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automotive-type

  • 1 автомобильный кран

    automotive-type crane, lorry-mounted crane, truck(-mounted) crane, crane truck
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > автомобильный кран

  • 2 автокран

    1) General subject: cranmobile
    3) Automobile industry: breakdown lorry, crane truck, lorry crane
    6) Sakhalin energy glossary: boom truck, rubber tire hydraulic crane
    7) Automation: motorized crane, truck( loaded) crane
    8) oil&gas: mobile crane

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автокран

  • 3 автомобильный кран

    1) General subject: cranmobile
    2) Military: autocrane
    4) Construction: automobile crane
    5) Forestry: automatic crane

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автомобильный кран

  • 4 автомобильный радиатор

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автомобильный радиатор

  • 5 самодвижущаяся платформа

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > самодвижущаяся платформа

  • 6 эксплуатация в лёгком автомобильном режиме работы

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > эксплуатация в лёгком автомобильном режиме работы

  • 7 del

    1 (de + el)→ link=de de
    * * *
    = de + el; ver de
    * * *
    * * *
    ----
    * del año catapún = from the year dot.
    * del año de la nada = from the year dot.
    * del año de la pera = from the year dot.
    * del año de la pera, del año de la nada, del año de la polca, del año catapún = from the year dot.
    * del año de la polca = from the year dot.
    * del año de Maricastaña = from the year dot.
    * del año maricastaño = from the year dot.
    * del atrio = atrial.
    * del automóvil = automotive.
    * del ayer = of yesteryear, gone by.
    * del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * del Caribe = Caribbean.
    * del centro = middle.
    * del Cercano Oriente = Near-Eastern.
    * del cine = cinematic.
    * del coito = coital.
    * del congreso = congressional.
    * del convento = conventual.
    * del cráneo = cranial.
    * del cuello del útero = cervical.
    * del cuerpo = body.
    * del día o de la noche = day or night.
    * del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho = easier said than done.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * del ecuador = equatorial.
    * del editor = editorial.
    * del entorno = ambient, environmental.
    * del esófago = oesophageal [esophageal, -USA].
    * del este = eastern.
    * del este asiático = East Asian.
    * del estilo de los directorios = directory-type.
    * del estroptococo = streptococcal.
    * del experimento = experimental.
    * del + Expresión Temporal = a + Expresión Temporal.
    * del Extremo Oriente = Far Eastern.
    * del extremo sur = southernmost.
    * del futuro = of the years to come, yet to come.
    * del gobernador = gubernatorial.
    * del gobierno = government-owned, government-operated, government-run.
    * del grosor de un pelo = hairline.
    * del intelecto = noetic.
    * del interior = inland.
    * del lomo = spinal.
    * del mar = sea-going.
    * del matrimonio = marital.
    * del medio = middle.
    * del medio ambiente = environmental.
    * del Medio Oriente = Middle Eastern.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del milenio = millenarian.
    * del miocardio = myocardial.
    * del mismo calibre que = in a class with.
    * del mismo modo = exactly, in the same vein, by the same token.
    * del mismo modo que = as, in the form that, in the same way (as), in the same way that, just as, in the same manner (as), along the lines, after the fashion of, similar to, in common with.
    * del mismo + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.
    * del mismo sexo = same-sex.
    * del mismo tipo que las oficinas = office-type.
    * del momento = of the time(s).
    * del montón = a dime a dozen.
    * del mundo real = real-world.
    * del municipio = municipal.
    * del nordeste = northeastern [north eastern].
    * del noroeste = northwestern [north western], northwest, north-western, north-western.
    * del norte = northern, Hyperborean.
    * del oeste = westerly.
    * del orden de = by the order of + Expresión Numérica.
    * del Oriente Medio = Middle Eastern.
    * del Oriente Próximo = Near-Eastern.
    * del otro lado de la ciudad = cross-town.
    * del otro modo = the other way (a)round.
    * del Pacífico = pacific.
    * del paludismo = malarial.
    * del páncreas = pancreatic.
    * del pasado = has-been, of the past, bygone, of yesteryear, gone by.
    * del pene = penile.
    * del período = menstrual.
    * del profesorado = faculty.
    * del público asistente = from the floor.
    * del que se tiene constancia = recorded.
    * del recién nacido = neonatal.
    * del regimiento = regimental.
    * del siglo diecinueve = nineteenth-century.
    * del siglo diecisiete = seventeenth-century.
    * del sudeste = southeastern [south eastern].
    * del sudoeste = southwestern [south western].
    * del sur = southern.
