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british+military+authority

  • 1 British military authority

    Military: BMA

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > British military authority

  • 2 английские военные власти

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > английские военные власти

  • 3 Британская военная администрация

    1) General subject: British Military Authority

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Британская военная администрация

  • 4 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 5 civil

    adj.
    civil.
    f. & m.
    civilian.
    * * *
    1 civil
    2 (no militar) civilian
    3 (no eclesiástico) lay, secular
    1 (de la Guardia Civil) civil guard, member of the Guardia Civil
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=no militar) [autoridad, aviación] civil; [vida, víctima, población] civilian

    va vestido de civil — he's wearing civilian clothes, he's in civilian clothes

    2) (=no religioso) civil

    matrimonio civil — civil wedding, registry office wedding

    casarse por lo civil — to have a civil wedding, have a registry office wedding, be married in a civil ceremony

    3) (Jur) [responsabilidad, desobediencia] civil
    código 1), derecho 3., 1), gobernador 2., guardia 1., protección, registro 5)
    2. SMF
    1) (=persona no militar) civilian
    2) (=guardia) civil guard
    * * *
    I
    a) <derechos/responsabilidades> civil
    b) ( no religioso) civil

    se casaron por lo civil or (Per, RPl, Ven) sólo por civil or (Chi, Méx) por el civil — they were married in a civil ceremony (AmE), they had a registry office wedding (BrE)

    c) ( no militar) civilian (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) ( persona no militar) civilian
    b) (Esp) ( guardia civil) Civil Guard
    * * *
    = nonmilitary, civilian, civic.
    Ex. From Truman's approval for nuclear weapons testing in Nevada on 18 Dec 1950 the AEC adopted a four-pronged approach: inundating the public with positive information on nuclear power; emphasising defence needs; highlighting the nonmilitary benefits of testing; and reassuring the citizenry that testing was not hazardous to health.
    Ex. Israel is nation very interested in both the military and civilian applications of nuclear energy.
    Ex. Like many other civic facilities in the town, the public library is used by only a minority of the population.
    ----
    * abogado civil = people's lawyer.
    * anterior a la Guerra Civil = pre-Civil War.
    * año civil = calendar year.
    * autoridad civil = city authority.
    * boda civil = civil wedding.
    * código civil = civil code.
    * de civil = in plain clothes.
    * derechos civiles = civil rights, civil liberties.
    * edificio civil = civic building.
    * estatuto civil = civil statute.
    * guerra civil = civil war.
    * ingeniero civil = civil engineer.
    * litigio civil = civil litigation.
    * matrimonio civil = civil marriage.
    * mes civil = calendar month.
    * movimiento por los derechos civiles = civil rights movement.
    * persona civil = civilian.
    * personal civil = civilian staff.
    * pleito civil = civil litigation.
    * población civil = civilian.
    * población civil, la = civilian population, the.
    * procedimiento civil = civil proceedings.
    * unión civil = civil union.
    * vestido de civil = in plain clothes.
    * vestir de civil = wear + plain clothes, dress in + plain clothes.
    * vida civil = civic life.
    * * *
    I
    a) <derechos/responsabilidades> civil
    b) ( no religioso) civil

    se casaron por lo civil or (Per, RPl, Ven) sólo por civil or (Chi, Méx) por el civil — they were married in a civil ceremony (AmE), they had a registry office wedding (BrE)

    c) ( no militar) civilian (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) ( persona no militar) civilian
    b) (Esp) ( guardia civil) Civil Guard
    * * *
    = nonmilitary, civilian, civic.

    Ex: From Truman's approval for nuclear weapons testing in Nevada on 18 Dec 1950 the AEC adopted a four-pronged approach: inundating the public with positive information on nuclear power; emphasising defence needs; highlighting the nonmilitary benefits of testing; and reassuring the citizenry that testing was not hazardous to health.

    Ex: Israel is nation very interested in both the military and civilian applications of nuclear energy.
    Ex: Like many other civic facilities in the town, the public library is used by only a minority of the population.
    * abogado civil = people's lawyer.
    * anterior a la Guerra Civil = pre-Civil War.
    * año civil = calendar year.
    * autoridad civil = city authority.
    * boda civil = civil wedding.
    * código civil = civil code.
    * de civil = in plain clothes.
    * derechos civiles = civil rights, civil liberties.
    * edificio civil = civic building.
    * estatuto civil = civil statute.
    * guerra civil = civil war.
    * ingeniero civil = civil engineer.
    * litigio civil = civil litigation.
    * matrimonio civil = civil marriage.
    * mes civil = calendar month.
    * movimiento por los derechos civiles = civil rights movement.
    * persona civil = civilian.
    * personal civil = civilian staff.
    * pleito civil = civil litigation.
    * población civil = civilian.
    * población civil, la = civilian population, the.
    * procedimiento civil = civil proceedings.
    * unión civil = civil union.
    * vestido de civil = in plain clothes.
    * vestir de civil = wear + plain clothes, dress in + plain clothes.
    * vida civil = civic life.

