcher’s meat, Ísl. ii. 337; svá brytju vér grísina, Sd. 163; b. búfé, Al. 80, Stj. 411. Judg. xiv. 6 (as he would have ‘rent’ a kid); b. niðr, to cut down, as a carcase, Fms. vii. 123; b. mat, to chop meat, viii. 221.

adj. able, capable; færr til e-s. capable of, or with infin., able to do a thing, Nj. 215, Fms. i. 284, v. 71, xi. 24; vel færr, doing well, strong, Ísl. ii. 357; hress ok vel f., Eg. 84:—able, strong, in travelling, manna bezt færir bæði á fæti ok á skíðum, 73; færr hvert er þú vilt, Ld. 44; Sigmundr görisk færr ( able-bodied) maðr mjök, Fær. 77; færr hestr, a strong, serviceable horse, Grág. i. 46, 328; búfé fært at mat sér, Gþl. 502.

2. of things, fit for use, safe; of a ship, sea-worthy, opp. to úfært, Eg. 114: of weather, fært (úfært) veðr, weather fit ( unfit) for travelling, Gþl. 31, freq.; þegar fært var landa milli, when the passage was open from one land to another (of the sea), Fms. ii. 232: of roads, rivers, sea, etc., safe, passable, Petlands-fjörðr var eigi f., i. 200; vegir færir at renna ok ríða, Gþl. 411; al-f., ú-fært, íll-f., etc.: the law phrase ‘eiga eigi fært út hingað,’ not to have leave to return hither (i. e. to Icel.), is the third degree of outlawry, Grág. i. 119, Þ. Þ. ch. 60:—neut. with dat. denoting safe, unsafe, er þér at síðr fært með þessi orðsending, at ek hygg …, it is so far from safe for thee to go with this errand, that …, Fms. iv. 131; freq. in mod. usage, þat er ekki fært (ófært); mér er ekki fært (ófært): in many compds, þing-f., able to go to parliament, Grág. i. 46: Icel. also say in neut., þing-fært, messu-fært, when so many people are gathered together that a meeting or service can be held; bænabókar-fær, able to read one’s prayer-book, i. e. not quite ólæs.

1) abundant, plentiful, enough (selveiðar gnógar ok fiskifang mikit); at gnógu, sufficiently; ok vinnst oss þat at gnógu, it is enough for us; í gnóg, enough (var þar vatn í gnóg); gnógu (neut. dat.) lengi, long, enough;

2) g. um e-t, at e-u, richly furnished with (nú var hann g. orðinn um kvikfé).

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adj.; in old alliterative poets gn, þess var grams und gömlum | gnóg rausn, Arnór, and so in very old MSS.; but even vellum MSS. as old as Hb., Stj., Arna-Magn. 66 (vide below), begin to drop the g, which was either lost or replaced by í (í-nógr) as in Engl. e-nough: the declension also is interesting; in old writers it has regular neut. gnógt or nógt, but later the t was dropped; an Icel. says, það er nóg rúm ( room enow), the old form being gnógt rúm; the gen. has also been dropped, and so the word has become an irregular though not indeclinable adjective: again, an indeclinable nógu has been formed, nógu margr, mikill, etc., answering to Engl. enough after an adjective: [Ulf. ganôhs, = ἱκανός; A. S. genôh; Engl. enough and enow; O. H. G. ganah; Germ. genug and genung; Dan. nok; Swed. nog and noga]:—enough, sufficient, plentiful, of stores; þar er sæmðar ván er gnóg er til, Nj. 21; selveiðar gnógar ok fiski-fang mikit, Eg. 130; mundu þar fá gnógt lið, Fms. vii. 276; ok svá nógt er í fjöllum þeim gull sem grjót, Pr. 400; þat it fjórða er nógt var, which was enough by itself, Bret. (Hb.) 66; þeim með er hann hefir gnógastan til, Sks. 229 B; hafa gnógan liðs kost, Fms. viii. 220; því at þar var nógt búfé Dana til strandhöggva, i. 128; gaf hann öllum nóga skotpenninga, xi. 202; honum mun gefast svo hann gnóg hafi, Matth. xiii. 12; skógar-dýr er jafnan vóru gnóg, Stj. 560 (nóg and í nóg, v. l.); með svá nógum gný ( so great a din) ok vápna-braki, at …, Stj. (MSS.) 127:—of persons (rare), nú var hann nógr orðinn um kvikfé, now he was well stocked with cattle, Bjarn. 39; nú muntú ok vera þér nógr einn (= einhlítr, q. v.) um þetta mál, Band. 6.

