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1 DIALECT
– Tolkien notes that the word lambë "tongue" was originally "nearer to our 'dialect' than to 'language', but later when the Eldar became aware of other tongues, not intelligible without study, lambe naturally became applied to the separate languages of any people or region" (WJ:394). Thus, lambë can hardly be used for "dialect" in Exilic Quenya. Cf. also VT39:15, where lambë is said to mean "the language or dialect of a particular or people". -
2 BLOSSOM
(white) lossë, ("of flowers in bunches or clusters":) *lohtë (emended from the actual reading loktë because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya.) –LOT, LT1:258 -
3 CONSONANT
\#pataca (only pl. patacar is attested), \#lambetengwë (literally "tongue-sign"; only pl. lambetengwi is attested; this refers to consonants as tengwi or phonemes), also náva-tengwë ("ñava-") (literally "mouth-sign"; only pl. náva-tengwi is attested; the shorter form \#návëa pl. návëar was also used, but Fëanor replaced these terms with \#pataca). Yet another term for "consonant" was \#tapta tengwë "impeded element". (Only pl. tapta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *taptë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective. The nominal pl. of the adjective, taptar, was used in the same sense as tapta tengwi.) Tolkien also notes: "Since...in the mode of spelling commonly used the full signs were consonantal, in ordinary non-technical use tengwar [sg tengwa, see LETTER] became equivalent to 'consonants'." Cf. also surya "spirant consonant" and punta "stopped consonant", i.e. a consonant sign with an underposed dot to indiate that it is not followed by a vowel. –VT39:8, VT39:16, 17, WJ:396, SUS, PUT (see PUS), VT46:10, 33 -
4 DESCENDANT
indyo (grandchild) (Indyo looks like Vanyarin Quenya; the combination ndy became ny in Noldorin Quenya. The Noldor likely used the form *inyo.) MALE DESCENDANT yondo (son) (In LT2:344, it is said that yondo usually meant "(great) grandson", but in LotR-style Quenya it simply means "son".) –ÑGYO(N) -
5 EARTH
cemen (soil). (Note: at the time Tolkien wrote Etym, he thought of cemen as the genitive of cén, but later cemen evidently became the nominative form, as it had been in earlier writings [LT1:257]. In Silm:433, it is said that cemen [kemen] refers to "the Earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens". LT1:257, reproducing early material, also has cemi "earth, soil, land" and Kémi "Mother Earth".) Locative cemendë "on earth" in VT43:17. HEAVEN AND EARTH Menel Cemenyë (VT47:11). EARTH-QUEEN Kementári (Yavanna's title); EARTHEN, OF EARTH cemna. (LR:363 gves "kemina", but according to VT45:19, this is a misreading for "kemna" in Tolkien's manuscript.) EARTH (= world) Ambar (world) (Tolkien equated Ambar with Oikoumene, a Greek word denoting "world" considered as "the inhabited world of Men". But ambar also seems to mean "doom", q.v. MR:337 (cf. WJ:419) has Imbar instead of Ambar; the literal meaning of both words is said to be "habitation") EARTH-DWELLERS –LT2:343 gives indi, rendered "earthdwellers" and said to be another word for "men", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. –KEM/Silm:433/LT1:257/VT44:34, MBAR cf. Letters:283 or SD:409 -
6 ELF
quendë (a technical, generic term, seldom used in the sg; pl Quendi is the usual form; there are gender-specific forms quendu m. and quendi f., but they seem to be rare; pl. forms quendur, quendir are attested), Elda (originally generic, but later [MET] used of Elves of the Three Kindreds [Noldor, Vanyar, Teleri] only. That was at least the proper usage: Elda was the normal word for "elf" in Valinor, since all Elves there were Eldar, and quendë became a word of lore. An archaic variant of Elda was Eldo.) With generic reference, the pl. Eldar has no article and is used to eman “Elves, The Elves, All Elves”; i Eldar with the article means “the Elves” with reference to some particular individuals previously mentioned. The partitive plural Eldali “Elves, some Elves” is also attested (VT49:8). ELVES OF AMAN Amanyar (sg \#Amanya), ELVES WHO REFUSED TO JOIN IN THE WESTWARD MARCH (from Cuiviénen) Avari (sg Avar in WJ:371, VT47:13, 24; Avar or Avaro in Etym), also called Avamanyar "those who did not go to Aman, because they would