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121 close corporation
1. Gen Mgta public corporation in which all of the voting stock is held by a few shareholders, for example, management or family members. Although it is a public company, shares would not normally be available for trading because of a lack of liquidity.2. (S. Africa) Fina business registered in terms of the Close Corporations Act of 1984, consisting of not more than 10 members who share its ownership and management.Abbr. CC -
122 closed corporation
1. Gen Mgta public corporation in which all of the voting stock is held by a few shareholders, for example, management or family members. Although it is a public company, shares would not normally be available for trading because of a lack of liquidity.2. (S. Africa) Fina business registered in terms of the Close Corporations Act of 1984, consisting of not more than 10 members who share its ownership and management.Abbr. CC -
123 disclosure of information
Gen Mgtthe release of information that may be considered confidential to a third party or parties. The disclosure of information in the public interest may be prohibited, permitted, or required, by legislation in a variety of contexts. For example: data protection legislation restricts the disclosure of personal data held by organizations; company law requires the publication of certain financial and company data; and whistleblowing legislation entitles employees to divulge information relating to unethical or illegal conduct in the workplace. Restrictive covenants and confidentiality agreements also regulate the information that may be disclosed to third parties.The ultimate business dictionary > disclosure of information
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124 joint account
Finan account, for example one held at a bank or by a broker, that two or more people own in common and have access to -
125 lot
Fin [m1]1. the minimum quantity of a commodity that may be purchased on an exchange, for example, 1,000 ounces of gold on the London Bullion Market2. an item or a collection of related items being offered for sale at an auction3. a group of shares held or traded together, usually in units of 1004. a piece of land that can be sold -
126 timing difference
Fina difference between the balances held on related accounts which is caused by differences in the timing of the input of common transactions. For example, a direct debit will appear on the bank statement before it is entered into the bank account. Knowledge of the timing difference allows the balances on the two accounts to be reconciled. -
127 Biringuccio, Vanoccio Vincenzio Agustino Luca
[br]b. 1480 Siena, Italyd. 1537 Rome, Italy[br]Italian author of the celebrated "Pirotechnia" on mining and metallurgy.[br]Biringuccio spent much of his life in the service of, or under the patronage of, the Petruccis, one of the leading families of Siena. In his youth, he was able to travel widely in Italy and Germany, observing mining and metallurgical processes at first hand. For example, his visit to the brass-works in Milan was to be the source of the detailed description in Pirotechnia, published alter his death. He held various appointments in charge of mines or other concerns, such as the Siena mint, under the patronage of the Petruccis. During two periods of exile, while the Petrucci fortunes were in eclipse, he engaged in military activities such as the casting of cannon. That included the great culverin of Florence cast in 1529, also described in the Pirotechnia. In December 1534 Pope Paul III offered him the post of Director of the papal foundry and munitions. He did not take up the post until 1536, but he died the following year.P irotechnia, which made Biringuccio famous, was published in Venice in 1540, three years after his death. The word "pirotechnia" had a wider meaning than that of fireworks, extending to the action of fire on various substances and including distillation and the preparation of acids. While owing something to earlier written sources, the book is substantially based on a lifetime of practical experience of mining and metalworking, including smelting, casting and alloying, and evidence in the book suggests that it was written between 1530 and 1535. Curzio Navo brought out the second and third editions in 1550 and 1559, as well as a Latin edition. A fourth edition was also printed in 1559. The appearance of four editions in such a short time testifies to the popularity and usefulness of the work.[br]Bibliography1942, Pirotechnia, Translated from the Italian with an Introduction and Notes, ed. Cyril S. Smith and Martha T.Gnudi, New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgi cal Engineers (the best account of Biringuccio's life, with bibliographical details of the various editions of the Pirotechnia, is in the preface).LRDBiographical history of technology > Biringuccio, Vanoccio Vincenzio Agustino Luca
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128 Gropius, Walter Adolf
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 18 May 1883 Berlin, Germanyd. 5 July 1969 Boston, USA[br]German co-founder of the modern movement of architecture.[br]A year after he began practice as an architect, Gropius was responsible for the pace-setting Fagus shoe-last factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany, one of the few of his buildings to survive the Second World War. Today the building does not appear unusual, but in 1911 it was a revolutionary prototype, heralding the glass curtain walled method of non-load-bearing cladding that later became ubiquitous. Made from glass, steel and reinforced concrete, this factory initiated a new concept, that of the International school of modern architecture.In 1919 Gropius was appointed to head the new School of Art and Design at Weimar, the Staatliches Bauhaus. The school had been formed by an amalgamation of the Grand Ducal schools of fine and applied arts founded in 1906. Here Gropius put into practice his strongly held views and he was so successful that this small college, which trained only a few hundred students in the limited years of its existence, became world famous, attracting artists, architects and students of quality from all over Europe.Gropius's idea was to set up an institution where students of all the arts and crafts could work together and learn from one another. He abhorred the artificial barriers that had come to exist between artists and craftsmen and saw them all as interdependent. He felt that manual dexterity was as essential as creative design. Every Bauhaus student, whatever the individual's field of work or talent, took the same original workshop training. When qualified they were able to understand and supervise all the aesthetic and constructional processes that made up the scope of their work.In 1924, because of political changes, the Weimar Bauhaus was closed, but Gropius was invited to go to Dessau to re-establish it in a new purpose-built school which he designed. This group of buildings became a prototype that designers of the new architectural form emulated. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928, only a few years before it was finally closed due to the growth of National Socialism. He moved to England in 1934, but because of a lack of architectural opportunities and encouragement he continued on his way to the USA, where he headed the Department of Architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design from 1937 to 1952. After his retirement from there Gropius formed the Architect's Collaborative and, working with other architects such as Marcel Breuer and Pietro Belluschi, designed a number of buildings (for example, the US Embassy in Athens (1960) and the Pan Am Building in New York (1963)).[br]Bibliography1984, Scope of Total Architecture, Allen \& Unwin.Further ReadingN.Pevsner, 1936, Pioneers of the Modern Movement: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin.C.Jenck, 1973, Modern Movements in Architecture, Penguin.H.Probst and C.Shädlich, 1988, Walter Gropius, Berlin: Ernst \& Son.DY
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