II. adverbial use; at nógu, sufficiently, plentifully; þat sem at nógu döggvir allan aldin-viðinn, Stj. 68; ok vinnsk oss þat at nógu, it is enough for us, Fms. v. 48 (but at gnógu, Ó. H. 202, l. c., and so Fb. ii. 329); í-nóg, enough; hann (the cypress) er þar í-nóg, Stj. 88, Al. 171; þar til er þeir allir hafa drukkit í-nóg, Stj. 136; fóðr höfum vér í-nóg, id.; allt var í-nóg þat er hafa þurfti, 203; biskup sagði at þeir hefði í-nóg at geyma, Bs. i. 866:—nógu, indecl. enough, only in the later Sagas, þreif Öngull til saxins, ok kvað hann nógu lengi ( long enough) borit hafa, Grett. 154; því at nógu margir munu vera mótstöðu-menn þínir, 156; nógu mikit, mickle enough, Bs. i. 909 (Laur. S.)

(-s, -ar), m. grassy hollow or little vale (kaus hann sér bústað í hvammi einum).

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m. [Ivar Aasen kvam]:—a grassy slope or vale; þar var byggilegr hvammr, Fs. 22; kaus hann sér bústað í hvammi einum mjök fögrum, 26; sá var einn h. í landi Geirmundar, at hann kvaðsk vilja kjósa í brott or landinu,—varð búfé hans statt í hvamminum,—hann eltir féð ór hvamminum, Sturl. i. 5; með þeim viði er í þeim hvammi er vaxinn, 6; þeir kómu at því síki er leið liggr til Kirkjubæjar ok skamt var frá þeim hvammi er þeir Ögmundr sátu í, Sturl. iii. 112: very freq. as an appellative in every Icel. farm or as a local name, Hvammr, Landn.: the best known is the seat of the Sturlungar in Broadfirth, Hvamms-dalr, Hvamms-fjörðr, Landn.; Hvamms-land, Hvamms-verjar, or Hvamms-menn, m. pl. the men from Hvam, Sturl.; Hvamm-Sturla, m. Sturla from H., the father of Snorri.

(pl. knegum; knátta), a defective verb, I can (could); knákat ek segja, I cannot say (poet.).

* * *

a defect. verb, for the conjugation of which see Gramm. p. xxxiii; the pres. infin. knegu nowhere occurs, whereas a pret. infin. knáttu occurs in Sighvat (Fms. vi. 40); a subj. pres. knega, knegi, knegim, Hkv. 2. 34, Fsm. 22, 25, 41, Stor. 15, N. G. L. i. 89; pret. knáði for knátti, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse), Rekst.; with a suff. neg. kná-at, non potest, Gm. 25; knák-a, non possum, Hým. 32, Am. 52; knegu-t, plur. non possunt, Hkv. Hjörv. 13: [A. S. cnáwan; Engl. know]:—I know how to do a thing, I can, or quite paraphrastically like Engl. do; ek kná sja, I can see, i. e. I do see, freq. in poetry, always followed by an infinitive, but very rare in prose:

I. in poetry; öllu gulli kná hann einn ráða, Fm. 34; hver er þær kná hafa óviltar, Sdm. 19; knáttu sjá mey und hjálmi, Fm. 44; melta knáttu, Akv. 36; er vörðr né verr vinna knátti, Gkv. 33; ef ek sjá knætti, 22; ef hann eiga knætti, Skv. 3. 3; ok knætta ek þér í faðmi felask, Hkv. 2. 27; knættim hefna, Gh. 5; kneguð oss fara, ye cannot confound us, Hkv. Hjörv. 13; knega ek grami fagna, Hkv. 2. 34: knegi hníga, Fsm. 25; knegi sofa, 41, 42; sá er trúa knegim, Stor. 15; skjöldu knegut þar velja, Akv. 4; knákat ek segja, I can never say, Hým. 32; knáka ek þess njóta, Am. 52; ek hykk þá knáttu (pret. infin.) kjósa, Sighvat; ginnunga-vé knáttu brinna, did burn, Haustl.; knáttu drúpa, they did droop, Eg. (in a verse); knátti svelgja, Ýt. 4; unnir knegu glymja, Gm. 7; bjöllur knegu hringjask, Ó. H. (in a verse); hann kná kjósa, he does choose, Vsp. 62; knáttu sporna, they did spur, 28, Og. 9; hann knáði velja, Rekst.; knáði lenda, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse); hann knátti vakna, did awake, Bragi; ér knáttuð skipta, ye did share, Edda (in a verse); ek kná stýra, Landn. (in a verse); kná-at sú veig vanask, Gm. 25; kná snúa, Vsp. (Hb.)