not" (distinguish Úmanyar, Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those who did not in the event reach Aman", though they did join in the march from Cuiviénen; these are also called Heceldi or Ecelli, see EGLATH). See also DARK ELVES, GREEN-ELVES, GREY-ELVES, HIGH-ELVES, LIGHT-ELVES, SEA-ELVES, LITTLE ELF. Cf. also ELVENHOME Eldamar, Elendë. ELF-PEOPLE Eldalië, ELVISH Eldarinwa (adj only, pl. Eldarinwë attested in VT47:14; but "Elvish" meaning Elvish language is simply Eldarin. Properly, these words for "Elvish" apply to the Tree Kindreds only, not to all the Quendi.) Quenderin ("Elvish" referring to all the Quendi, "Quendian"; this remained a learned word) –WJ:361/KWEN(ED), MR:229 ELED, Silm:424, AB/WJ:371/Silm:65/MR:163, WJ:363, Silm:23/392, MR:415, WJ:407 -
7 FLOWER
(large and single) lótë (often -lot in compounds). (The word lótë is usually applied to a large, single flower. From *ambalotsë "uprising-flower" [q.v.] \#lotsë can be isolated; this may be the more general word for "flower".) FLOWER OF THE WEST (a floral design) Númellóte. Cf. also indil, "lily, or other large single flower". PUT FORTH LEAVES OR FLOWERS *lohta- (emended from the actual reading lokta because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) (sprout) –LOT(H), LT1:259, WJ:318, UT:227, 458, WJ:399, LT:258 -
8 FOOD
matso, in an earlier source also matl (read *matil since Tolkien decided that final syllabic -l became -il in Quenya); COOKED FOOD apsa –PE16:141, QL:59, AP -
9 FOUNTAIN
ehtelë (issue of water, spring).The actual reading in LT1 and LT2 is ektelë, but Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya. The new form of the word is attested in Silm. LT also gives the form kektelë, that would likewise become *cehtelë.) –LT1:257, LT2:338 -
10 GRANDCHILD
indyo (descendant) (Indyo looks like Vanyarin Quenya; the combination ndy became ny in Noldorin Quenya [see MIDDLE]. The Noldor likely said inyo, which form occurred in a deleted marginal note in the Etymologies). –ÑGYO(N), VT46:19 -
11 HEW
*pelehta- (emended from the actual reading pelekta-, since Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya). The verb nac- is defined as “hew, cut” in late material, though in Etym, it was assigned the meaning “bite” instead. –LT2:346, VT49:24 -
12 LABERNUM
Lindeloktë (singing cluster). (So in LT1:258, but Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya. Read *Lindelohtë?) –LT1:258 -
13 LEAF
lassë (pl. lassi is attested); HAVING MANY LEAVES lillassëa (pl lillassië is attested); COLLECTION OF LEAVES olassië (foliage); PUT FORTH LEAVES OR FLOWERS *lohta- (altered from the actual reading lokta because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) (sprout). LEAF-SHAPED lassecanta; LEAF-FALL lasselanta (autumn or the beginning of winter; see also FADING); LEAF-GREY lassemista –LAS1, Nam, VT39:9, LT1:254, MC:222, 223, Letters:282, LT1:258, KAT, LotR:505 cf. Letters:224 -
14 OUR
As described in the entry WE, the 3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms from dual (depending on whether two or more persons are involved) and exclusive forms from inclusive (depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien revised the relevant endings repeatedly. According to one late resolution described in VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are –lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, hence *aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at least three persons, not including the party addressed), but *aldamma “our tree = my and one other person’s tree”. The corresponding inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa (dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to the former is attested as “-lwe, –lve” (VT49:51), –lwa can surely also appear as *-lva, as in *omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the genitive case: omentielvo “of our meeting”, WJ:367). Hence *aldalwa/aldalva “our tree” (an “our” of at least three persons, including the party addressed), dual *aldangwa “our tree = thy and my tree”. – An independent word for plural exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya (also menyë modifying a plural noun). The corresponding plural inclusive form should apparently be *venya (pl. *venyë) for archaic *wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë). The