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at+the+extreme+of+poverty

  • 1 poverty

    [ˈpɔvətɪ] noun
    the condition of being poor:

    the poverty of the soil.

    فَقْر

    Arabic-English dictionary > poverty

  • 2 избавит от нищеты

    1. save from poverty
    2. saving from poverty

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > избавит от нищеты

  • 3 в страшной нищете

    General subject: at the extreme of poverty

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в страшной нищете

  • 4 в ужасающей нищете

    General subject: at the extreme of poverty

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в ужасающей нищете

  • 5 yderst

    extreme, greatly, highly, most, outermost, utmost
    * * *
    I. adj
    ( udvendig) outer ( fx side);
    ( længst ude) outermost ( fx layer, ring, stars), extreme ( fx at the extreme end; on the extreme edge; the extreme left wing of the party);
    (fig: størst) utmost ( fx danger, misery, poverty; of the utmost importance);
    [ den yderste dag] the Last Day, the Day of Judgment;
    [ den yderste grænse] the absolute limit;
    (dvs politisk) the extreme Left;
    [ i yderste øjeblik] at the last moment,
    T in the nick of time;
    (se også nødsfald);
    [ med det, sit:]
    [ til det yderste] to the utmost, to the limit;
    [ drive en til det yderste] drive somebody to extremities;
    [ kæmpe til det yderste] fight to the bitter end;
    (se også anstrenge);
    [ gøre sit yderste] do one's utmost;
    [ ligge på sit yderste] be dying, be at death's door,
    T be at one's last gasp.
    II. adv farthest out, at (el. on) the outside ( fx walk on the outside), at the extreme end, at the very edge;
    ( i højeste grad) extremely ( fx dangerous, difficult, easy, fast; an extremely reasonable price), highly ( fx desirable, disappointed, infectious, interesting, irritated, natural, pleased, sensitive, surprised, suspicious);
    (mere F) ( stærkere) exceedingly ( fx dangerous, difficult, fast, nervous),
    ( svagere) most ( fx dangerous, kind);
    [ ligge yderst] lie on the edge of the bed;
    [ yderst til højre] at (el. on) the far (el. extreme) right.

    Danish-English dictionary > yderst

  • 6 miseria

    f.
    1 poverty (pobreza).
    2 misfortune (desgracia).
    3 meanness.
    4 baseness, wretchedness (vileza).
    5 pittance (poco dinero).
    le pagan una miseria they pay him next to nothing
    6 extreme poverty, poverty, grinding poverty, abjectedness.
    7 meager quantity, very small amount, peanuts, pittance.
    8 hardship.
    * * *
    1 (pobreza) extreme poverty
    2 (desgracia) misery, wretchedness
    3 (tacañería) meanness
    4 familiar (dinero) pittance
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=pobreza) poverty, destitution
    2) (=insignificancia)
    3) (=tacañería) meanness, stinginess
    4) † (=parásitos) fleas pl, lice pl
    * * *
    1) ( pobreza) poverty, destitution
    2) ( cantidad insignificante) miserable amount, paltry amount
    3) ( desgracia) misfortune

    estar a la miseria — (RPl fam) to be in a bad way (colloq)

    llorar miseria(s) — (CS fam) to complain about not having any money

    * * *
    = destitution, penury, pittance, squalor, sordidness, poverty, chump change.
    Ex. In sociology, fire appears twice in the energy facet; Y:4351 denotes fire as a cause of destitution, while Y:831 denotes fire as an item of social equipment, used for cooking etc.
    Ex. The practice found in some libraries of using the index to the scheme as an index to the catalogue is a makeshift expedient, by penury out of ignorance, and must be condemned.
    Ex. The article 'Devastating an industry for a pittance of revenue' states the irrefutable case against taxing books and learned journals.
    Ex. The article 'Private affluence and public squalor?' discusses the implications for libraries and information if public services are forced to open up their markets to free trade and thereby to private companies.
    Ex. The author makes the most of the sordidness of the first sexual encounters of the protagonist, Stella, and the tawdriness of the theater company where she finds her first job.
    Ex. The economically told chronicle of Slake's adventures is an eloquent study of poverty, of fear, and finally of hope as circumstances converge to force Slake from his temporary limbo.
    Ex. The trick is they don't plan on paying their artists more than chump change in royalties.
    ----
    * en la miseria = down-and-out, in chapter 11, penniless.
    * hundirse en la miseria = sink into + depression, sink into + poverty.
    * miseria absoluta = grinding misery.
    * miseria más absoluta = abject poverty.
    * pasar miseria = the wolves + be + at the door.
    * salir de la miseria = haul + Reflexivo + out of + Posesivo + bog.
    * vivir en la miseria = live in + squalor, walk + the streets of misery, live in + penury.
    * * *
    1) ( pobreza) poverty, destitution
    2) ( cantidad insignificante) miserable amount, paltry amount
    3) ( desgracia) misfortune

