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attempted+act

  • 41 ईहित _īhita

    ईहित p. p. [ईह्-क्त]
    1 Wished, desired; शिरसीहितः Ratn.1.1.
    -2 Attempted, sought, striven for; यद् विस्मर्तुमपीहितं शमवता Ve.1.24.
    -तम् 1 A wish, desire;
    -2 Effort, exertion.
    -3 An undertaking, deed, act; प्रती- यते धातुरिवेहितं फलैः Ki.1.2,8.46,11.43,18.31; Śi.9.62. 219.25.
    -क्था N. of a metre, see Appendix.
    -Comp. -पत्रः 1 a sacrifice (having verses as its vehicle or leaves); Vāj.17.55.
    -2 a sacrificer (यजमान).
    -पात्रम् 1 a sacrificer.
    -2 vessels or libations offered during the recitation of an उक्थ.
    -भृत् m. a sage who offers or divides Ukthas; उक्थभृतं सामभृतं बिभर्ति Rv.7.33.14.
    -वर्धन a. to be magnified or celebrated in praise, an epithet of Indra; त्वं हि स्तोमवर्धन इन्द्रास्युक्थवर्धनः Rv.8. 14.11.
    -वाहस् a. offering verses; or one to whom verses are offered; यं चित्रा उक्थवाहसो Rv.8.12.13.
    -शंसिन् a. praising, uttering the Ukthas. कृणोष्युक्थशंसिनः Rv.6.45.6. (m.) a kind of priest.
    -शस्, -शास्, -शस a. Ved. uttering a verse, praising.
    -शुष्म a. whose strength is praise.
    -2 loudly resonant with verses.
    (-क्था) -वी a. fond of or reciting verses.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > ईहित _īhita

  • 42 attentat

    attentat [atɑ̃ta]
    masculine noun
    murder attempt ; (Politics) assassination attempt ; (contre un bâtiment) attack ( contre on)
    * * *
    atɑ̃ta
    nom masculin ( contre un individu) assassination attempt ( contre on); (contre un groupe, bâtiment) attack ( contre on)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    atɑ̃ta nm
    (contre une personne) assassination attempt, (contre un bâtiment) attack
    * * *
    1 ( contre un individu) assassination attempt (contre on); (contre un groupe, bâtiment) attack (contre on); attentat terroriste/raciste terrorist/racist attack; attentat à la bombe bomb attack; commettre or perpétrer un attentat contre to carry out an assassination attempt against, to make an attempt on the life of [individu]; to carry out an attack against [groupe, bâtiment];
    2 Jur attentat à la vie de qn attempted murder of sb, attempt on sb's life.
    attentat à la pudeur Jur indecent assault.
    [atɑ̃ta] nom masculin
    1. [assassinat] assassination attempt
    2. [explosion] attack
    attentat à la bombe bomb attack, bombing
    3. [atteinte]

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > attentat

  • 43 murder

    1. noun
    1) (Law) Mord, der (of an + Dat.)

    murder investigationErmittlungen Pl. in dem/einem Mordfall

    murder hunt — Fahndung nach dem/einem Mörder

    2) (fig.)

    the exam/journey was murder — die Prüfung/Reise war der glatte od. reine Mord (ugs.)

