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41 smith
[smiƟ]1) (a blacksmith.) σιδεράς2) (a person whose job is to work with a particular metal, or make a particular type of article: a goldsmith; a silversmith; a gunsmith.) χρυσοχόος/αργυροχόος/οπλουργός•- smithy -
42 forge
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43 shop
1. n лавка, магазин2. n специализированный магазинчик или отдел универмагаtobacco shop — табачная лавка, табачный киоск или ларёк
3. n буфет, закусочнаяcoffee shop — буфет, кафе
4. n мастерская; ателье5. n цехon the shop floor — в цеху, на предприятии; среди рабочих
6. n фабрика, завод; предприятиеclosed shop — предприятие, принимающее на работу только членов профсоюза
truck shop — предприятие, выдающее заработную плату товарами
job lot shop — предприятие, работающее по заказам
7. n разг. учреждение, заведение, предприятиеopen shop — «открытое предприятие»
thinking shop — учебное заведение, институт
set up a shop — начать дело; открыть предприятие
8. n разг. театр. ангажемент9. n школ. школьная мастерская10. n школ. труд; уроки трудаshop work — механизированный труд; работа с механизмами
11. n школ. вор. жарг. тюрьмаto come to right shop — обращаться туда, куда следует
to get a shop — занять первое, второе или третье место
to shut up shop — закрыть лавочку, уйти от дел
12. v ходить по магазинам, делать покупки13. v присматриваться к товарам; присматривать, подбирать14. v присматриваться, подыскивать15. v сл. вор. посадить в тюрьму, арестоватьshop weld — сварной шов, выполняемый в заводских условиях
16. v сл. воен. посадить на гауптвахту17. v сл. сл. донести в полицию18. v сл. амер. тех. ставить на ремонтСинонимический ряд:1. boutique (noun) boutique; emporium; market; mart; outlet; showroom; store2. factory (noun) factory; mill; plant3. retail store (noun) bakery; coffee shop; drugstore; greengrocer's; novelty shop; retail store; shoe shop; workshop4. browse (verb) browse; patronize; window-shop5. look for (verb) be in the market for; buy; evaluate; hunt for; look around; look for; purchase; shop around -
44 smith
[smiƟ]1) (a blacksmith.) forgeron/-onne2) (a person whose job is to work with a particular metal, or make a particular type of article: a goldsmith; a silversmith; a gunsmith.) orfèvre; armurier•- smithy -
45 smith
[smiƟ]1) (a blacksmith.) ferreiro2) (a person whose job is to work with a particular metal, or make a particular type of article: a goldsmith; a silversmith; a gunsmith.) pessoa que trabalha com metais•- smithy -
46 Faraday, Michael
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 22 September 1791 Newington, Surrey, Englandd. 25 August 1867 London, England[br]English physicist, discoverer of the principles of the electric motor and dynamo.[br]Faraday's father was a blacksmith recently moved south from Westmorland. The young Faraday's formal education was limited to attendance at "a Common Day School", and then he worked as an errand boy for George Riebau, a bookseller and bookbinder in London's West End. Riebau subsequently took him as an apprentice bookbinder, and Faraday seized every opportunity to read the books that came his way, especially scientific works.A customer in the shop gave Faraday tickets to hear Sir Humphry Davy lecturing at the Royal Institution. He made notes of the lectures, bound them and sent them to Davy, asking for scientific employment. When a vacancy arose for a laboratory assistant at the Royal Institution, Davy remembered Faraday, who he took as his assistant on an 18- month tour of France, Italy and Switzerland (despite the fact that Britain and France were at war!). The tour, and especially Davy's constant company and readiness to explain matters, was a scientific education for Faraday, who returned to the Royal Institution as a competent chemist in his own right. Faraday was interested in electricity, which was then viewed as a branch of chemistry. After Oersted's announcement in 1820 that an electric current could affect a magnet, Faraday devised an arrangement in 1821 for producing continuous motion from an electric current and a magnet. This was the basis of the electric motor. Ten years later, after much thought and experiment, he achieved the converse of Oersted's effect, the production of an electric current from a magnet. This was magneto-electric induction, the basis of the electric generator.Electrical engineers usually regard Faraday as the "father" of their profession, but Faraday himself was not primarily interested in the practical applications of his discoveries. His driving motivation was to understand the forces of nature, such as electricity and magnetism, and the relationship between them. Faraday delighted in telling others about science, and studied what made a good scientific lecturer. At the Royal Institution he introduced the Friday Evening Discourses and also the Christmas Lectures for Young People, now televised in the UK every Christmas.[br]Bibliography1991, Curiosity Perfectly Satisfyed. Faraday's Travels in Europe 1813–1815, ed. B.Bowers and L.Symons, Peter Peregrinus (Faraday's diary of his travels with Humphry Davy).Further ReadingL.Pearce Williams, 1965, Michael Faraday. A Biography, London: Chapman \& Hall; 1987, New York: Da Capo Press (the most comprehensive of the many biographies of Faraday and accounts of his work).For recent short accounts of his life see: B.Bowers, 1991, Michael Faraday and the Modern World, EPA Press. G.Cantor, D.Gooding and F.James, 1991, Faraday, Macmillan.J.Meurig Thomas, 1991, Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution, Adam Hilger.BB -