    estar a la miseria — (RPl fam) to be in a bad way (colloq)

    llorar miseria(s) — (CS fam) to complain about not having any money

    * * *
    = destitution, penury, pittance, squalor, sordidness, poverty, chump change.

    Ex: In sociology, fire appears twice in the energy facet; Y:4351 denotes fire as a cause of destitution, while Y:831 denotes fire as an item of social equipment, used for cooking etc.

    Ex: The practice found in some libraries of using the index to the scheme as an index to the catalogue is a makeshift expedient, by penury out of ignorance, and must be condemned.
    Ex: The article 'Devastating an industry for a pittance of revenue' states the irrefutable case against taxing books and learned journals.
    Ex: The article 'Private affluence and public squalor?' discusses the implications for libraries and information if public services are forced to open up their markets to free trade and thereby to private companies.
    Ex: The author makes the most of the sordidness of the first sexual encounters of the protagonist, Stella, and the tawdriness of the theater company where she finds her first job.
    Ex: The economically told chronicle of Slake's adventures is an eloquent study of poverty, of fear, and finally of hope as circumstances converge to force Slake from his temporary limbo.
    Ex: The trick is they don't plan on paying their artists more than chump change in royalties.
    * en la miseria = down-and-out, in chapter 11, penniless.
    * hundirse en la miseria = sink into + depression, sink into + poverty.
    * miseria absoluta = grinding misery.
    * miseria más absoluta = abject poverty.
    * pasar miseria = the wolves + be + at the door.
    * salir de la miseria = haul + Reflexivo + out of + Posesivo + bog.
    * vivir en la miseria = live in + squalor, walk + the streets of misery, live in + penury.

    * * *
    A (pobreza) poverty, destitution
    vivir sumido en la más absoluta miseria to live in abject poverty
    B
    (cantidad insignificante): gana una miseria she earns a pittance
    mira la miseria que me diste look at the miserable o paltry o measly amount you gave me ( colloq)
    C (desgracia) misfortune
    las miserias de la guerra the miseries of war
    estar/quedar a la miseria ( RPl fam): el auto quedó a la miseria the car was a write-off o was wrecked o ( AmE) was totaled ( colloq)
    está a la miseria he's in a very bad way o in a terrible state ( colloq)
    llorar miseria(s) (CS fam); to complain about not having any money, to plead poverty
    * * *

    miseria sustantivo femenino
    1 ( pobreza) poverty, destitution
    2 ( cantidad insignificante) miserable amount, paltry amount;

    3 ( desgracia) misfortune;

    miseria sustantivo femenino
    1 (pobreza) extreme poverty: sobrecogía la miseria de sus aposentos, I was moved by the extreme poverty of her living conditions
    2 (cantidad despreciable) pittance, miserable amount: vendí la casa por una miseria, I sold the house for a pittance
    3 (más en pl) (desgracias, penalidades) miseries: ¡cuánta miseria se reflejaba en sus rostros!, what misery was reflected in their faces!
    ' miseria' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sordidez
    - villa
    English:
    bread line
    - chicken
    - misery
    - peanut
    - penury
    - pittance
    - plunge
    - poverty
    - squalor
    - starvation
    - untold
    - wake
    - want
    - wretchedness
    - abject
    - down
    - shantytown
    * * *
    1. [pobreza] poverty;
    viven en la miseria they live in poverty
    2. [desgracia]
    las miserias de la guerra the hardships of war
    3. [tacañería] meanness
    4. [vileza] baseness, wretchedness
    5. [poco dinero] pittance;
    le pagan una miseria he gets paid a pittance, they pay him next to nothing;
    CSur Fam
    llorar miseria to plead poverty
    6. Comp
    RP Fam
    a la miseria: es alérgica y está a la miseria she's allergic and she's in a really bad way;
    después de tantos días sin agua, esa planta quedó a la miseria after so many days without water the plant was in a real state o half dead
    * * *
    f
    1 poverty
    2 fig ( sufrimiento) misery
    * * *
    1) pobreza: poverty
    2) : misery, suffering
    3) : pittance, meager amount
    * * *
    miseria n (pobreza) poverty