    2. transitive verb
    1) (kill unlawfully) ermorden

    murder somebody with a gun/knife — jemanden erschießen/erstechen

    2) (kill inhumanly) umbringen
    3) (coll.): (spoil) verhunzen (ugs.)
    4) (coll.): (defeat) fertig machen (ugs.)
    * * *
    ['mə:də] 1. noun
    1) ((an act of) killing a person on purpose and illegally: The police are treating his death as a case of murder; an increase in the number of murders.) der Mord
    2) (any killing or causing of death that is considered as bad as this: the murder of innocent people by terrorists.) der Mord
    2. verb
    (to kill (a person) on purpose and illegally: He murdered two children.) ermorden
    - academic.ru/48627/murderer">murderer
    - murderous
    - murderously
    * * *
    mur·der
    [ˈmɜ:dəʳ, AM ˈmɜ:rdɚ]
    I. n
    1. (crime) Mord m, Ermordung f (of an + dat)
    cold-blooded \murder kaltblütiger Mord
    first degree \murder LAW vorsätzlicher Mord
    mass \murder Massenmord m
    third degree \murder LAW Totschlag m
    to commit \murder einen Mord begehen
    to be charged with [attempted] \murder des [versuchten] Mordes angeklagt sein
    to be convicted of \murder wegen Mordes verurteilt werden
    2. ( fig: difficult thing) ein Ding der Unmöglichkeit
    it's \murder trying to find a parking space around here es ist wirklich schier unmöglich, hier in der Gegend einen Parkplatz zu finden
    3.
    to scream [or shout] blue \murder Zeter und Mordio schreien
    II. vt
    to \murder sb jdn ermorden [o umbringen] a. fig
    if he's late again, I'll \murder him wenn er wieder zu spät kommt, dann dreh ich ihm den Kragen um
    * * *
    ['mɜːdə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (lit) Mord m

    the murder of John F. Kennedy — der Mord an John F. Kennedy, die Ermordung John F. Kennedys

    2) (fig inf)

    it was/it's murder — es war/ist mörderisch

    or bloody murder — Zeter und Mordio schreien, ein Mordsspektakel or -theater machen (inf)

    to get away with murdersich (dat) alles erlauben können

    2. vt
    1) (lit) ermorden, umbringen (inf); (= slaughter) morden; (fig inf) opponents haushoch schlagen
    2) (inf: ruin) music, play etc verhunzen (inf)
    * * *
    murder [ˈmɜːdə; US ˈmɜrdər]
    A s (of) Mord m (an dat), Ermordung f (gen):
    first-degree (second-degree) murder JUR US Mord (Totschlag) m;
    murder hunt Jagd f nach dem oder einem Mörder;
    murder trial Mordprozess m;
    murder victim Mordopfer n;
    murder weapon Mordwaffe f;
    murder will out fig die Sonne bringt es an den Tag;
    the murder is out fig das Geheimnis ist gelüftet;
    cry ( oder scream) blue murder umg zetermordio schreien;
    it was murder repairing the TV set umg es war eine Wahnsinnsarbeit, den Fernseher zu richten;
    that will be murder! umg das ist glatter Selbstmord!;
    get away with murder umg sich alles erlauben können;
    let sb get away with murder umg jemandem alles durchgehen lassen
    B v/t
    1. (er)morden:
    I could murder him ich könnte ihn umbringen
    2. hinschlachten, morden
    3. umg etwas verhunzen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Law) Mord, der (of an + Dat.)

    murder investigationErmittlungen Pl. in dem/einem Mordfall

    murder hunt — Fahndung nach dem/einem Mörder

    2) (fig.)

    the exam/journey was murder — die Prüfung/Reise war der glatte od. reine Mord (ugs.)

    2. transitive verb
    1) (kill unlawfully) ermorden

    murder somebody with a gun/knife — jemanden erschießen/erstechen

    2) (kill inhumanly) umbringen
    3) (coll.): (spoil) verhunzen (ugs.)
    4) (coll.): (defeat) fertig machen (ugs.)
    * * *
    n.
    Ermordung f.
    Mord -e m. v.
    ermorden v.
    morden v.