47 Hackworth, Timothy
[br]b. 22 December 1786 Wylam, Northumberland, Englandd. 7 July 1850 Shildon, Co. Durham, England[br]English engineer, pioneer in construction and operation of steam locomotives.[br]Hackworth trained under his father, who was Foreman Blacksmith at Wylam colliery, and succeeded him upon his death in 1807. Between 1812 and 1816 he helped to build and maintain the Wylam locomotives under William Hedley. He then moved to Walbottle colliery, but during 1824 he took temporary charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s works while George Stephenson was surveying the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway and Robert Stephenson was away in South America. In May 1825 Hackworth was appointed to the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR) "to have superintendence of the permanent (i.e. stationary) and locomotive engines". He established the workshops at Shildon, and when the railway opened in September he became in effect the first locomotive superintendent of a railway company. From experience of operating Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s locomotives he was able to make many detail improvements, notably spring safety valves. In 1827 he designed and built the locomotive Royal George, with six wheels coupled and inverted vertical cylinders driving the rear pair. From the pistons, drive was direct by way of piston rods and connecting rods to crankpins on the wheels, the first instance of the use of this layout on a locomotive. Royal George was the most powerful and satisfactory locomotive on the S \& DR to date and was the forerunner of Hackworth's type of heavy-goods locomotive, which was built until the mid-1840s.For the Rainhill Trials in 1829 Hackworth built and entered the locomotive Sans Pareil, which was subsequently used on the Bol ton \& Leigh Railway and is now in the Science Museum, London. A working replica was built for the 150th anniversary of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1980. In 1833 a further agreement with the S \& DR enabled Hackworth, while remaining in charge of their locomotives, to set up a locomotive and engineering works on his own account. Its products eventually included locomotives for the London, Brighton \& South Coast and York, Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, as well as some of the earliest locomotives exported to Russia and Canada. Hackworth's son, John Wesley Hackworth, was also an engineer and invented the radial valve gear for steam engines that bears his name.[br]Further ReadingR.Young, 1975, Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive, Shildon: Shildon "Stockton \& Darlington Railway" Silver Jubilee Committee; orig. pub. 1923, London (tends to emphasize Hackworth's achievements at the expense of other contemporary engineers).L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longmans (describes much of Hackworth's work and is more objective).E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co.PJGR -
48 Marsden, Samuel
[br]b. 1764 Parsley, Yorkshire, Englandd. 1838 Australia[br]English farmer whose breeding programme established the Australian wool industry.[br]Although his father was a farmer, at the age of 10 Samuel Marsden went to work as a blacksmith, and continued in that trade for ten years. He then decided to go into the Church, was educated at Hull Grammar School and Cambridge, and was ordained in 1793. He then emigrated to Australia, where he took up an appointment as Assistant Chaplain to the Colony. He was stationed at Parramatta, where he was granted 100 acres and bought a further 128 acres himself. In 1800 he became Principal Chaplain, and by 1802 he farmed the third largest farm in the colony. Initially he was able to obtain only two Marino rams and was forced to crossbreed with imported Indian stock. However, with this combination he was able to improve wool quality dramatically, and this stock provided the basis of his breeding stock. In 1807 he returned to Britain, taking 160 lb of wool with him. This was woven into 40 yards (36.5 m) of cloth in a mill near Leeds, and from this Marsden had a suit made which he wore when he visited George III. The latter was so impressed with the cloth that he presented Marsden with five Marino ewes in lamb, with which he returned to Australia. By 1811 he was sending more than 5,000 lb of wool back to the UK each year. In 1814 Marsden concentrated more on Church matters and made the first of seven missionary visits to New Zealand. He made the last of these excursions the year before his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, New South Wales Agricultural Society (on its foundation) 1821.Further ReadingMichael Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a definitive study on sheep history that deals in detail with Marsden's developments).AP -