    Spanish-English dictionary > miseria

  • 7 extremo

    adj.
    1 extreme, outermost, exaggerated, excessive.
    2 extreme, ultimate.
    m.
    1 extreme, farthest end, end, terminal.
    2 extent, degree.
    3 extremitas.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: extremar.
    * * *
    1 (exagerado) extreme
    2 (distante) further
    1 (punta) extreme, end
    2 (punto último) point, extreme
    3 (asunto, materia) matter, question
    4 DEPORTE wing
    \
    en caso extremo as a last resort
    en extremo extremely, very much
    en último extremo as a last resort
    hasta tal extremo to such a point
    pasar de un extremo a otro to go from one extreme to another
    Extremo Oriente Far East
    ————————
    1 (punta) extreme, end
    2 (punto último) point, extreme
    3 (asunto, materia) matter, question
    4 DEPORTE wing
    * * *
    1. (f. - extrema)
    adj.
    extreme, utmost
    2. noun m.
    end, extreme
    * * *
    I
    ADJ
    1) (=máximo) extreme

    en caso extremo — as a last resort, if all else fails

    2) (=alejado) furthest
    oriente
    3) (Pol) (=radical) extreme

    extrema derecha — extreme right, far right

    extrema izquierda — extreme left, far left

    II
    1. SM
    1) (=punta) end

    agarra la cuerda por este extremo — take this end of the rope, take hold of the rope by o at this end

    • de extremo a extremo — from one end o side to the other

    • de un extremo a otro — (lit) from one end o side to the other; (fig) from one extreme to another

    2) (=límite) extreme

    si la situación se deteriora hasta ese extremo... — if the situation deteriorates to that extent...

    • en extremo — extremely

    • hasta el extremo — to the full

    • llegar a o hasta el extremo de, hemos llegado al extremo de no decirnos ni hola — it's got to the point now that we don't even say hello to each other

    • en último extremo — as a last resort, if all else fails

    3) (=asunto) point

    pidieron una rebaja en el rescate, extremo que fue rechazado — they asked for the ransom to be reduced, a condition which was refused

    4) (=cuidado) great care
    2.
    SMF
    (Dep)

    jugaba de extremo derecho — he played (on the) right wing, he played as a right winger

    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo
    a) (gen delante del n) <pobreza/cuidado> extreme
    b) <caso/medida> extreme
    II
    1)
    a) (de palo, cable) end
    b) ( postura extrema) extreme

    los extremos se tocan — (fr hecha) extremes meet

    c) ( límite)

    si se llega a ese extremo... — if it gets that bad o to that point...

    en último extremo — as a last resort

    d)
    2) (period) (punto, cuestión)
    III
    - ma masculino, femenino (en fútbol, rugby) winger
    * * *
    I
    - ma adjetivo
    a) (gen delante del n) <pobreza/cuidado> extreme
    b) <caso/medida> extreme
    II
    1)
    a) (de palo, cable) end
    b) ( postura extrema) extreme

    los extremos se tocan — (fr hecha) extremes meet

    c) ( límite)

    si se llega a ese extremo... — if it gets that bad o to that point...

    en último extremo — as a last resort

    d)
    2) (period) (punto, cuestión)
    III
    - ma masculino, femenino (en fútbol, rugby) winger
    * * *
    extremo1
    1 = end, extreme, far + Localización, reaches, extreme end, end point [endpoint], tip.

    Ex: Scanning must start to the left of the bar codes and must continue past the right end.

