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101 Wright, Wilbur
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 16 April 1867 Millville, Indiana, USAd. 30 May 1912 Dayton, Ohio, USA[br]American co-inventor, with his brother Orville Wright (b. 19 August 1871 Dayton, Ohio, USA; d. 30 January 1948 Dayton, Ohio, USA), of the first powered aeroplane capable of sustained, controlled flight.[br]Wilbur and Orville designed and built bicycles in Dayton, Ohio. In the 1890s they developed an interest in flying which led them to study the experiments of gliding pioneers such as Otto Lilienthal in Germany, and their fellow American Octave Chanute. The Wrights were very methodical and tackled the many problems stage by stage. First, they developed a method of controlling a glider using movable control surfaces, instead of weight-shifting as used in the early hand-gliders. They built a wind tunnel to test their wing sections and by 1902 they had produced a controllable glider. Next they needed a petrol engine, and when they could not find one to suit their needs they designed and built one themselves.On 17 December 1903 their Flyer was ready and Orville made the first short flight of 12 seconds; Wilbur followed with a 59-second flight covering 853 ft (260 m). An improved design, Flyer II, followed in 1904 and made about eighty flights, including circuits and simple ma-noeuvres. In 1905 Flyer III made several long flights, including one of 38 minutes covering 24½ miles (39 km). Most of the Wrights' flying was carried out in secret to protect their patents, so their achievements received little publicity. For a period of two and a half years they did not fly, but they worked to improve their Flyer and to negotiate terms for the sale of their invention to various governments and commercial syndi-cates.In 1908 the Wright Model A appeared, and when Wilbur demonstrated it in France he astounded the European aviators by making several flights lasting more than one hour and one of 2 hours 20 minutes. Considerable numbers of the Model A were built, but the European designers rapidly caught up and overtook the Wrights. The Wright brothers became involved in several legal battles to protect their patents: one of these, with Glenn Curtiss, went on for many years. Wilbur died of typhoid fever in 1912. Orville sold his interest in the Wright Company in 1915, but retained an interest in aeronautical research and lived on to see an aeroplane fly faster than the speed of sound.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Aeronautical Society (London) Gold Medal (awarded to both Wilbur and Orville) May 1909. Medals from the Aero Club of America, Congress, Ohio State and the City of Dayton.Bibliography1951, Miracle at Kitty Hawk. The Letters of Wilbur \& Orville Wright, ed. F.C.Kelly, New York.1953, The Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, ed. Marvin W.McFarland, 2 vols, New York.Orville Wright, 1953, How We Invented the Aeroplane, ed. F.C.Kelly, New York.Further ReadingA.G.Renstrom, 1968, Wilbur \& Orville Wright. A Bibliography, Washington, DC (with 2,055 entries).C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1963, The Wright Brothers, London (reprint) (a concise account).J.L.Pritchard, 1953, The Wright Brothers', Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (December) (includes much documentary material).F.C.Kelly, 1943, The Wright Brothers, New York (reprint) (authorized by Orville Wright).H.B.Combs with M.Caidin, 1980, Kill Devil Hill, London (contains more technical information).T.D.Crouch, 1989, The Bishop's Boys: A Life of Wilbur \& Orville Wright, New York (perhaps the best of various subsequent biographies).JDS -
102 the last thing
I. adv phrпepeд тeм, кaк лoжитьcя cпaть; в пocлeднюю минуту; в пocлeднюю oчepeдь, нaпocлeдoкHilary had to go back to Town, my dear, but he'll be down the last thing this evening (J. Galsworthy)II. n phrтo, чeгo мeнee вceгo мoжнo ждaть, пocлeднee, o чём мoжнo былo пoдумaтьSusie was astounded. An abject apology was the last thing she expected (W. S. Maugham). 'But you mustn't throw your hat in the air just yet.' 'That's about the last thing I feel like doing,' she said with acidity (C. P. Snow) -
103 acerbity
kb. (j. -ties) 1 rasa masam. 2 kemarahan. The a. of his remark astounded me Ucapannya yg pedas itu mengejutkan (bagi) saya. -
104 astound
kkt. sangat mengherankan/mengejutkan. His sudden death astounded us Wafatnya dengan tiba-tiba sangat mengherankan kami. -
105 astound
[ə΄staund] v ապշեցնել. be astounded by ապշել
См. также в других словарях:
astounded — adj. 1. struck with an intense and usually sudden surprise sufficient to produce wonder or perplexity Syn: amazed, astonied, astonished, dumbfounded, flabbergasted, stunned, stupefied, thunderstruck [WordNet 1.5] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
astounded — adj. 1) astounded at, by (astounded at the news) 2) astounded to + inf. (everyone was astounded to learn of her exploits) 3) astounded that + clause (I was astounded that the mayor had taken bribes) * * * by (astounded at the news) astounded at… … Combinatory dictionary
astounded — [[t]əsta͟ʊndɪd[/t]] ADJ GRADED: oft ADJ by/at n, ADJ to inf, ADJ that If you are astounded by something, you are very shocked or surprised that it could exist or happen. I was astounded by its beauty... I am astounded at the comments made by the… … English dictionary
astounded — as|tound|ed [əˈstaundıd] adj very surprised or shocked = ↑astonished astounded by/at ▪ She was astounded by his arrogance … Dictionary of contemporary English
Astounded — Astound As*tound , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Astounded}, [Obs.] {Astound}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Astounding}.] [See {Astound}, a.] 1. To stun; to stupefy. [1913 Webster] No puissant stroke his senses once astound. Fairfax. [1913 Webster] 2. To astonish; to … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
astounded — astound ► VERB ▪ shock or greatly surprise. DERIVATIVES astounded adjective astounding adjective. ORIGIN related to ASTONISH(Cf. ↑astonishment) … English terms dictionary
astounded — adjective filled with the emotional impact of overwhelming surprise or shock an amazed audience gave the magician a standing ovation I stood enthralled, astonished by the vastness and majesty of the cathedral astounded viewers wept at the… … Useful english dictionary
astounded — adjective surprised, amazed, astonished or bewildered … Wiktionary
astounded — Synonyms and related words: agape, aghast, agog, all agog, amazed, appalled, ashen, astonished, at gaze, awed, awestricken, awestruck, beguiled, bewildered, bewitched, blanched, breathless, captivated, confounded, cowed, deadly pale, dumbfounded … Moby Thesaurus
astounded — a|stound|ed [ ə staundəd ] adjective extremely surprised or shocked … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
astounded — adj. awestruck; aghast; overwhelmed with amazement; surprised; shocked; dumbfounded as·tound || É™ staÊŠnd v. surprise, amaze, shock … English contemporary dictionary