    English-german dictionary > murder

  • 44 regicide

    regi·cide [ʼreʤɪsaɪd] n
    ( person) Königsmörder(in) m(f); ( act) Ermordung f eines Königs;
    ( crime) Königsmord m;
    attempted \regicide versuchter Königsmord

    English-German students dictionary > regicide

  • 45 crime

    1) преступление; амер. преступление по общему праву; устар. тяжкое преступление
    3) устар. обвинение
    4) воен. вынести приговор

    crime actually committed — в действительности совершённое преступление;

    crime afoot — преступление, совершённое без применения транспортных средств;

    crime against bodily security — преступление против телесной неприкосновенности;

    crime against the law of nations — 1. преступление по международному праву; международное преступление 2. деяние, признанное преступным по уголовному праву всех стран;

    crime against morality — преступление против нравственности;

    crime against natureпротивоестественное преступление (гомосексуализм, лесбианство и т.п.);

    crime against property — преступление против собственности;

    crime against the peace — 1. преступное нарушение общественного порядка 2. преступление против мира;

    crime against the State — 1. преступление против государства, государственное преступление 2. преступление против штата; преступление по законодательству штата;

    crime against the United States — преступление против Соединённых Штатов; преступление по федеральному законодательству, федеральное преступление;

    crime aided and abetted — преступление, которому оказано пособничество;

    crime alleged at bar — преступление, вменённое в судебном заседании;

    crime as protest action — преступление как акт протеста;

    crime at common law — преступление по общему праву;

    crime by repeater — преступление, совершённое повторно или рецидивистом;

    crime by statute — преступление по статутному праву;

    crime difficult to trace — трудно раскрываемое преступление;

    crime done unwillingly — преступление, совершённое субъектом против своей воли;

    crime due to jealousy — преступление из ревности;

    crime due to passion — преступление по страсти;

    fellowship in crime — соучастие в преступлении;

    crime foreign to the common criminal purpose — преступление, не охваченное общей преступной целью;

    crime for profit — корыстное преступление;

    incentive for crime — побудительный мотив преступления;

    crime in progress — совершаемое преступление; развитие преступной деятельности по стадиям совершения преступления;

    in the course of a crime — в ходе совершения преступления;

    crime involving property — имущественное преступление;

    crime likely to be caused by the act — преступление как возможный результат совершённого действия;

    mental element in crime — субъективная сторона преступления;

    participation in crime — участие в совершении преступления;

    partner in crime — соучастник преступления;

    pattern in crime — "почерк", modus operandi преступника;

    physical part in crime — физическое участие в преступлении;

    preparation for crime — приготовление к преступлению;

    proceeds of crime — преступная нажива;

    pure from any crime — непричастный к преступной деятельности;

    response to the crimeреакция (подозреваемого, обвиняемого, подсудимого) на место совершения преступления ( при проведении следственного эксперимента);

    crime suggested and committed but in a different way — совершение преступления по подстрекательству, но способом, отличным от предложенного подстрекателем;

    to carry out crime — выполнить состав преступления; совершить преступление;

    to catch in crime — изобличить в совершении преступления;

    to clean [to clear] a crime — раскрыть преступление;

    to confess to a crime — признаться в совершении преступления;

    to deter from crime — удержать от преступления;

    to impel into crime — склонить к совершению преступления;

    to lead to crime — вести, приводить к совершению преступления;

    to reduce the degree of crime — снизить квалификационную степень преступности деяния;

    to refuse to do the crime — отказаться от совершения преступления;

    to relapse into crime — снова встать на путь совершения преступлений; укорениться в преступных привычках, стать рецидивистом;

    to secrete crime — укрывать преступление;

    to terminate crime — пресечь (совершаемое) преступление;

    to thwart crime — воспрепятствовать совершению преступления;

    to turn to crime — стать на путь совершения преступлений;

    crime under international law — преступление по международному праву; международное преступление;