    * del sur de Europa = Southern European.
    * del sureste = southeastern [south eastern].
    * del suroeste = southwestern [south western].
    * del tamaño del bolsillo = pocket sized.
    * del tamaño de una cartera = briefcase-sized.
    * del tamaño de un maletín = briefcase-sized.
    * del tesauro = thesaural.
    * del tiempo = room temperature.
    * del todo = all the way.
    * del tutor = tutorial.
    * del útero = uterine.
    * ser del orden de + Número = be of the order of + Número.
    * * *
    * * *
    * del año catapún = from the year dot.
    * del año de la nada = from the year dot.
    * del año de la pera = from the year dot.
    * del año de la pera, del año de la nada, del año de la polca, del año catapún = from the year dot.
    * del año de la polca = from the year dot.
    * del año de Maricastaña = from the year dot.
    * del año maricastaño = from the year dot.
    * del atrio = atrial.
    * del automóvil = automotive.
    * del ayer = of yesteryear, gone by.
    * del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * del Caribe = Caribbean.
    * del centro = middle.
    * del Cercano Oriente = Near-Eastern.
    * del cine = cinematic.
    * del coito = coital.
    * del congreso = congressional.
    * del convento = conventual.
    * del cráneo = cranial.
    * del cuello del útero = cervical.
    * del cuerpo = body.
    * del día o de la noche = day or night.
    * del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho = easier said than done.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * del ecuador = equatorial.
    * del editor = editorial.
    * del entorno = ambient, environmental.
    * del esófago = oesophageal [esophageal, -USA].
    * del este = eastern.
    * del este asiático = East Asian.
    * del estilo de los directorios = directory-type.
    * del estroptococo = streptococcal.
    * del experimento = experimental.
    * del + Expresión Temporal = a + Expresión Temporal.
    * del Extremo Oriente = Far Eastern.
    * del extremo sur = southernmost.
    * del futuro = of the years to come, yet to come.
    * del gobernador = gubernatorial.
    * del gobierno = government-owned, government-operated, government-run.
    * del grosor de un pelo = hairline.
    * del intelecto = noetic.
    * del interior = inland.
    * del lomo = spinal.
    * del mar = sea-going.
    * del matrimonio = marital.
    * del medio = middle.
    * del medio ambiente = environmental.
    * del Medio Oriente = Middle Eastern.
    * del mejor modo posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * del milenio = millenarian.
    * del miocardio = myocardial.
    * del mismo calibre que = in a class with.
    * del mismo modo = exactly, in the same vein, by the same token.
    * del mismo modo que = as, in the form that, in the same way (as), in the same way that, just as, in the same manner (as), along the lines, after the fashion of, similar to, in common with.
    * del mismo + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.
    * del mismo sexo = same-sex.
    * del mismo tipo que las oficinas = office-type.
    * del momento = of the time(s).
    * del montón = a dime a dozen.
    * del mundo real = real-world.
    * del municipio = municipal.
    * del nordeste = northeastern [north eastern].
    * del noroeste = northwestern [north western], northwest, north-western, north-western.
    * del norte = northern, Hyperborean.
    * del oeste = westerly.
    * del orden de = by the order of + Expresión Numérica.
    * del Oriente Medio = Middle Eastern.
    * del Oriente Próximo = Near-Eastern.
    * del otro lado de la ciudad = cross-town.
    * del otro modo = the other way (a)round.
    * del Pacífico = pacific.
    * del paludismo = malarial.
    * del páncreas = pancreatic.
    * del pasado = has-been, of the past, bygone, of yesteryear, gone by.
    * del pene = penile.
    * del período = menstrual.
    * del profesorado = faculty.
    * del público asistente = from the floor.
    * del que se tiene constancia = recorded.
    * del recién nacido = neonatal.
    * del regimiento = regimental.
    * del siglo diecinueve = nineteenth-century.
    * del siglo diecisiete = seventeenth-century.
    * del sudeste = southeastern [south eastern].
    * del sudoeste = southwestern [south western].
    * del sur = southern.
    * del sur de Europa = Southern European.
    * del sureste = southeastern [south eastern].
    * del suroeste = southwestern [south western].
    * del tamaño del bolsillo = pocket sized.
    * del tamaño de una cartera = briefcase-sized.
    * del tamaño de un maletín = briefcase-sized.
    * del tesauro = thesaural.
    * del tiempo = room temperature.
    * del todo = all the way.
    * del tutor = tutorial.
    * del útero = uterine.
    * ser del orden de + Número = be of the order of + Número.
    * * *
    contraction of de and el, [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ] [ used instead of de + el, except when the article is part of a proper name, e.g.
    los habitantes de El Cairo, un artículo de El País
    ]
    * * *