    * * *
    1 ‹derechos/responsabilidades› civil estado, guerra, registro
    una boda civil a civil marriage
    se casaron por lo civil or (Per, RPl, Ven) por civil or (Chi, Méx) por el civil they were married in a civil ceremony ( AmE), they had a registry office wedding ( BrE)
    3 (no militar) civilian ( before n)
    la población civil the civilian population
    iba (vestido) de civil he was in civilian clothes o dress
    A
    2 ( Esp) (guardia civil) Civil Guard
    B
    * * *

     

    civil adjetivo
    a) ‹derechos/responsabilidades› civil


    casarse por lo civil or (Per, RPl, Ven) sólo por civil or (Chi, Méx) por el civil to be married in a civil ceremony (AmE), to have a registry office wedding (BrE)


    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino


    civil
    I adjetivo
    1 civil: se casaron por lo civil, they got married in the registry office
    2 Mil civilian
    II mf civilian: el policía iba de civil, the policeman was in plain clothes
    ' civil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    administración
    - aviación
    - aviador
    - aviadora
    - benemérita
    - casarse
    - código
    - estado
    - funcionaria
    - funcionario
    - guerra
    - ingeniera
    - ingeniero
    - machetazo
    - paisana
    - paisano
    - protección
    - reflejar
    - sociedad
    - umbral
    - venir
    - amotinar
    - burócrata
    - empleado
    - estar
    - guardia
    - ingeniería
    - juicio
    - matrimonio
    - notaría
    - paisanaje
    - prefecto
    - registro
    - reo
    - rojo
    - ser
    English:
    CAA
    - civil
    - civil engineer
    - civil liberties
    - civil rights
    - civil servant
    - civil service
    - civil war
    - civilian
    - clear-cut
    - disobedience
    - injure
    - marital status
    - registrar
    - registry office
    - status
    - civic
    - county
    - defendant
    - load
    - marital
    - Ms
    - plain
    - wedding
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [derecho, sociedad, arquitectura] civil
    2. [no militar] civilian;
    ir vestido de civil to be in civilian clothes
    3. [no religioso] civil;
    una boda civil a civil marriage;
    casarse por lo civil to get married in a Br registry office o US civil ceremony
    ♦ nmf
    1. [no militar, no religioso] civilian
    2. Esp Fam [Guardia Civil] = member of the “Guardia Civil”
    ♦ nm
    RP [boda] civil marriage ceremony;
    ¿fueron al civil? – no, sólo nos invitaron a la iglesia did you go to the registry office ceremony? – no, we were only invited to the church ceremony
    * * *
    I adj civil;
    casarse por lo civil have a civil wedding
    II m/f civilian
    III m civil guard
    * * *
    civil adj
    1) : civil
    2) : civilian
    civil nmf
    : civilian
    * * *
    civil1 adj
    1. (en general) civil
    2. (no militar) civilian
    civil2 n civilian

    Spanish-English dictionary > civil

  • 6 правоохранительный орган

    1) General subject: limb of the law
    2) British English: enforcement authority
    5) Politico-military term: legal body

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > правоохранительный орган

  • 7 администрация

    1) General subject: admin, administration, authority, front office (корпорации), management, reception
    2) Medicine: (медучреждений) Health Administrator
    3) Colloquial: front office (корпорации и т.п.)
    4) Military: (военная) administration, government
    5) Engineering: branch of administration
    6) British English: receptionist
    7) Law: administration of an office, administrative authority, office (для направления EN→RU, в таких выражениях, как office of the county clerk, office of the secretary of state и т. п.)
    9) Accounting: mgmt (компании)
    10) Mining: general staff (рудника), general staff
    11) Politics: (президента США) executive office (of the US President)
    13) Management: the authorities
    16) leg.N.P. administration (public law), management (as of an enterprise or factory)
    17) Security: mastermind