    - crime of forethought
    - crime of high treason
    - crime of negligence
    - crime of omission
    - crime of passion
    - crime of violence
    - abominable crime
    - abortive crime
    - absolute crime
    - acquisitive crime
    - actual crime
    - additional crime
    - admitted crime
    - adult crime
    - aggressive crime
    - alcohol-related crime
    - alleged crime
    - assaultive crime
    - assimilative crime
    - atrocious crime
    - attempted crime
    - capital crime
    - clergyable crime
    - common crime
    - common-law crime
    - completed crime
    - compulsive crime
    - computer-related crime
    - computer crime
    - concealed crime
    - consensual crime
    - conspiratorial crime
    - constructive crime
    - consummated crime
    - contemplated crime
    - conventional crime
    - cumulative crime
    - cynical crime
    - deadlier crime
    - deadly crime
    - deliberate crime
    - detected crime
    - domestic crime
    - drug-related crime
    - drug crime
    - emotional crime
    - falsi crime
    - federal crime
    - federally-punishable crime
    - felonious crime
    - felony crime
    - flagrant crime
    - foul crime
    - fresh crime
    - further crime
    - gang crime
    - general crime
    - given crime
    - grave crime
    - heinous crime
    - household crime
    - humanity crime
    - imminent crime
    - impulsive crime
    - inchoate crime
    - incidental crime
    - individual crime
    - infamous crime
    - intended crime
    - international crime
    - investigated crime
    - joint crime
    - juvenile crime
    - latent crime
    - legal crime
    - legally defined crime
    - lesser crime
    - lucrative crime
    - malum-in-se crime
    - malum-prohibitum crime
    - mercenary crime
    - military crime
    - minor crime
    - multiple crime
    - nonstatus crime
    - notorious crime
    - odious crime
    - ordinary crime
    - organizational crime
    - organized crime
    - original crime
    - overt crime
    - past crime
    - patent crime
    - penitentiary crime
    - penitentiary-type crime
    - personal crime
    - petty crime
    - planned crime
    - political crime
    - predatory crime
    - preliminary crime
    - present crime
    - pretended crime
    - property crime
    - protest crime
    - recent crime
    - recorded crime
    - reported crime
    - rigged crime
    - ruling class crime
    - rural crime
    - separate crime
    - serious crime
    - service crime
    - sexual crime
    - sex crime
    - significant crime
    - situational crime
    - solved crime
    - sophisticated crime
    - special investigative crime
    - spur-of-the-moment crime
    - staged crime
    - state crime
    - statutory crime
    - subsequent crime
    - syndicated crime
    - syndicate crime
    - teen crime
    - triple crime
    - undefined crime
    - underlying crime
    - underworld crime
    - unorganized crime
    - unreported crime
    - unsolved crime
    - vicious crime
    - victimless crime
    - violent crime
    - war crime
    - white-collar crime
    - future crime

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > crime

  • 46 atentar contra

    v.
    1 to threaten, to endanger, to risk.
    Su mirada atentó contra Ricardo Her look threatened Richard.
    2 to attempt a crime against, to make an attempt on, to attempt an offense against, to make an attempt against.
    María atentó contra su hermano Mary attempted a crime against her brother.
    3 to act in violation of, to defy, to derogate from.
    Ella atienta contra el reglamento She acts in violation of the rules.

    Spanish-English dictionary > atentar contra

  • 47 преступление

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > преступление

  • 48 tentative d'usage

    Conduite volontaire qui constitue une étape préliminaire d'une action planifiée visant à l'ingestion, l'injection ou la consommation d'une substance interdite où à l'application d'une méthode interdite, dont le but est la violation des règles antidopage.
    Act of purposely engaging in conduct planned to culminate in the ingestion, injection or consumption of any prohibited substance or in the application of any prohibited method, constituting an anti-doping rule violation.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > tentative d'usage

  • 49 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 50 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 51 ἐλλιπής

    ἐλλῐπής, ές, ([etym.] ἐλλείπω) [voice] Act.,
    A leaving out, omitting,

    τινός Pl.Lg. 924b

    .
    II [voice] Pass., wanting, defective,

    μνήμης Th.7.8

    ; ἐ. κάλλους, ἀκριβείας, Pl.Lg. 669a, R. 504b, etc.: c. dat.,

    προθυμίᾳ ἐλλιπεῖς Th.6.69

    ;

    δεῖπνον.. μηδενὶ ἐλλιπές Euang.1.3

    ;