    Ex: At the two extremes, the order may simply be decided for each topic as and when it arises, and followed thereafter.
    Ex: We'll select record '75' which is located on CD-ROM disc \#4 (shown by the number on the far right side of the screen).
    Ex: He went on to explain that while there were no unsightly slums, there was a fairly large district of rather nondescript homes intermingled with plain two- and three-family brick and frame dwellings, principally in the eastern reaches of the city.
    Ex: However, it was possible to identify queries from the extreme ends of the specificity continuum.
    Ex: The process reaches its end point when information is gathered, indexed and compiled into a useful format for public and library staff use.
    Ex: Reportedly the tip of his nose is so damaged from the operations that the tissue has died.
    * al extremo = to the extreme.
    * al extremo norte = northernmost.
    * al extremo oeste = westernmost.
    * a lo extremo = to the extreme.
    * al otro extremo = at the receiving end.
    * a un extremo de la escala = at one end of the scale.
    * del Extremo Oriente = Far Eastern.
    * desde un extremo... al otro = from one end... to the other.
    * de un extremo al otro = from the ridiculous to the sublime, from the sublime to the ridiculous.
    * de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.
    * de un extremo de la ciudad a otro = cross-town.
    * en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum.
    * en este extremo = to this extent.
    * en un extremo de la escala = at one extreme.
    * en un extremo... en el otro = at one end... at the other.
    * extremo delantero = fore-end.
    * extremo inferior izquierdo = lower left.
    * Extremo Oriente, el = Far East, the.
    * extremo + Punto Cardinal = furthest + Punto Cardinal.
    * extremo superior = high end.
    * hasta el extremo de = to the point of, up to the point of.
    * hasta el extremo que = up to the point where, to the point where.
    * jugar de extremo derecho = play + the left wing.
    * llegar al extremo de = get to + the point of, go to + the extreme of.
    * llegar al extremo de + Infinitivo = go + (as/so) far as + Infinitivo.
    * llegar a un extremo = reach + epic proportions.

    extremo2
    2 = extreme.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: You can very frequently go into a large library and have extreme difficulty finding somebody to help you because there are 40 people sitting out in back doing something which somebody else is doing down the road.

    * calor extremo = extreme heat.
    * condiciones metereológicas extremas = severe weather, severe weather conditions.
    * deporte extremo = extreme sport.
    * en extremo = no end, to no end.
    * extrema derecha = far right.
    * extrema precaución = extreme caution.
    * extrema prudencia = extreme caution.
    * frío extremo = extreme cold.
    * necesidad extrema = dire need.
    * temperaturas extremas = extreme temperatures.

    * * *
    extremo1 -ma
    1 ( gen delante del n) ‹pobreza/gravedad› extreme
    viven en una situación de extrema necesidad they live in extreme poverty
    un caso de extrema gravedad an extremely serious case
    2 ‹caso/postura/medida› extreme
    casos extremos, que no suceden todos los días extreme cases which don't happen every day
    en caso extremo as a last resort
    Compuestos:
    ● extrema derecha/izquierda
    feminine ( Pol) extreme right/left
    ● extremo derecho/izquierdo
    masculine and feminine ( Dep) right/left wing
    masculine Far East
    A
    1 (de un palo, cable) end
    al otro extremo del pasillo at the other end of the corridor
    viven al otro extremo de la ciudad they live right on the other side of the city
    va de un extremo a otro she goes from one extreme to the other o to another
    son extremos opuestos, no se parecen en nada they are complete opposites, different in every way
    no soy una persona de extremos I'm not given to extremes
    los extremos se tocan ( fr hecha); extremes meet
    3
    (límite, punto): han llegado al extremo de no saludarse they've reached the point where they don't even say hello to each other
    si se llega a ese extremo tendremos que operar if it gets that bad o to that point we'll have to operate
    su descaro alcanzó extremos insospechados her effrontery reached unimagined extremes o limits
    es cuidadoso al extremo he is extremely careful, he is careful to a fault
    en último extremo as a last resort, if all else fails
    4
    en extremo in the extreme
    fue una situación en extremo peligrosa it was a situation which was dangerous in the extreme, it was an extremely dangerous situation
    B ( period)
    (punto, cuestión): en ese extremo no estoy de acuerdo I do not agree on that point
    tenían esperanzas de que volviera, extremo que no se confirmó they hoped that she would return but, in the event, this did not happen
    para establecer los extremos de la denuncia to establish the main points of the accusation
    extremo3 -ma
    masculine, feminine
    (en fútbol, rugby) winger
    Compuestos:
    tight end
    defensive end
    * * *

     

    Del verbo extremar: ( conjugate extremar)

    extremo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    extremó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    extremar    
    extremo
    extremar ( conjugate extremar) verbo transitivo (frml) to maximize (frml)
    extremarse verbo pronominal

    extremo 1 -ma adjetivo
    extreme;
    un caso de extrema gravedad an extremely serious case;
    en caso extremo as a last resort;
    extremo derecha/izquierda (Pol) extreme right/left;
    extremo derecho/izquierdo (Dep) right/left wing;
    Eextremo Oriente Far East
    extremo 2 sustantivo masculino
    a) (de palo, cable) end



    son extremos opuestos they are complete opposites
    c) ( límite):