49 Small, James
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. c. 1742 Scotlandd. 1793 Scotland[br]Scottish engineer who was first to apply scientific experiment and calculation to the design of ploughs.[br]James Small served his apprenticeship as a wright and blacksmith at Hutton in Berwickshire, and then travelled for a time in England. It is possible that he learned his trade from the ploughwright Pashley, who ran the "Manufactory" in Rotherham. On his return to Scotland he settled at Blackadder Mount, Berwickshire, and there began to make his ploughs. He used a spring balance to determine the draft of the plough and fashioned the mouldboard from a soft wood so that the wear would show quickly on its surface. Repeated trials indicated the best shape to be adopted, and he had his mouldboards cast at the Carron Ironworks. At trials held at Dalkeith, Small's plough, pulled by two horses, outperformed the old Scotch plough hauled by as many as eight oxen, and his ploughs were soon to be found in all areas of the country. He established workshops in Leith Walk, where he made ploughs and other implements. It was in Edinburgh in 1784 that he published Treatise on Ploughs, in which he set out his methods and calculations. He made no attempt to patent his ideas, feeling that they should be available to all, and the book provided sufficient information for it to be used by his rivals. As a result he died a poor man at the age of 52. His family were supported with a £1,500 subscription raised on their behalf by Sir John Sinclair, President of the Board of Agriculture.[br]Bibliography1784, A Treatise on Ploughs and Wheel Carriages.Further ReadingJ.B.Passmore, 1930, The English Plough, Reading: University of Reading (provides a history of plough development from the eighth century, and deals in detail with Small's work).AP -
50 Wolseley, Frederick York
[br]b. 1837 Co. Dublin, Irelandd. 1899 England[br]Irish inventor who developed the first practical sheep shears and was also involved in the development of the car which bore his name.[br]The credit for the first design of sheep shears lies with James Higham, who patented the idea in 1868. However, its practical and commercial success lay in the work of a number of people, to each of whom Frederick Wolseley provides the connecting link.One of three brothers, he emigrated to Australia in 1854 and worked in New South Wales for five years. In 1867 he produced a working model of mechanical sheep shears, but it took a further five years before he actually produced a machine, whilst working as Manager of a sheep station in Victoria. In the intervening period it is possible that he visited America and Britain. On returning to Australia in 1872 he and Robert Savage produced another working model in a workshop in Melbourne. Four years later, by which time Wolseley had acquired the "Euroka" sheep station at Walgett, they tested the model and in 1877 acquired joint patent rights. The machine was not successful, and in 1884 another joint patent, this time with Robert Pickup, was taken out on a cog-gear universal joint. Development was to take several more years, during which a highly skilled blacksmith by the name of George Gray joined the team. It is likely that he was the first person to remove a fleece from a sheep mechanically. Finally, the last to be involved in the development of the shears was another Englishman, John Howard, who emigrated to Australia in 1883 with the intention of developing a shearing machine based on his knowledge of existing horse clippers. Wolseley purchased Howard's patent rights and gave him a job. The first public demonstration of the shears was held at the wool stores of Goldsborough \& Co. of Melbourne. Although the hand shearers were faster, when the three sheep that had been clipped by them were re-shorn using the mechanical machine, a further 2 lb (900 g) of wool was removed.Wolseley placed the first manufacturing order with A.P.Parks, who employed a young Englishman by the name of Herbert Austin. A number of improvements to the design were suggested by Austin, who acquired patents and assigned them to Wolseley in 1895 in return for shares in the company. Austin returned to England to run the Wolseley factory in Birmingham. He also built there the first car to carry the Wolseley name, and subsequently opened a car factory carrying his own name.Wolseley resigned as Managing Director of the company in 1894 and died five years later.[br]Further ReadingF.Wheelhouse, 1966, Digging Stock to Rotary Hoe: Men and Machines in Rural Australia (provides a detailed account of Wolseley's developments).APBiographical history of technology > Wolseley, Frederick York
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