    ἐν τοῖς πεζικοῖς τῷ καθοπλισμῷ Plb.18.22.5

    .
    2 abs., failing, ἐ. καὶ μὴ δυνατὸς ἐπιμελεῖσθαι negligent, Pl.Lg. 901c; τὸ μὴ ἐπιχειρούμενον ἀεὶ ἐλλιπὲς ἦν τῆς δοκήσεως whatever was not attempted was so much lost of their reckoning, Th.4.55, cf. 5.1; τὸ ἐ. τῆς γνώμης ὧν.. ᾠήθημεν πράξειν the failure of judgement in respect of.., Id.4.63; τὸ ἐ. defect, Arist. Rh. 1371b4; τὸ τῆς νομοθεσίας ἐ. Plb.6.49.6: [comp] Comp. - έστερος ib.11.3. Adv. [suff] ἐλλῐμεν-πῶς inadequately, deficiently,

    λέγειν Isoc.Fr.3

    .β.5;

    πρός τι ἔχειν Aret.CD1.2

    ;

    ἔχειν τινός Cod.Just.1.1.7.11

    ;

    γεγραμμένα Gal. Libr.Propr.2

    ; opp. περιττῶς, Philostr.VS1.11: [comp] Comp.

    - έστερον OGI 56.13

    (iii B.C.);

    ἐ. τῆς ἀληθείας εἰρηκέναι Plb.5.32.2

    .
    III of a number, not equal to the sum of its factors, opp. ὑπερτελής, Theo Sm. p.46H. Adv.

    - πῶς Iamb.in Nic.p.53P.

    IV Gramm., elliptical,

    φωνή S.E.P.1.188

    , cf.Sch.S.OT 324, etc. Adv. - πῶς Sch.A.R.1.252.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐλλιπής

  • 52 suicide

    suicide ['su:ɪsaɪd]
    1 noun
    (act) suicide m; (person) suicidé(e) m,f;
    to commit suicide se suicider;
    mass suicide suicide m collectif;
    there were several attempted suicides il y a eu plusieurs tentatives de suicide;
    privatization would be financial suicide la privatisation représenterait un véritable suicide financier
    (mission, plane, squad) suicide; (attempt, bid) de suicide
    ►► suicide bomber auteur m d'un attentat-suicide à la bombe;
    suicide note lettre f (que l'on laisse quand on se suicide);
    suicide pact = accord de suicide collectif entre deux ou plusieurs personnes

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > suicide

  • 53 Kirtley, Matthew

    [br]
    b. 6 February 1813 Tanfield, Co. Durham, England
    d. 24 May 1873 Derby, England
    [br]
    English locomotive engineer, responsible for the introduction of the brick arch in fireboxes.
    [br]
    At the age of 13, Kirtley was a pupil of George Stephenson on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway. He subsequently became a fireman and then a driver of locomotives: he drove the first locomotive to enter London on the London \& Birmingham Railway. When the Midland Railway was formed in 1844 he was appointed Locomotive Superintendent. Ever since the Act of Parliament for the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had required that its locomotives consume their own smoke (probably as a reaction to the clouds of black smoke emitted by steamboats at Liverpool), the usual fuel for locomotives had been coke. Early multi-tubular boilers, with their small fireboxes and short tubes, were in any case unsuitable for coal because they did not allow the burning gases sufficient time to combust properly. Many engineers attempted to solve the problem with weird and complex boiler designs. Kirtley and Charles Markham, who was working under him, succeeded by inserting a deflector plate above the firedoor and an arch of firebricks in the front of the firebox: this helped to maintain the high temperatures needed and lengthened the route by which the gases travelled. The brick arch and deflector plate became the usual components of locomotive fireboxes, and expensive coke was replaced as fuel by coal.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. (describes the brick arch and Kirtley's locomotives).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Kirtley, Matthew