    ◊ si se llega a ese extremo … if it gets that bad o to that point …;

    en último extremo as a last resort
    extremar verbo transitivo to maximize: extremó los cuidados con el niño, she looked after the boy with special care
    extremo,-a
    I adjetivo extreme
    (lejano) Extremo Oriente, Far East
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (fin o principio) end
    2 (punto o situación límite) extreme
    (asunto, punto de que se trata) point: en este extremo soy inflexible, I won't move on that point
    ' extremo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cabo
    - extrema
    - extremar
    - extremidad
    - fondo
    - media
    - medio
    - oriente
    - punta
    - rematar
    - término
    - tope
    - extremista
    - lagrimal
    - llegar
    - opuesto
    English:
    abysmal
    - abyss
    - across
    - butt
    - dire
    - end
    - extreme
    - far
    - Far East
    - outermost
    - push
    - sublime
    - winger
    - extremity
    - fault
    - pitch
    * * *
    extremo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [sumo] extreme;
    con extremo cuidado with extreme care
    2. [al límite] extreme;
    una situación de pobreza extrema a situation of extreme poverty;
    la extrema izquierda/derecha the far left/right
    3. [lejano] far, furthest
    ♦ nm
    1. [punta] end;
    agárralo por este extremo hold it by this end;
    al otro extremo de la calle at the other end of the street;
    mientras, en el otro extremo del país,… meanwhile, at the other end of the country,…;
    los extremos se tocan extremes meet
    2. [límite] extreme;
    llegar a extremos ridículos/peligrosos to reach ridiculous/dangerous extremes;
    no desearía llegar a ese extremo I wouldn't want to go to those lengths;
    llegamos al extremo de pegarnos we actually ended up coming to blows;
    en extremo: le mimas en extremo you spoil him far too much;
    es meticuloso en extremo he is extremely meticulous o meticulous to a fault;
    una decisión en extremo sorprendente an extremely surprising decision;
    en último extremo as a last resort;
    ir o [m5] pasar de un extremo al otro to go from one extreme to the other
    3. [en fútbol] winger
    extremo derecho [en fútbol] outside right; [en rugby] right wing;
    extremo izquierdo [en fútbol] outside left;
    [en rugby] left wing
    4. [punto, asunto] issue, question;
    …extremo que ha sido rechazado por… …a claim which has been denied by…;
    este extremo está aún por confirmar that remains to be confirmed
    * * *
    I adj
    1 extreme
    2 POL
    :
    la extrema derecha/izquierda the far right/left
    II m
    1 extreme;
    ir o
    pasar de un extremo a otro go from one extreme to another;
    los extremos se tocan opposites attract;
    en extremo in the extreme
    última end
    3 ( punto) point;
    llegar al extremo de reach the point of
    III m/f
    :
    extremo derecho/izquierdo DEP right/left wing
    * * *
    extremo, -ma adj
    1) : extreme, utmost
    2) excesivo: excessive
    3)
    en caso extremo : as a last resort
    1) : extreme, end
    2)
    al extremo de : to the point of
    3)
    en extremo : in the extreme
    * * *
    extremo1 adj extreme
    2. (punto último) extreme / point

