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ballast+train

  • 1 балластный поезд

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > балластный поезд

  • 2 балластный поезд

    Engineering: ballast train

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > балластный поезд

  • 3 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 4 von

    Präp.
    1. räumlich: from; von etw. weg: off s.th.; von wo( her)? where from?; vom
    2. zeitlich: from; von morgen an from tomorrow (onwards), as of tomorrow; an II
    3. für den (partitiven) Genitiv, Teil: of; die Einfuhr von Weizen the import of wheat; zwei von uns two of us; neun von zehn Leuten nine out of ( Statistik: in) ten people; ein Freund von mir a friend of mine; von dem Apfel essen have some of the apple
    4. Anfang, Ausgang(spunkt): from; von 20 Euro an oder aufwärts from 20 euros up(wards), 20 euros and up(wards); klein I
    5. Ursache, Urheber: of; beim Passiv: by; ein Brief von Jens a letter from Jens; ein Gedicht von Schiller a poem by Schiller; Kinder haben von have children by; das ist nett von ihm that’s nice of him; von mir aus I don’t mind, it’s all the same to me; von mir aus kann er gehen I don’t mind if he goes, I don’t mind him going, he can go as far as I’m concerned; selbst I; vom
    6. Maß, Qualität: ein Honorar von 500 Euro a fee of 500 euros; ein Aufenthalt von drei Wochen a three-week stay; ein Kind von drei Jahren a child of three; ein Mann von Charakter / Format a man of character / substance; ein Koloss von einem Mann a giant of a man; ein Kunstwerk von einem Kleid etc. a dress etc. that is a work of art in itself
    7. Thema: (über) of, about; ich habe von ihm gehört I’ve heard of him; er weiß von der Sache he knows about it; man spricht von Brandstiftung there’s talk of arson
    * * *
    from; by; of
    * * *
    vọn [fɔn]
    prep +dat
    1) (einen Ausgangspunkt angebend, räumlich, zeitlich) from

    von... an — from...

    vom 10. Lebensjahr an — since he/she was ten years old

    von diesem Tag/Punkt an or ab — from this day/point on(wards)

    Waren von 5 Euro an or ab — goods from 5 euros (Brit), goods from 5 euros on (US)

    von... aus — from...

    von... bis — from... to

    von... zu — from... to

    2) (von... weg) from

    etw von etw nehmen/abreißen — to take/tear sth off sth

    3) (in Verbindung mit adj, vb siehe auch dort) (Ursache, Urheberschaft ausdrückend, im Passiv) by

    von etw beeindruckt/überrascht — impressed/surprised by sth

    4) (partitiv, anstelle von Genitiv) of

    dieser Dummkopf von Gärtner...! (inf) — that idiot of a gardener...!

    5) (in Verbindung mit n, adj, vb siehe auch dort) (Beschaffenheit, Eigenschaft etc ausdrückend, bestehend aus) of

    ein "von (und zu) " sein — to have a handle to one's name

    sich "von" schreiben (lit) — to have a "von" before one's name

    da kannst du dich aber "von" schreiben (fig) — you can be really proud yourself (there)

    7) (= über) about

    Geschichten vom Weihnachtsmann/von Feen — stories about Santa Claus/fairies

    von wo/wann/was — where/when/what... from, from where/when/what (form)

    9)

    (inf in aufgelösten Kontraktionen) von dem halte ich gar nichts — I don't think much of him

    10) (inf)

    von wegen — no way! (inf)