  • 54 Owen, Robert

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 14 May 1771 Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales
    d. 17 November 1858 Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales
    [br]
    Welsh cotton spinner and social reformer.
    [br]
    Robert Owen's father was also called Robert and was a saddler, ironmonger and postmaster of Newtown in Montgomeryshire. Robert, the younger, injured his digestion as a child by drinking some scalding hot "flummery", which affected him for the rest of his life. He developed a passion for reading and through this visited London when he was 10 years old. He started work as a pedlar for someone in Stamford and then went to a haberdasher's shop on old London Bridge in London. Although he found the work there too hard, he stayed in the same type of employment when he moved to Manchester.
    In Manchester Owen soon set up a partnership for making bonnet frames, employing forty workers, but he sold the business and bought a spinning machine. This led him in 1790 into another partnership, with James M'Connel and John Kennedy in a spinning mill, but he moved once again to become Manager of Peter Drink-water's mill. These were all involved in fine spinning, and Drinkwater employed 500 people in one of the best mills in the city. In spite of his youth, Owen claims in his autobiography (1857) that he mastered the job within six weeks and soon improved the spinning. This mill was one of the first to use Sea Island cotton from the West Indies. To have managed such an enterprise so well Owen must have had both managerial and technical ability. Through his spinning connections Owen visited Glasgow, where he met both David Dale and his daughter Anne Caroline, whom he married in 1799. It was this connection which brought him to Dale's New Lanark mills, which he persuaded Dale to sell to a Manchester consortium for £60,000. Owen took over the management of the mills on 1 January 1800. Although he had tried to carry out social reforms in the manner of working at Manchester, it was at New Lanark that Owen acquired fame for the way in which he improved both working and living conditions for the 1,500-strong workforce. He started by seeing that adequate food and groceries were available in that remote site and then built both the school and the New Institution for the Formation of Character, which opened in January 1816. To the pauper children from the Glasgow and Edinburgh slums he gave a good education, while he tried to help the rest of the workforce through activities at the Institution. The "silent monitors" hanging on the textile machines, showing the performance of their operatives, are famous, and many came to see his social experiments. Owen was soon to buy out his original partners for £84,000.
    Among his social reforms were his efforts to limit child labour in mills, resulting in the Factory Act of 1819. He attempted to establish an ideal community in the USA, to which he sailed in 1824. He was to return to his village of "Harmony" twice more, but broke his connection in 1828. The following year he finally withdrew from New Lanark, where some of his social reforms had been abandoned.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1857, The Life of Robert Owen, Written by Himself, London.
    Further Reading
    G.D.H.Cole, 1965, Life of Robert Owen (biography).
    J.Butt (ed.), 1971, Robert Owen, Prince of Cotton Spinners, Newton Abbot; S.Pollard and J.Salt (eds), 1971, Robert Owen, Prophet of the Poor. Essays in Honour of the
    Two-Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth, London (both describe Owen's work at New Lanark).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Owen, Robert

  • 55 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 56 cürüm

    ,-rmü crime, felony, offense, misdemeanor. -ünü inkâr etmek to deny the crime that one has committed. - isnadı imputation of crime. - işlemek to commit a crime. -ünü itiraf etmek to plead guilty. -ü meşhut halinde law (caught) in the act, in flagrante delicto. -ü meşhut yapmak /a/ to lay a trap to catch (someone) red-handed. -e teşebbüs attempt at a crime, attempted crime.