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > администрация

  • 8 justicia

    f.
    1 justice (derecho).
    administrar justicia to administer justice
    en justicia in (all) fairness
    se le hizo justicia entregándole el premio she received the recognition she deserved when she was awarded the prize
    esa foto no le hace justicia that photo doesn't do him justice
    ser de justicia to be only fair
    justicia social social justice
    2 law.
    * * *
    1 (equidad, derecho) justice, fairness
    \
    administrar justicia to administer justice
    en justicia in all fairness
    hacer justicia to do justice
    hacer justicia a algo/alguien to do justice to somebody/something
    ser de justicia to be only fair
    tomarse la justicia por su mano to take the law into one's own hands
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    1.
    SF [gen] justice; (=equidad) fairness, equity; (=derecho) right

    de justicia — justly, deservedly

    2.
    SM †† representative of authority
    * * *
    a) ( equidad) justice

    en justicia — in all fairness, to be fair

    b) (sistema, leyes)

    recurrir a la justicia — (frml) to have recourse to law (frml)

    * * *
    = fairness, justice, equitability, rightness.
    Ex. That's a federal agency I believe that what they've done in this particular case represents social justice and elementary fairness.
    Ex. This approach does insufficient justice to the preliminary steps in the indexing process.
    Ex. These variables ensured equitability by virtue of enabling each department to acquire the same percentage of the literature published in its field.
    Ex. The quiet and hallowed stacks provide comfort and solace to the bibliophile and a sense of rightness and order to the librarian.
    ----
    * administración de justicia = administration of justice.
    * administrar justicia = dispense + justice.
    * en justicia = to be fair.
    * escapar de la justicia = escape + justice.
    * hacer justicia = do + justice.
    * huir de la justicia = lam (it).
    * huyendo de la justicia = on the run, on the lam.
    * justicia administrativa = administrative justice.
    * justicia de género = gender justice.
    * justicia distributiva = distributive justice.
    * justicia penal = criminal justice.
    * justicia racial = racial justice.
    * justicia retributiva = retributive justice.
    * justicia social = social justice.
    * la justicia = the Bench.
    * luchar por la justicia = fight for + justice.
    * Ministro de Justicia = Attorney General, Minister of Justice.
    * palacio de justicia = courthouse.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * sala de justicia = courtroom.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * tribunal de justicia = criminal court, court of justice, law courts, court of law.
    * * *
    a) ( equidad) justice

    en justicia — in all fairness, to be fair

    b) (sistema, leyes)

    recurrir a la justicia — (frml) to have recourse to law (frml)

    * * *
    = fairness, justice, equitability, rightness.

    Ex: That's a federal agency I believe that what they've done in this particular case represents social justice and elementary fairness.

    Ex: This approach does insufficient justice to the preliminary steps in the indexing process.
    Ex: These variables ensured equitability by virtue of enabling each department to acquire the same percentage of the literature published in its field.
    Ex: The quiet and hallowed stacks provide comfort and solace to the bibliophile and a sense of rightness and order to the librarian.
    * administración de justicia = administration of justice.
    * administrar justicia = dispense + justice.
    * en justicia = to be fair.
    * escapar de la justicia = escape + justice.
    * hacer justicia = do + justice.
    * huir de la justicia = lam (it).
    * huyendo de la justicia = on the run, on the lam.
    * justicia administrativa = administrative justice.
    * justicia de género = gender justice.
    * justicia distributiva = distributive justice.
    * justicia penal = criminal justice.
    * justicia racial = racial justice.
    * justicia retributiva = retributive justice.
    * justicia social = social justice.
    * la justicia = the Bench.
    * luchar por la justicia = fight for + justice.
    * Ministro de Justicia = Attorney General, Minister of Justice.
    * palacio de justicia = courthouse.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * sala de justicia = courtroom.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * tribunal de justicia = criminal court, court of justice, law courts, court of law.

    * * *
    1 (equidad) justice
    justicia social social justice
    los manifestantes pedían justicia the protestors called for justice
    es de justicia que se lo hayan dado it is only right o just o fair that he should have been given it
    la distinción de que ha sido objeto es de justicia the award he has received is richly deserved
    en justicia in all fairness, to be fair
    la justicia de su decisión the fairness of her decision
    nunca se le ha hecho justicia como escritor he has never received due recognition as a writer
    esta foto no le hace justicia this picture doesn't do him justice
    2
    (sistema, leyes): la justicia the law
    quienes administran la justicia those who administer justice o the law
    huyeron de la justicia they fled from justice o the law
    recurrieron a la justicia ( frml); they had recourse to law ( frml)
    tomarse la justicia por su mano to take the law into one's own hands
    Compuestos:
    military justice system, military law
    poetic justice
    * * *