II. in prose; þá kná þat grafa í kirkju-garði, then it can be buried in a churchyard, N. G. L. i. 12:—I shall, in law phrases, várr kná engi blandask við búfé, N. G. L. i. 18:—I can, I do, þá skulu þingmenn veita honum vápnatak til þess at hann knegi verja jörð sína lögum at dómi, N. G. L. i. 89; hann knátti engu bergja ( he did not taste) af himneskum sætleik, Eluc. 59; þeir báðu at þeir knætti sjá líkama Clement pafa, Clem. 47.

(pl. -ar), f.

1) fold, pen (reka fé í kvíar);

2) a lane of men gradually narrowing (also in pl.).

* * *

f., pl. kvíar, [ quey or quoy, Orkn. and Shetl.], a fold, pen, esp. where sheep are milked; reka fé í kvíar, Hrafn. 8; ær í kvíum, Dipl. ii. 14; útlagask hann við þann er kvína á, Grág. ii. 329; ór kví þeirri, id.; ef búfé gengr ór kvíum, Js. 100; kvía gimbill, a young sheep, Sturl. ii. 150; sem sauðir í kví, Fms. viii. 219; hugðisk mundu taka þá í kvíum sem sauði til skurðar, 60:—in mod. usage in pl. the pen where sheep are milked, moka kvíar, Bjarn. (in a verse), Ísl. Þjóðs., Piltr og Stúlka, Snót:—metaph. a lane of men branching like a fork = klömbr, Ó. H. 119, Orkn. 468, Eg. 232, Sturl. i. 29, Fms. vi. 69: in plur., Lv. 95, Glúm. 386.

COMPDS: kvíaból, kvíagarðr, kvíaveggr, Kvíarmið, Kví-á, Kvía-bekkr, Landn.

* * *

n. salt; leggja sök í salt, to shelve a case. Cf. Eystrasalt.

* * *

n. [a word common to the Teut. as also the class. languages]:—salt, Stj. 609; salt ok brauð, Fb. ii. 24, Pr. 470, passim; distinction is made between hvíta-salt, white salt, Edda ii. 431, 515, and svarta-salt, black salt, from sea-water, N. G. L. i. 39:—of salt used for cattle, salt skal hann eigi meira göra en hann þarf at gefa búfé sínu, id.:—the phrase, leggja sök í salt, to shelve a case, Bs. i. 690: the saying, í salti liggr sök ef sækendr duga; nú stendr skuld tuttugu vetr eða tuttugu vetrum lengr, þá fyrnisk sú skuld fyrir váttum, enn hann má koma honum til eiða at hváru, þvíat í salti liggr sök ef sækiendr duga, N. G. L. i. 24 (Gþl. 484, Jb. 351); vega salt, to balance against one another. In Norway and Icel. salt was chiefly procured by burning seaweed, cp. ‘brenndum brúk á sandi,’… hinn þríði var upp á berginu ok brenndi þara, Frissb. 255; also from the sea, cp. Þorst. Síðu H. 177, ek þóttumk ganga til sjófar þar sem var saltsviða mikil, ok þóttumk ek eta glóanda salt ok drekka sjáinn við. Such salt works are often mentioned, see the compds below. For salt used in baptism, see geifla.

II. in local names, Salt-eyrr ( Salt-eyrar-óss), Eb.; of the sea, Eystra-salt, the ‘East-sea,’ i. e. the Baltic, Fins, passim.

B. COMPDS: saltbelgr, saltbrenna, saltbúð, salteyða, saltfat, saltfjara, saltgörð, salthola, salthólmr, saltkarl, saltketill, saltkorn, saltkross, saltmaðr, saltsáð, saltsteinn, saltsviða.

(-ar, -ir), m. sheep.