    Saja Türkçe - İngilizce Sözlük > cürüm

  • 57 קבע II

    קָבַעII (preced.) (to squeeze in, make a hole, 1) to insert, drive in; to fix. B. Bath.7b קְבַעוכ׳, v. מַסְמָר. Tanḥ. Bhaʿal. 15 (ref. to Koh. 12:11 משמרות) אם קָבַעְתָּ אותם כמ̇ס̇מ̇ר̇ בלבך הן מ̇ש̇מ̇ר̇ין אותך if thou hast driven them (the words of the Law) like a nail into thy heart, they will guard thee. Lev. R. s. 5 (ref. to Is. 22:16) אפי׳ איזה מסמר קבעת כאן what nail hast thou driven into it (to acquire ownership)? Tosef.Kel.B. Mets.X, 6 אע״פ שקְבָעָןוכ׳ (not שקבאן) although he fastened them with nails; a. fr.Part. pass. קָבוּעַ; f. קְבוּעָה Ib. צריך אדם … יתד ק׳וכ׳ a man ought to have a nail or a peg fixed in the burial ground so as to take possession and be sure to be buried in the designated place. Y.Maas. Sh. V, beg. 55d אבן ק׳ a stone affixed to the ground, stationary, opp. תלושה; a. fr.Trnsf. to fix, appoint, make permanent. Ber.6b כל הקוֹבֵעַ מקוםוכ׳ he who designates a certain place where to pray regularly; ib. 7b. Sabb.31b קָבַעְתָּוכ׳, v. עֵת. Meg.7a בתחלה קְבָעוּהָוכ׳ at first they instituted the feast of Purim for Shushan, and afterwards for the whole world. Ib. שלחה … קִבְעוּנִי לדורות Esther sent word to the scholars, Appoint my memory to be celebrated for all generations. Ab. III, 2 הקב״ה קובע לו שכר the Lord will determine his reward. Bets.20a בקשו לִקְבּוֹעַ הלכהוכ׳ they attempted (by vote) to establish the law in agreement with their opinion; Tosef.Ḥag.II, 11; a. fr.Part. pass. as ab. Tosef.Ab. Zar. I, 1 אידין הקְבוּעִין regular (annual) festivals. Ab. Zar.11b חמשה בתיע״ז ק׳ הן five idolatrous temples (and the fairs connected therewith) are permanent; expl. ib. לעולם חדיראוכ׳ permanent, regular, and all the year through B. Bath. l. c. הלכות קְבוּעוֹת הן they are established laws; a. fr. 2) (denom. of קֶבַע) to impart the character of a regular appointed meal. Bets.34b שבת מהו שתִּקְבַּע מוקצה למעשר does the Sabbath give, to fruit not yet ready for regular use, the character of an appointed meal with reference to the duty of tithing (so that you dare not eat of them on the Sabbath even as a luncheon, אכילת עראי)? Ib. שבת קוֹבַעַתוכ׳ the Sabbath gives that character, whether the food you partake of be sufficiently ready for consumption or not. Pes.105a כשם שהשבת … קובעת לקידוש as the Sabbath makes every meal an appointed one with regard to tithes, so does it with reference to Ḳiddush (that you dare not taste anything before reciting the Ḳiddush, v. קִידּוּש). Ib. קָבְעָה להבדלה the exit of the Sabbath makes every meal an appointed one as regards the Habdalah (v. הַבְדָּלָה); a. fr. Pl. קִבֵּעַ to wedge in, set. Sabb.67b המְקַבַּעַת Rashi Var., v. בָּקַע.Part. pass. מְקוּבַּע; f. מְקוּבַּעַת. Num. R. s. 12 כעטרה הזאת שמק׳ באבניםוכ׳ like the royal crown which is beset with precious stones and pearls. Nif. נִקְבַּע to be appointed, established. Tosef.Hag.II, 11 נִקְבְּעָה הלכה כדבריוכ׳ the law was established (by vote) in accordance with the opinion of ; (Bets.20b וקבעווכ׳). Y.Yoma V, beg.42b שאין … נִקְבָּעִין אלאוכ׳ congregational sacrifices are designated as such only by the act of slaughtering. Ḥall. IV, 11 שלא יִקָּבַע הדבר חובה that this usage may not become an established obligation; a. e.