    justicia sustantivo femenino


    en justicia in all fairness, to be fair;
    la justicia de su decisión the fairness of her decision;
    nunca se le ha hecho justicia como escritor he has never received due recognition as a writer
    b) (sistema, leyes):


    huir de la justicia to flee from justice o the law;
    tomarse la justicia por su mano to take the law into one's own hands
    justicia sustantivo femenino justice
    ♦ Locuciones: tomarse la justicia por su mano, to take the law into one's own hands
    ' justicia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bien
    - cacerolada
    - derecha
    - derecho
    - detrimento
    - escapar
    - honestidad
    - huir
    - injusticia
    - justamente
    - palacio
    - poner
    - prófuga
    - prófugo
    - sala
    - sed
    - sol
    - alguacil
    - corte
    - mano
    - responder
    - tribunal
    - triunfar
    English:
    administer
    - administration
    - Attorney General
    - bar
    - beat down
    - courthouse
    - courtroom
    - dispense
    - fairly
    - fairness
    - justice
    - law
    - mockery
    - prevail
    - right
    - run
    - sense
    - share
    - square deal
    - attorney
    - disservice
    - let
    - perversion
    - supreme
    * * *
    1. [equidad] fairness, justice;
    en justicia in (all) fairness;
    se le hizo justicia entregándole el premio she received the recognition she deserved when she was awarded the prize;
    esa foto no le hace justicia that photo doesn't do him justice
    justicia social social justice
    2. [derecho] justice;
    administrar justicia to administer justice;
    ser de justicia to be only fair;
    es de justicia que la indemnicen it is only right o fair that she should be compensated;
    tomarse la justicia por su mano to take the law into one's own hands
    3.
    la justicia [sistema de leyes] the law
    4. [organización]
    la justicia española the Spanish legal system;
    la persigue la justicia británica she is being sought by the British courts
    * * *
    f
    1 justice;
    hacer justicia a do justice to;
    es de justicia que le devuelvan lo que le pertenenece it is only right that they give him back what belongs to him
    2
    :
    la justicia (la ley) the law;
    tomarse la justicia por su mano take the law into one’s own hands
    * * *
    1) : justice, fairness
    hacerle justicia a: to do justice to
    ser de justicia: to be only fair
    2)
    la justicia : the law
    tomarse la justicia por su mano: to take the law into one's own hands
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > justicia

  • 9 Boxer, Charles Ralph

    (1904-2000)
       Eminent British scholar, author, teacher, collector, soldier, and authority on the history of Portugal's overseas empire (1415-1825). Trained as a professional soldier, not an academic, Boxer was educated at Sandhurst and served as a British army officer and Japanese language specialist in the Far East until 1947. Captured when the Japanese took Hong Kong early in World War II, he spent the remainder of the war in Japanese prison camps. After the war, he retired from his military career and began a long, distinguished academic career. In 1947, he was appointed Camoens Professor of Portuguese, King's College, University of London. He also taught at London's School of African and Oriental Studies and at Yale and Indiana Universities.
       Numbering more than 300, his many publications on the Portuguese empire in Africa, Asia, and Brazil to 1825 dominated international scholarship on the subject during the last half of the 20th century. His masterful general historical synthesis of 1969, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825, remains a classic. With his mastery of Far Eastern languages, as well as Dutch, Portuguese, French, Spanish, and German, Boxer was also an avid collector of rare coins, art objects, books, and manuscripts. His extraordinary private collection remains preserved in the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington. Like his contemporary academic colleague, Gilberto Freyre, some of his writings had an impact beyond the academy and became politically controversial. Boxer's incisive 1963 book, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire ( 1415-1800), was not well-received by Portugal's dictatorship, then embroiled in colonial wars in Africa. Briefly, Boxer was ostracized in Lisbon. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, however, many of Boxer's books were published in Portuguese in Portugal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Boxer, Charles Ralph