    von wegen der Karte/dem Buch (incorrect) — about the map/the book

    * * *
    1) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) by
    2) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) by
    3) (used before the place, thing, person, time etc that is the point at which an action, journey, period of time etc begins: from Europe to Asia; from Monday to Friday; a letter from her father.) from
    4) (used to indicate that from which something or someone comes: a quotation from Shakespeare.) from
    5) (used to indicate separation: Take it from him.) from
    6) from
    7) (belonging to: a friend of mine.) of
    8) (away from (a place etc); after (a given time): within five miles of London; within a year of his death.) of
    9) (written etc by: the plays of Shakespeare.) of
    10) (belonging to or forming a group: He is one of my friends.) of
    11) (showing: a picture of my father.) of
    12) (about: an account of his work.) of
    13) (away from; down from: It fell off the table; a mile off the coast; He cut about five centimetres off my hair.) off
    14) (from among: Four out of five people like this song.) out of
    * * *
    [fɔn]
    1. räumlich (ab, herkommend) from; (aus... herab/heraus) off, out of
    ich fliege morgen \von München nach Hamburg tomorrow I'm flying from Munich to Hamburg
    der Zug \von Wien nach Stuttgart fährt Bahnsteig an 2 ein the train from Vienna to Stuttgart arrives on platform 2
    wie komme ich vom Bahnhof am besten zum Rathaus? how can I best get from the station to the town hall?
    \von hier bis zur Wand müssten es etwa fünf Meter sein it must be about five metres from here to the wall
    \von diesem Fenster kann man alles gut beobachten you can see everything very well from this window
    diese Eier sind \von unserem Hof these eggs are from our farm
    er fiel \von der Leiter he fell off the ladder
    sie fiel vom Baum she fell out of the tree
    \von hinten/vorne from behind/the front
    \von links/rechts from left/right
    \von Norden/Westen, etc. from the North/West, etc.
    der Wind kommt \von Süden the wind comes from the South
    \von weit her kommen to come from far away
    \von woher...? where...from?, from where...?
    2. räumlich (etw entfernend) from, off
    er nahm die Whiskyflasche \von der Anrichte he took the bottle of whisky from the sideboard
    sie sprang vom Tisch she jumped off the table
    allen Ballast \von sich dat werfen to get rid of all burden
    sich dat den Schweiß \von der Stirn wischen to wipe sweat from one's brow
    die Wäsche \von der Leine nehmen to take the washing in off the line
    \von zu Hause weggehen to go away from home
    3. zeitlich (stammend) from
    ich kenne sie \von früher I knew her a long time ago
    ich will nichts mehr \von damals wissen! I don't want to know any more about that time!
    \von wann ist der Brief? when is the letter from?
    für Jugendliche \von 12 bis 16 gilt ein gesonderter Tarif there is a special price for adolescents from twelve to sixteen
    \von... bis from... to
    ich bin \von morgen bis zum 23. verreist I'm away from tomorrow until 23rd
    von 9 bis 5 Uhr arbeiten to work from 9 to 5
    \von Montag bis Freitag from Monday to Friday
    Ihr Brief vom... your letter from [or dated]...
    die Zeitung \von gestern yesterday's paper
    \von jetzt/morgen an from now/tomorrow on [or onwards]
    die neue Regelung gilt \von März an the new regulation is valid as of March
    \von klein an from her/his earliest days
    \von Tag zu Tag day after day
    4. (Urheber, Ursache) from
    \von wem ist dieses schöne Geschenk? who is this lovely present from?
    \von wem hast du das Buch bekommen? who gave you the book?
    \von wem weißt du das? who told you that?
    \von wem ist dieser Roman? who is this novel by?
    das Bild ist \von einem unbekannten Maler the picture is by an unknown painter
    \von solchen Tricks bin ich nicht sehr beeindruckt I'm not very impressed by tricks like that
    das war nicht nett \von dir! that was not nice of you!
    \von was ist hier eigentlich die Rede? (fam) what are we talking about here?
    \von was sollen wir eigentlich leben? (fam) what are we supposed to live on?
    er wurde \von einem Auto angefahren he was hit by a car
    \von der Sonne gebräunt werden [o sein] to be browned by the sun
    \von jdm gelobt werden to be praised by sb
    \von Hand gefertigt (fig) handmade
    müde \von der Arbeit tired of work
    die Musik \von Beethoven Beethoven's music
    \von Rechts wegen by operation of law, ipso jure
    5. statt Genitiv (Zugehörigkeit) of
    das Auto \von meinem Vater ist blau (fam) my father's car is blue
    er wohnt in der Nähe \von Köln he lives near Cologne
    ich möchte die Interessen \von meinen Geschwistern vertreten I should like to represent the interests of my brothers and sisters
    ein Freund/eine Freundin \von mir a friend of mine
    die Königin \von England the Queen of England
    Mutter/Vater \von vier Kindern sein to have four children
    der Vertrag \von Maastricht the Treaty of Maastricht
    6. (Menge, Gruppenangabe) of
    keiner \von uns wusste Bescheid none of us knew about it
    keiner \von diesen Vorwürfen ist wahr none of these accusations are true
    einer \von uns one of us
    einer \von vielen/hundert one of many/one in a hundred
    5 km \von Innsbruck entfernt 5 km away from Innsbruck
    einen Abstand \von zwei Metern a distance of two metres
    ein Aufenthalt \von vier Wochen a four-week stay
    eine Fahrt/Pause \von zehn Minuten a ten minute drive/break
    ein Kind \von sieben Jahren a seven year old child
    Städte \von über 100.000 Einwohnern cities with over 100,000 inhabitants
    8. (geh: Eigenschaft) of
    ein Mann \von Charakter a real character
    eine Frau \von Schönheit a beautiful woman
    eine Angelegenheit \von größter Wichtigkeit an extremely important matter
    9. (veraltend: Zusammensetzung) of
    ein Strauß \von Rosen a bunch of roses
    ein Ring \von purem Gold a ring made of pure gold
    die Herzogin von York the Duchess of York
    11.
    ▶ \von wegen! (fam) not a chance!, no way! fam
    \von wegen verschwiegen, das ist die größte Klatschbase, die ich kenne no way will she keep that quiet, she's the biggest gossip I know!
    * * *
    1) (räumlich) from