     

    del: contraction of
    ◊ de and el

    del contracción de + el

    ' del' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarquillarse
    - abisal
    - abismo
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abono
    - abotargarse
    - abstención
    - abstraerse
    - abusar
    - accionariado
    - achacar
    - ácida
    - ácido
    - aclarado
    - aclararse
    - acometida
    - acopiar
    - acordonar
    - acosar
    - actual
    - acusar
    - adivinarse
    - adormecerse
    - aglomerarse
    - ala
    - albedrío
    - alcance
    - alineación
    - alpina
    - alpino
    - alquilar
    - alquiler
    - alta
    - alteración
    - alto
    - altura
    - amaraje
    - América
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - anegarse
    - anexa
    - anexo
    - angular
    - añorar
    - anquilosar
    - antesala
    - anticiclónica
    - anticiclónico
    English:
    AA
    - ABC
    - abortion
    - above
    - abroad
    - abuse
    - academy
    - acclaim
    - accomplishment
    - account for
    - acknowledge
    - acquire
    - across
    - addicted
    - advanced
    - advocate
    - after
    - aftershave (lotion)
    - agenda
    - agent
    - agree
    - airport
    - alarm
    - alike
    - allocate
    - along
    - alongside
    - also
    - altogether
    - always
    - ambulatory
    - America
    - amid
    - amulet
    - anarchy
    - and
    - ankle bone
    - answering service
    - antiaging
    - anticlockwise
    - apart
    - apologetic
    - appeal
    - appreciate
    - apprehend
    - approachable
    - Aquarius
    - area
    - argue
    - Aries
    * * *
    * * *
    prp de y art el

    Spanish-English dictionary > del

  • 8 Bosch, Robert August

    [br]
    b. 23 September 1861 Albeck, near Ulm, Germany
    d. 9 March 1942 Stuttgart, Germany
    [br]
    German engineer, industrialist and pioneer of internal combustion engine electrical systems.
    [br]
    Robert was the eighth of twelve children of the landlord of a hotel in the village of Albeck. He wanted to be a botanist and zoologist, but at the age of 18 he was apprenticed as a precision mechanic. He travelled widely in the south of Germany, which is unusual for an apprenticeship. In 1884, he went to the USA, where he found employment with Thomas A. Edison and his colleague, the German electrical engineer Siegmund Bergmann. During this period he became interested and involved in the rights of workers.
    In 1886 he set up his own workshop in Stuttgart, having spent a short time with Siemens in England. He built up a sound reputation for quality, but the firm outgrew its capital and in 1892 he had to sack nearly all his employees. Fortunately, among the few that he was able to retain were Arnold Zähringer, who later became Manager, and an apprentice, Gottlieb Harold. These two, under Bosch, were responsible for the development of the low-tension (1897) and the high-tension (1902) magneto. They also developed the Bosch sparking plug, again in 1902. The distributor for multi-cylinder engines followed in 1910. These developments, with a strong automotive bias, were stimulated by Bosch's association with Frederick Simms, an Englishman domiciled in Hamburg, who had become a director of Daimler in Canstatt and had secured the UK patent rights of the Daimler engine. Simms went on to invent, in about 1898, a means of varying ignition timing with low-tension magnetos.
    It must be emphasized, as pointed out above, that the invention of neither type of magneto was due to Bosch. Nikolaus Otto introduced a crude low-tension magneto in 1884, but it was not patented in Germany, while the high-tension magneto was invented by Paul Winand, a nephew of Otto's partner Eugen Langen, in 1887, this patent being allowed to lapse in 1890.
    Bosch's social views were advanced for his time. He introduced an eight-hour day in 1906 and advocated industrial arbitration and free trade, and in 1932 he wrote a book on the prevention of world economic crises, Die Verhütung künftiger Krisen in der Weltwirtschaft. Other industrialists called him the "Red Bosch" because of his short hours and high wages; he is reputed to have replied, "I do not pay good wages because I have a lot of money, I have a lot of money because I pay good wages." The firm exists to this day as the giant multi-national company Robert Bosch GmbH, with headquarters still in Stuttgart.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    T.Heuss, 1994, Robert Bosch: His Life and Achievements (trans. S.Gillespie and J. Kapczynski), New York: Henry Holt \& Co.
    JB