  • 10 Norton de Matos, José

    (1867-1955)
       One of Portugal's most important and influential colonial administrators of the 20th-century African empire, a central figure in the management of Portugal's dispatch of an army to Flanders in World War I, and oppositionist candidate in the 1949 presidential elections. Trained as an army engineer, he attended Coimbra University and became a stalwart republican. During much of the 1890s, he served in Portuguese India, where he came under the influence of the style and policies of the British Raj. During the First Republic, he held a number of important posts in the empire and in Portugal: governor-general of Angola (1912-15), colonial minister (1915), and minister of war (1915-17), during which service he was instrumental in organizing the mobilization and dispatch of Portugal's Expeditionary Force (CEP) to the western front in 1917. Later, he served as high commissioner and governor-general of Angola (1921-24) and was named Portugal's minister to Great Britain (1924-26).
       Dismissed from his London post by the military dictatorship in 1926, Norton de Matos never held an official post again and, as he opposed both the military dictatorship and the Estado Novo, he found it difficult to practice his engineering profession while in retirement from the army. However, he remained important in post-1926 colonial policies and concepts, and attempted to put them into practice after 1945. In 1949, General Norton de Matos was the oppositionist candidate in the presidential elections and opposed the regime incumbent, Marshal Antônio Óscar Carmona. Using the law, police harassment, and other means, the Estado Novo persecuted Norton de Matos's followers and disrupted his campaign. Just before the rigged election was to be held, the aged general withdrew his candidacy, rightfully claiming fraud and intimidation. A tough if liberal reformist in colonial affairs, the senior colonial authority wrote his final book A Nação Una in 1953, calling for the regime to implement his basic reform ideas and to improve treatment of Africans in labor and race relations. Norton de Matos's prescient warnings about African policies were largely ignored, while Lisbon followed his key strategic and development concepts.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Norton de Matos, José

  • 11 организация

    1) General subject: Bund, agency, body, company, contestant, economy, federation, gild, guild, institute, machinery, management, ordonnance (особ. литературного материала, отдельных частей и деталей в произведении искусства), organising, organism, organization, set-up, society, entity (АД), foundation, institution, orchestrating (AD), organisation (British English), outfit, endeavour
    2) Computers: setting up
    3) Medicine: (превращение свернувшейся крови, экссудата или некротизированной ткани в фиброзную ткань) Organization
    4) Colloquial: show
    6) Engineering: administration, buildup, discipline (процесса), regulation
    7) Chemistry: orchestrating
    8) Religion: stewardship
    9) Accounting: association
    11) Psychology: machine
    13) Oil: authority
    16) Audit: enterprise
    17) Management: establishment
    18) Microelectronics: architecture
    20) Makarov: ens legis, line-up, organization (напр. данных), organization (объединение), organization (приведение в систему), organization (формирование), structural arrangement, structure
    21) Tengiz: ( legal) entity

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > организация

  • 12 сфера компетенции

    3) Construction: field of competence
    4) British English: remit
    5) Law: authority

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > сфера компетенции

  • 13 Tideman, Bruno Joannes

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 7 August 1834 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    d. 11 February 1883 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    [br]
    Dutch naval architect and constructor, early hydrodyna midst.
    [br]
    The first thirty years of Tideman's life followed the normal pattern for a naval architect: study at the Breda Military Academy, work in the Royal Dockyards of Vlissingen as a constructor and then experience in the United Kingdom "standing by" an armoured vessel being built for the Dutch at Birkenhead. Tideman took the opportunity to acquaint himself with current developments in British shipyards and to study the work of Macquorn Rankine at Glasgow University.
    On his return to the Netherlands he was given the task of adapting the Royal Dockyard of Amsterdam for ironclad construction and from 1870 iron ships were built there. From 1868 until 1873 he taught shipbuilding at what was then the Delft Polytechnic, but resigned on his appointment as Chief Naval Constructor of Holland.
    Through representations to appropriate authority he assisted in founding the great shipyard Koninklijke Maatschappij "De Schelde" and in the setting up of Dutch ferry services across the North Sea. His interest in ship design and in the pioneering work of William Froude led to the founding of the world's second ship model test tank in 1876 in a sheltered part of the Royal Amsterdam Dockyard. The design was based on Froude's Torquay Tank.
    As Scotland's first tank was not opened until 1883, he attracted work from the Clyde, including the testing of the Russian Imperial Yacht Livadia built by Elder's of Glasgow. This contract was so critical that it was agreed that a quartersize model be tested on Loch Lomond. Throughout his life he was respected as an all-round engineer and consultancy work flowed in, the vast bulk of it from Britain. Continual trying to improve standards, Tideman was working on a development plan for Dutch shipbuilding at the time of his death.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.M.Dirkzwager, 1970, Bruno Joannes Tideman 1834–1883. Grondlegger van de Moderne Scheepsbouw in Nederland, Leiden.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Tideman, Bruno Joannes

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