    nördlich/südlich von Mannheim — to the north/south of Mannheim

    rechts/links von mir — on my right/left

    von hier an od. (ugs.) ab — from here on[ward]

    etwas von etwas [ab]wischen/[ab]brechen/[ab]reißen — wipe/break/tear something off something; s. auch aus 2. 3); her 1); vorn I

    2) (zeitlich) from

    vonjetzt an od. (ugs.) ab — from now on

    von heute/morgen an — [as] from today/tomorrow; starting today/tomorrow

    von Kindheit an — from or since childhood

    in der Nacht von Freitag auf od. zu Samstag — during Friday night or the night of Friday to Saturday

    das Brot ist von gestern — it's yesterday's bread; s. auch her 2)

    4) (zur Angabe des Urhebers, der Ursache, beim Passiv) by

    müde von der Arbeit sein — be tired from work[ing]

    sie hat ein Kind von ihm — she has a child by him; s. auch wegen 2.

    5) (zur Angabe von Eigenschaften) of

    Kinder [im Alter] von vier Jahren — children aged four

    9) (über) about
    * * *
    von präp
    1. räumlich: from; von etwas weg: off sth;
    von wo(her)? where from?; → vom
    2. zeitlich: from;
    von morgen an from tomorrow (onwards), as of tomorrow; → an B
    3. für den (partitiven) Genitiv, Teil: of;
    die Einfuhr von Weizen the import of wheat;
    zwei von uns two of us;
    neun von zehn Leuten nine out of ( Statistik: in) ten people;
    ein Freund von mir a friend of mine;
    von dem Apfel essen have some of the apple
    4. Anfang, Ausgang(spunkt): from;
    aufwärts from 20 euros up(wards), 20 euros and up(wards); → klein A
    5. Ursache, Urheber: of; beim Passiv: by;
    ein Brief von Jens a letter from Jens;
    ein Gedicht von Schiller a poem by Schiller;
    Kinder haben von have children by;
    das ist nett von ihm that’s nice of him;
    von mir aus I don’t mind, it’s all the same to me;
    von mir aus kann er gehen I don’t mind if he goes, I don’t mind him going, he can go as far as I’m concerned; → selbst A; vom
    6. Maß, Qualität:
    ein Honorar von 500 Euro a fee of 500 euros;
    ein Aufenthalt von drei Wochen a three-week stay;
    ein Kind von drei Jahren a child of three;
    ein Mann von Charakter/Format a man of character/substance;
    ein Koloss von einem Mann a giant of a man;
    ein Kunstwerk von einem Kleid etc a dress etc that is a work of art in itself
    7. Thema: (über) of, about;
    ich habe von ihm gehört I’ve heard of him;
    er weiß von der Sache he knows about it;
    man spricht von Brandstiftung there’s talk of arson
    der Herzog von Edinburgh the Duke of Edinburgh
    * * *
    1) (räumlich) from

    nördlich/südlich von Mannheim — to the north/south of Mannheim

    rechts/links von mir — on my right/left

    von hier an od. (ugs.) ab — from here on[ward]

    etwas von etwas [ab]wischen/[ab]brechen/[ab]reißen — wipe/break/tear something off something; s. auch aus 2. 3); her 1); vorn I

    2) (zeitlich) from

    vonjetzt an od. (ugs.) ab — from now on

    von heute/morgen an — [as] from today/tomorrow; starting today/tomorrow

    von Kindheit an — from or since childhood

    in der Nacht von Freitag auf od. zu Samstag — during Friday night or the night of Friday to Saturday

    das Brot ist von gestern — it's yesterday's bread; s. auch her 2)

    4) (zur Angabe des Urhebers, der Ursache, beim Passiv) by

    müde von der Arbeit sein — be tired from work[ing]

    sie hat ein Kind von ihm — she has a child by him; s. auch wegen 2.

    5) (zur Angabe von Eigenschaften) of

    Kinder [im Alter] von vier Jahren — children aged four

    9) (über) about
    * * *
    adj.
    off adj. präp.
    by prep.
    from prep.
    of prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > von

См. также в других словарях:

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