dual forms would most likely be *mentya (excl.) and *ventya (incl.); compare me, we/ve as the independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms met, wet/*vet and dative forms *ment, * went/vent, from which the independent possessive pronouns are apparently derived by adding the adjectival ending -ya). – Notice that in an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm- were plural (not as later dual) inclusive, and the forms in –lm- were plural inclusive rather than exclusive. This is why the word translated “of our meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12); this “our” is obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather than dual as it later became (according to Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would be *Átarelma when a group of three or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”, in this case the Father himself). -
15 PUT FORTH
LEAVES OR FLOWERS *lohta- (emended from the actual reading lokta because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) (sprout) –LT:258 -
16 REACH
(intr.) *rahta- (strech out) (Emended from the actual reading rakta; Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) –LT1:335 -
17 SILVER
telpë, telep- (tyelpë, tyelep- was the original form of the word in Noldorin Quenya, but "the form telpe became usual, through the influence of Telerin; for the Teleri prized silver above gold, and their skill as silversmiths was esteemed even by the Noldor" [UT:266]. However, in Letters:426 it is stated that "the form tyelpë remained in Quenya" and was not wholly displaced by telpë. LT1:268 has telpë = telempë.) Cf. also ilsa (a "mystic name" of silver), †silmë (also meaning light of Silpion, starlight). SILVER (prob. adj) tinda (glinting), OF SILVER telepsa, telpina, telemna. SILVER LIGHT istel, istil ("applied by the Ilkorins to starlight, probably a Q[uenya] form learned from Melian"). SILVER GLINT nillë (a star on Varda's simulacrum covering Valinor. Spelt ñillë, i.e., ngillë, in MR:388, but initial ng had become n in Third Age pronunciation, and I follow the system of LotR and transcribe it accordingly. But is this word is written in Tengwar, the letter noldo, not númen, should be used to transcribe the initial n.) –Silm:429, KYELEP, LT1:255, SIL, TIN, MR:388 -
18 SING
\#lir- as in lirin "I sing" (1st pers. aorist) (chant); SINGER nyello, lindo (singing bird); SINGERS Lindar (a name of the Teleri); SINGING lindë (air, tune, song), SINGING CLUSTER Lindeloktë (labernum). This is the form given in LT1:258; Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya. Read *Lindelohtë in LotR-style Quenya? –GLIR, NYEL, LIN2, WJ:418, Silm:431, LT1:258 -
19 SPROUT
(vb) tuia- (spring), *lohta- (emended from the actual reading lokta because Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) (put forth leaves or flowers); SPROUT (noun) tuima (bud) –TUY, LT:258 -
20 STRETCH
lenu-; STRETCH OUT (intr.) *rahta- (reach) (Emended from the actual reading rakta; Tolkien later decided that kt became ht in Quenya) –LT1:341, 335
См. также в других словарях:
Became — Be*came , imp. of {Become}. [1913 Webster] || … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
became — p.t. of BECOME (Cf. become) (q.v.) … Etymology dictionary
became — [bē kām′, bikām′] vi., vt. pt. of BECOME … English World dictionary
Became — Become Be*come , v. i. [imp. {Became}; p. p. {Become}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Becoming}.] [OE. bicumen, becumen, AS. becuman to come to, to happen; akin to D. bekomen, OHG.a piqu[ e]man, Goth. biquiman to come upon, G. bekommen to get, suit. See {Be } … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
became — [[t]bɪke͟ɪm[/t]] Became is the past tense of become … English dictionary
became indifferent — became apathetic, became disinterested, became impassive … English contemporary dictionary
became a nuisance — became a bother, became annoying … English contemporary dictionary
became a star — became a celebrity, became famous … English contemporary dictionary
became a vegetable — became brain dead, went into a coma; became inactive … English contemporary dictionary
became depressed — became sad, became unhappy … English contemporary dictionary
became famous — became a celebrity, became well known … English contemporary dictionary