    Biographical history of technology > Bosch, Robert August

  • 9 гусеничная машина

    1) General subject: tracklaying vehicle
    2) Military: (самоходная) automotive-tracked vehicle, cat, full -tracked, full-track-laying vehicle, track vehicle, track-laying vehicle, tracked vehicle, tracked vehicle
    5) Sakhalin energy glossary: crawler

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гусеничная машина

  • 10 Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

    [br]
    b. 19 July 1814 Clefmont (Haute-Marne), France
    d. 11 September 1891 Le Mans, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the rotor-stator wind engine and founder of the Bollée manufacturing industry.
    [br]
    Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.
    In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.
    The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.
    Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".
    The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    André Gaucheron and J.Kenneth Major, 1985, The Eolienne Bollée, The International Molinological Society.
    Cénomane (Le Mans), 11, 12 and 13 (1983 and 1984).
    KM

    Biographical history of technology > Bollée, Ernest-Sylvain

  • 11 выдерживать

    •

    This material will stand the operating conditions.

    •

    The metal forming the hydride should hold up under many cycles of charging and discharging.

    •

    Pure quicklime sustains a temperature of about 2900 К without decomposition.

    •

    These objects must stand up to tremendous impact forces.

    •

    These materials can tolerate (or endure, or stand up to) high heat and rough handling.

    •

    Joints made with these electrodes will withstand bending and stretching operations satisfactorily.

    •

    The material withstands temperatures up to 1260°C without loss of properties.

    •

    In an automotive environment, semiconductor chips have to contend with temperatures from -40° to 125°C, high humidity, salt and oil sprays, and vibration.

    •

    Titanium carbide will tolerate (or withstand) wide variations in cutting speed.

    •

    The amplifiers survived the shock very well.

    II
    •

    The catalyst was conditioned for 16 hours under a high vacuum.

    •

    The solution was "aged" for 24hr by standing at room temperature.

    •

    The furnace temperature was lowered and the specimens were held at 850°C for three days for the terminal etching of the grain boundaries.

    •

    The process is accomplished by heating the metal to a high temperature, holding it at this temperature until...

    •

    To season wood...

    * * *
    Выдерживать -- to stand up to, to survive, to endure, to last, to withstand, to tolerate (выживать, не ухудшая своих свойств); to expose, to hold (в определенных условиях); to keep, to hold, to maintain (сохранять)
     The principal question to be answered was just how well and how long this type of engine would stand up to the marine environment.
     All these specimens survived a prescribed number of thermal cycles.
     Specimens lasted 3000 cycles in mercury at stress levels giving 300,000 cycles in air.
     The maximum shear stress it can withstand is about 40 MPa.
     The choice of teflon as a coating was based on its ability to tolerate temperatures up to about 290°C.
    —выдерживать точные допуски на