    Spanish-English dictionary > extremo

  • 8 краен

    1. (за място) end (attr.), last, endmost
    крайният стол the end/outside seat
    крайната къща the end/last house
    2. (за срок, време) latest, final
    крайно време е да it is high time to, it is about time to
    краен срок latest/final date, dead line
    крайна спирка/гара terminal
    3. (заключителен) ultimate, supreme, final
    крайна цел an ultimate/a final aim
    4. (извънреден, изключителен) extreme; utter, uttermost
    крайният предел the extreme/utmost limit
    крайни мерки extreme measures
    краен консерватор die-hard
    краен реакционер an out and out reactionary, an extreme reactionary, a dyed in the wool reactionary
    крайна десница пол. extreme right
    в краен случай if the worst comes to the worst, in the last resort, as a last resort
    (за нужда и пр.) urgent, pressing, extreme
    в крайна нужда/мизерия in extreme/utter/bitter/abject poverty, in sore need
    краен продукт an end product
    * * *
    кра̀ен,
    прил., -йна, -йно, -йни 1. (за място) end (attr.), last, endmost; (в покрайнините) outlying;
    2. (за срок, време) latest, final; \краенен срок latest/final date, dead line; \краенйна спирка/гара terminal; \краенйно време е да it is high time to, it is about time to; \краенйно време е да тръгнеш it is high time you started;
    3. ( заключителен) ultimate, supreme, final; в \краенйна сметка in the event; \краенйна цел ultimate/final aim;
    4. ( извънреден, изключителен) extreme; utter, uttermost; exorbitant; (за нужда и пр.) dire; в \краенен случай if the worst comes to the worst, in the last resort, as a last resort; (за нужда и пр.) urgent, pressing, extreme; в \краенйна нужда/мизерия in extreme/utter/bitter/abject poverty, in sore need; до \краенйния предел to the utmost; \краенен консерватор die-hard, dyed-in-the-wool Tory; \краенен реакционер out and out reactionary, extreme reactionary, dyed in the wool reactionary; \краенйна десница полит. extreme right; \краенйна нужда extremity; \краенйни мерки extreme measures;
    5. ( окончателен) end (attr.); \краенен продукт end product.
    * * *
    completive; end{end}: the краен house - крайната къща; endmost; excessive; final{`fainxl}: a краен aim - крайна цел; finishing; marginal; out{aut}; outside; supreme; ultimate{`Xltimit}; ultra (за мярка, възгледи и пр.); utmost: the краен limit - крайният предел; utter
    * * *
    1. (в покрайнините) outlying 2. (за място) end (attr.), last, endmost 3. (за нужда и пр.) urgent, pressing, extreme 4. (за срок, време) latest, final 5. (заключителен) ultimate, supreme, final 6. (извънреден, изключителен) extreme;utter, uttermost 7. (окончателен) end (attr.) 8. КРАЕН консерватор die-hard 9. КРАЕН продукт an end product 10. КРАЕН реакционер an out and out reactionary, an extreme reactionary, a dyed in the wool reactionary 11. КРАЕН срок latest/final date, dead line 12. в КРАЕН случай if the worst comes to the worst, in the last resort, as a last resort 13. в крайна нужда/мизерия in extreme/utter/bitter/abject poverty, in sore need 14. до крайния предел to the utmost 15. крайна десница пол. extreme right 16. крайна нужда extremity 17. крайна спирка/гара terminal 18. крайна цел an ultimate/a final aim 19. крайната къща the end/last house 20. крайни мерки extreme measures 21. крайният предел the extreme/utmost limit 22. крайният стол the end/outside seat 23. крайно време е да it is high time to, it is about time to 24. крайно време е да тръгнеш it is high time you started

    Български-английски речник > краен

  • 9 tráfico de drogas

    drug traffic
    * * *
    (n.) = trafficking in drugs, drug traffic, drug trafficking, drug trade
    Ex. India is presently facing the problem of increased trafficking in drugs and heroin and hashish are supplied to the west through the subcontinent = Actualmente la India se enfrenta al problema del aumento del tráfico de drogas y se está suministrando heroína y hachís al occidente a través del subcontinente indio.
    Ex. Drug traffic has contributed to police corruption.
    Ex. The film deals with drug trafficking, prostitution, and shootouts while also incorporating melodramatic themes.
    Ex. As a result of the extreme poverty, the population faces many problems from high unemployment to the drug trade.
    * * *
    (n.) = trafficking in drugs, drug traffic, drug trafficking, drug trade

    Ex: India is presently facing the problem of increased trafficking in drugs and heroin and hashish are supplied to the west through the subcontinent = Actualmente la India se enfrenta al problema del aumento del tráfico de drogas y se está suministrando heroína y hachís al occidente a través del subcontinente indio.

    Ex: Drug traffic has contributed to police corruption.
    Ex: The film deals with drug trafficking, prostitution, and shootouts while also incorporating melodramatic themes.
    Ex: As a result of the extreme poverty, the population faces many problems from high unemployment to the drug trade.

    * * *
    drug trafficking; en pequeña escala drug dealing

    Spanish-English dictionary > tráfico de drogas

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 comercio de drogas

    (n.) = drug trade
    Ex. As a result of the extreme poverty, the population faces many problems from high unemployment to the drug trade.
    * * *
    (n.) = drug trade

    Ex: As a result of the extreme poverty, the population faces many problems from high unemployment to the drug trade.