    Jewish literature > קבע II

  • 58 קָבַע

    קָבַעII (preced.) (to squeeze in, make a hole, 1) to insert, drive in; to fix. B. Bath.7b קְבַעוכ׳, v. מַסְמָר. Tanḥ. Bhaʿal. 15 (ref. to Koh. 12:11 משמרות) אם קָבַעְתָּ אותם כמ̇ס̇מ̇ר̇ בלבך הן מ̇ש̇מ̇ר̇ין אותך if thou hast driven them (the words of the Law) like a nail into thy heart, they will guard thee. Lev. R. s. 5 (ref. to Is. 22:16) אפי׳ איזה מסמר קבעת כאן what nail hast thou driven into it (to acquire ownership)? Tosef.Kel.B. Mets.X, 6 אע״פ שקְבָעָןוכ׳ (not שקבאן) although he fastened them with nails; a. fr.Part. pass. קָבוּעַ; f. קְבוּעָה Ib. צריך אדם … יתד ק׳וכ׳ a man ought to have a nail or a peg fixed in the burial ground so as to take possession and be sure to be buried in the designated place. Y.Maas. Sh. V, beg. 55d אבן ק׳ a stone affixed to the ground, stationary, opp. תלושה; a. fr.Trnsf. to fix, appoint, make permanent. Ber.6b כל הקוֹבֵעַ מקוםוכ׳ he who designates a certain place where to pray regularly; ib. 7b. Sabb.31b קָבַעְתָּוכ׳, v. עֵת. Meg.7a בתחלה קְבָעוּהָוכ׳ at first they instituted the feast of Purim for Shushan, and afterwards for the whole world. Ib. שלחה … קִבְעוּנִי לדורות Esther sent word to the scholars, Appoint my memory to be celebrated for all generations. Ab. III, 2 הקב״ה קובע לו שכר the Lord will determine his reward. Bets.20a בקשו לִקְבּוֹעַ הלכהוכ׳ they attempted (by vote) to establish the law in agreement with their opinion; Tosef.Ḥag.II, 11; a. fr.Part. pass. as ab. Tosef.Ab. Zar. I, 1 אידין הקְבוּעִין regular (annual) festivals. Ab. Zar.11b חמשה בתיע״ז ק׳ הן five idolatrous temples (and the fairs connected therewith) are permanent; expl. ib. לעולם חדיראוכ׳ permanent, regular, and all the year through B. Bath. l. c. הלכות קְבוּעוֹת הן they are established laws; a. fr. 2) (denom. of קֶבַע) to impart the character of a regular appointed meal. Bets.34b שבת מהו שתִּקְבַּע מוקצה למעשר does the Sabbath give, to fruit not yet ready for regular use, the character of an appointed meal with reference to the duty of tithing (so that you dare not eat of them on the Sabbath even as a luncheon, אכילת עראי)? Ib. שבת קוֹבַעַתוכ׳ the Sabbath gives that character, whether the food you partake of be sufficiently ready for consumption or not. Pes.105a כשם שהשבת … קובעת לקידוש as the Sabbath makes every meal an appointed one with regard to tithes, so does it with reference to Ḳiddush (that you dare not taste anything before reciting the Ḳiddush, v. קִידּוּש). Ib. קָבְעָה להבדלה the exit of the Sabbath makes every meal an appointed one as regards the Habdalah (v. הַבְדָּלָה); a. fr. Pl. קִבֵּעַ to wedge in, set. Sabb.67b המְקַבַּעַת Rashi Var., v. בָּקַע.Part. pass. מְקוּבַּע; f. מְקוּבַּעַת. Num. R. s. 12 כעטרה הזאת שמק׳ באבניםוכ׳ like the royal crown which is beset with precious stones and pearls. Nif. נִקְבַּע to be appointed, established. Tosef.Hag.II, 11 נִקְבְּעָה הלכה כדבריוכ׳ the law was established (by vote) in accordance with the opinion of ; (Bets.20b וקבעווכ׳). Y.Yoma V, beg.42b שאין … נִקְבָּעִין אלאוכ׳ congregational sacrifices are designated as such only by the act of slaughtering. Ḥall. IV, 11 שלא יִקָּבַע הדבר חובה that this usage may not become an established obligation; a. e.

    Jewish literature > קָבַע

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