* * *

m., gen. sauðar, dat. sauð, pl. sauðir; the gen. sauðs, Barl. 47, 101, is unusual; [Ulf. sauþs or sauds = θυσία or sacrifice, which is thus shewn to be the original sense; sjóða and seyðir are kindred words; Ivar Aasen sau or saud, ‘sauden er daud’]:—a sheep; sauði eða búfé, Grág. i. 148, 414, ii. 306, Js. 78, Stj. 171, Grett. 134, 137, Fs. 25, 71, Nj. 26, Bs. i. 315, 646, 647; henda skjarra sauði, 330; svín hans gengu á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124: sing. collect., reka saudinn í réttir, Sti. 171; þat þótti honum útal hve margr sauðr þar var í dalnum, Grett. 136; hrút eðr hafra … þótt sá sauðrinn verði dauðr, Grág. ii. 310: eccl., Clem. 58, Fms. x. 318, cp. John x. 1–16.

2. in mod. usage, a wether.

COMPDS: sauðabeit, sauðadunr, sauðaferð, sauðaflokkr, sauðagangr, sauðageymsla, sauðargæra, sauðahirðir, sauðahús, sauðahústún, sauðahvarf, sauðarhöfuð, sauðarjarmr, sauðakjöt, sauðaklippari, sauðakví, sauðakvöð, sauðaleit, sauðamaðr, sauðamjólk, sauðarekstr, sauðarétt, sauðarreyfi, sauðaslitr, sauðasveinn, sauðatað, sauðataka, auðarull, sauðaþjófnaðr, sauðaþjófr.

n. a ‘strand-raid,’ such as the raid of the old Vikings who landed on the coasts and drove off cattle and stores for their ships; þar var nógt búfé til strandhöggva, Fms. i. 128: in the phrase, höggva s., to make a strandhögg. Eg. 81; þurfa strandhöggva, … leita eptir strand-höggvi, Fms. vii. 68; um morguninn kómu þeir ofan með strandhögg mikil, much cattle, great booty, vi. 79.

(vör. vart), a.

1) aware; verða e-s varr, verða varr við e-t, to be aware of, learn, hear; gera e-n varan við e-t, to warn a person; gera vart við e-t, to draw attention to a thing;

2) wary, cautious; vera varr um sik, to be on one’s guard; varr við e-t, on one’s guard against.

* * *

vár, várt, mod. vor, a possess. pron. This word has undergone several changes, starting from an original form uns, Goth. unsar, which was contracted into ús, cp. órir, p. 469; next the s changed into r (as in vera, heyra, eyra, járn), thus it became ûrr or ór-r, cp. A. S. ûre, Engl. our; lastly, the initial vowel was turned into the cognate consonant v, prob. from being confounded with the personal pronoun vér. The old poets seem only to know the vowel form, as is always seen in alliteration, Vþm. 4, 7, Hým. 33, Hkv. Hjörv. 23; and so in rhymes, stórr, órar, Kormak. Thorodd cites this form, órar eru ú-rækðir órar; and the earliest vellums use it throughout. About A. D. 1200 várr begins to appear, an innovation prob. imported from abroad; thus in Clem. S. (Arna-Magn. 645), p. 147, ‘ór,’ ‘órum,’ six times (ll. 1, 4, 9, 12, 13, 28), but ‘várra,’ ‘vár,’ twice (ll. 6, 25); in a few poems of the 12th century, preserved in late vellums, the spelling is ‘vórr,’ whereas the alliteration and rhyme demand ó, e. g. Líkn. 24, Harms. 53, 54, 58; in Ls. 52 ‘vömmin vár’ is an exception and otherwise corrupt, for ‘vár’ could not have existed at the time when that poem was composed. In this way the modern várr arose, being quite peculiar to the Scandinavian: [Dan. vor, Swed. vår; whereas Goth. unsar, Germ. unser, answer to the obsolete Icel. ossir; and A. S. ûre, Engl. our, answer to early Icel. órr]:—our.

B. USAGES.—Our; várt höfuð, Fms. x. 7; várs herra, Stj.; várrar, id.; með vórum afla, Hkr. ii. 92; várra glæpa, Stj.

2. neut. as subst.; [cp. Engl. ours]; láta slíka sitja yfir váru, Ísl. ii. 224.

3. with another pron.; várr skal hverr eina konu eiga, N. G. L. i. 20; várr skal engi blandask við búfé, each of us, 18; skipi hvert várt stýrði, Am. 96; einn várn, one of us, Fms. vi. 165; hverjum várum, each of us Ó. H. 61; kvað hvern várn skyldu falla þveran of annan, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse); sjám hverr várr ( who of us) fái fyrst búnar snekkjur. Fas. i. 350 (in a verse); engum várum, none of us, Glúm. 332; fundir várir Hákonar, our meetings, i. e. of H. and myself, Fms. vii. 256.

m. = búfé.

f. responsibility for búfé.