    Spanish-English dictionary > comercio de drogas

  • 12 крайний

    1) (находящийся на краю, с краю) extreme; ( последний) the last

    кра́йняя ло́жа спра́ва — the last box on the right

    кра́йние чле́ны пропо́рции мат. — extremes

    кра́йний срок — deadline, the last / latest date

    2) (предельный, очень большой) extreme, utmost

    кра́йняя необходи́мость — absolute necessity

    кра́йняя нищета́ — abject poverty

    кра́йнее изумле́ние — utter surprise

    кра́йние ле́вые [пра́вые] полит. — the extreme left [right] (wing)

    4) м. как сущ. спорт

    ле́вый [пра́вый] кра́йний — outside left [right], left [right] winger

    ••

    кра́йняя плоть анат. — foreskin, prepuce

    в кра́йнем слу́чае — as a last resort; at a pinch разг.

    на кра́йний слу́чай — if the worst comes to the worst

    оказа́ться кра́йним — ≈ be left holding the baby

    по кра́йней ме́ре — at least

    кра́йняя цена́ — the lowest price

    кра́йние ме́ры — extreme / drastic measures ['meʒ-]

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > крайний

  • 13 крайний

    (в разн. знач.) extreme; ( последний) the last

    крайний срок — deadline, the last / latest date

    крайняя плоть анат. — foreskin, prepuce

    ♢ в крайнем случае — as a last resort; at a pinch разг.

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > крайний

  • 14 madre

    f.
    1 mother.
    es madre de tres niños she's a mother of three
    Alicia va a ser madre Alicia's going to have a baby
    madre adoptiva foster mother
    madre de alquiler surrogate mother
    madre biológica natural mother
    la madre patria the motherland
    madre política mother-in-law
    madre soltera single mother
    2 bed.
    * * *
    1 mother
    2 (causa) root
    3 (monja) sister
    \
    ahí está la madre del cordero familiar that's where the trouble lies
    ciento y la madre familiar the world and his wife, US everyone and his brother
    de puta madre tabú brilliant, fucking brilliant
    ¡la madre que te parió! tabú (hombre) you bastard! 2 (mujer) you bitch!
    ¡madre mía! familiar good heavens!
    salirse de madre familiar (río) to burst its banks 2 (persona) to lose control
    ¡tu madre! tabú up yours!
    futura madre mother-to-be
    madre adoptiva adoptive mother
    madre alquilada / madre de alquiler surrogate mother
    madre de leche wet nurse
    madre patria one's motherland
    madre política mother-in-law
    madre soltera single mother
    madre superiora mother superior
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (=pariente) mother

    su señora madre — esp Méx your mother

    ¡madre mía! — good heavens!

    ¡madre de Dios! — good heavens!

    la Madre Patria — the Mother Country, the Old Country

    madre soltera — single mother, unmarried mother

    2) (Rel) [en convento] mother; [en asilo] matron
    3)
    - ¡me cago en la madre que te parió!

    no tener madre —

    él no tiene madre — * he's a real swine *

    esto no tiene madre — * this is the limit

    puto
    4) (=origen) origin, cradle
    5) [de río] bed

    salirse de madre — [río] to burst its banks; [persona] to lose all self-control; [proceso] to go beyond its normal limits

    6) [de vino] dregs pl, sediment
    7) (Agr) (=acequia) main channel, main irrigation ditch; (=alcantarilla) main sewer
    8) [en juegos] home
    9) (Anat) womb
    10) And dead skin, scab
    11) ** queer **, fag (EEUU) **
    2. ADJ
    1) (=de origen)

    lengua madre — (Ling) parent language

    2)

    la cuestión madre — the chief problem, the central problem

    3) LAm
    *

    una regañada madre — a real telling-off *, one hell of a telling-off **

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable (Chi fam) great (colloq)
    II
    1)
    a) ( pariente) mother

    estar hasta la madre de algo — (Méx fam) to be fed up to the back teeth of something

    mentarle la madre a alguien — to insult somebody (by referring to his/her mother)

    no tener madre — (Méx fam) to be shameless

    ser un/una madre para algo — (Chi fam) to be brilliant at something

    madre mía! or mi madre! — (my) goodness!, (good) heavens!