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > выдерживать

  • 12 Kraftfahrzeugzubehör

    Kraftfahrzeugzubehör
    automobile accessories (US);
    • Kraftfahrzeugzulassung licensing of a motor vehicle, motor-vehicle (car) licence, [road] licence (Br.), type-approval and registration of motor vehicles;
    • Kraftfahrzeugzulassung erhalten to take out a licence for a car;
    • Kraftfahrzeugzulassungsgebühr vehicle licence duty;
    • Kraftfahrzeugzulassungsnummer licensed number (US), registered (registration) number (Br.);
    • Kraftfahrzeugzulassungsstelle driver and vehicle licensing centre (center, US);
    • Kraftfahrzeugzulieferungsbetrieb automotive supplier (US);
    • Kraftfahrzeugzulieferungsindustrie auto supplier industries;
    • Kraftfahrzeugzuschuss car allowance.

    Business german-english dictionary > Kraftfahrzeugzubehör

  • 13 Bouton, Georges Thadé

    [br]
    b. 22 November 1847 Paris, France
    d. November 1938
    [br]
    French pioneer in automobile manufacture.
    [br]
    Bouton was the son of a painter and learned mechanics at Honfleur and Paris. In 1870 he was fighting in Les Mobiles de Calvados, and in 1881, having finished his training, he joined his brother-in-law, Trepardoux, to open a workshop in rue de la Chapelle for the construction of steam engines for scientific toys. The comte de Dion discovered the workshop and became associated with it in 1882. They also built steam-boilers for automobiles. In 1883 they built their first quadricycle, and in 1887 their first steam tricycle. These were followed in 1892 and 1893 by a car and a steam tractor. After the appearance of the petrol engine they put in hand a star-shaped four-cylinder engine of this type, but it was not until 1895 and 1898 that the first de Dion-Bouton single-cylinder tricycle and their petrol bicycle, respectively, came out. From 1899 the manufacture of de Dion-Bouton was concentrated on the voiturette. Georges Bouton was responsible for the manufacture of all these machines and took part in the first motor races.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    1933, Dictionnaire de biographie française.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bouton, Georges Thadé

  • 14 Clerk, Sir Dugald

    [br]
    b. 31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 12 November 1932 Ewhurst, Surrey, England
    [br]
    Scottish mechanical engineer, inventor of the two-stroke internal combustion engine.
    [br]
    Clerk began his engineering training at about the age of 15 in the drawing office of H.O.Robinson \& Company, Glasgow, and in his father's works. Meanwhile, he studied at the West of Scotland Technical College and then, from 1871 to 1876, at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Here he worked under and then became assistant to the distinguished chemist T.E.Thorpe, who set him to work on the fractional distillation of petroleum, which was to be useful to him in his later work. At that time he had intended to become a chemical engineer, but seeing a Lenoir gas engine at work, after his return to Glasgow, turned his main interest to gas and other internal combustion engines. He pursued his investigations first at Thomson, Sterne \& Company (1877–85) and then at Tangyes of Birmingham (1886–88. In 1888 he began a lifelong partnership in Marks and Clerk, consulting engineers and patent agents, in London.
    Beginning his work on gas engines in 1876, he achieved two patents in the two following years. In 1878 he made his principal invention, patented in 1881, of an engine working on the two-stroke cycle, in which the piston is powered during each revolution of the crankshaft, instead of alternate revolutions as in the Otto four-stroke cycle. In this engine, Clerk introduced supercharging, or increasing the pressure of the air intake. Many engines of the Clerk type were made but their popularity waned after the patent for the Otto engine expired in 1890. Interest was later revived, particularly for application to large gas engines, but Clerk's engine eventually came into its own where simple, low-power motors are needed, such as in motor cycles or motor mowers.
    Clerk's work on the theory and design of gas engines bore fruit in the book The Gas Engine (1886), republished with an extended text in 1909 as The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine; these and a number of papers in scientific journals won him international renown. During and after the First World War, Clerk widened the scope of his interests and served, often as chairman, on many bodies in the field of science and industry.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1917; FRS 1908; Royal Society Royal Medal 1924; Royal Society of Arts Alber Medal 1922.
    Further Reading
    Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, no. 2, 1933.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Clerk, Sir Dugald

  • 15 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

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