    la madre que te parió! — (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) you jerk! (colloq), you bastard! (sl)

    tu madre! — (vulg) screw you! (vulg), up yours! (BrE sl)

    chinga (a) tu madre! — (Méx vulg) screw o fuck you! (vulg)

    me vale madres — (Méx vulg) I don't give a damn (colloq) o (vulg) shit

    c) (Relig) mother
    2)
    a) ( cauce)
    b) (Esp) ( sedimento) lees (pl), sediment
    * * *
    = mother, mama.
    Ex. Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.
    Ex. My mama says that alligators are ornery because they got all them teeth and no toothbrush.
    ----
    * amor de madre = mother love.
    * Asociación de Madres y Padres de Alumnos (AMPA) = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).
    * célula madre = stem cell.
    * célula madre adulta = adult stem cell.
    * célula madre embrionaria = embryonic stem cell.
    * célula madre hematopoyética = haematopoietic stem cell.
    * de puta madre = fantastic, wicked, swell, the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers, badass.
    * día de la madre, el = Mother's Day, Mothering Sunday.
    * madre adoptiva = foster mother, adoptive mother.
    * madre biológica = biological mother.
    * madre de alquiler = surrogate mother.
    * madre de nacimiento = birth mother.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * ¡Madre mía! = Good heavens!.
    * madre natural = birth mother.
    * madre naturaleza, la = Mother Nature.
    * madre o padre adoptivo = foster parent.
    * madre o padre biológico = biological parent.
    * madre o padre de nacimiento = birth parent.
    * madre o padre natural = birth parent.
    * madre or padre adoptivo = adoptive parent.
    * madre patria = motherland.
    * madre primeriza = new mother.
    * madre que se dedica a sus hijos = practising mother.
    * madres de alquiler = surrogacy.
    * madre soltera = unmarried mother, single mom, single mother.
    * madre superiora = abbess, Mother Superior.
    * madre tierra, la = mother earth.
    * madre trabajadora = working mother.
    * placa madre = motherboard.
    * planta madre = rootstock.
    * roca madre = bedrock.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable (Chi fam) great (colloq)
    II
    1)
    a) ( pariente) mother

    estar hasta la madre de algo — (Méx fam) to be fed up to the back teeth of something

    mentarle la madre a alguien — to insult somebody (by referring to his/her mother)

    no tener madre — (Méx fam) to be shameless

    ser un/una madre para algo — (Chi fam) to be brilliant at something

    madre mía! or mi madre! — (my) goodness!, (good) heavens!

    la madre que te parió! — (fam: en algunas regiones vulg) you jerk! (colloq), you bastard! (sl)

    tu madre! — (vulg) screw you! (vulg), up yours! (BrE sl)

    chinga (a) tu madre! — (Méx vulg) screw o fuck you! (vulg)

    me vale madres — (Méx vulg) I don't give a damn (colloq) o (vulg) shit

    c) (Relig) mother
    2)
    a) ( cauce)
    b) (Esp) ( sedimento) lees (pl), sediment
    * * *
    = mother, mama.

    Ex: Under WOMEN -- EMPLOYMENT, for instance, are listed works on the health and safety hazards of employment, the wages of employment, the problems of mothers, married and/or single women and employment, and so on.

    Ex: My mama says that alligators are ornery because they got all them teeth and no toothbrush.
    * amor de madre = mother love.
    * Asociación de Madres y Padres de Alumnos (AMPA) = Parent-Teacher Association (PTA).
    * célula madre = stem cell.
    * célula madre adulta = adult stem cell.
    * célula madre embrionaria = embryonic stem cell.
    * célula madre hematopoyética = haematopoietic stem cell.
    * de puta madre = fantastic, wicked, swell, the dog's bollocks, the bee's knees, the cat's meow, the cat's pyjamas, the cat's whiskers, badass.
    * día de la madre, el = Mother's Day, Mothering Sunday.
    * madre adoptiva = foster mother, adoptive mother.
    * madre biológica = biological mother.
    * madre de alquiler = surrogate mother.
    * madre de nacimiento = birth mother.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * ¡Madre mía! = Good heavens!.
    * madre natural = birth mother.
    * madre naturaleza, la = Mother Nature.
    * madre o padre adoptivo = foster parent.
    * madre o padre biológico = biological parent.
    * madre o padre de nacimiento = birth parent.
    * madre o padre natural = birth parent.
    * madre or padre adoptivo = adoptive parent.
    * madre patria = motherland.
    * madre primeriza = new mother.
    * madre que se dedica a sus hijos = practising mother.
    * madres de alquiler = surrogacy.
    * madre soltera = unmarried mother, single mom, single mother.
    * madre superiora = abbess, Mother Superior.
    * madre tierra, la = mother earth.
    * madre trabajadora = working mother.
    * placa madre = motherboard.
    * planta madre = rootstock.
    * roca madre = bedrock.

    * * *
    ( Chi fam) great ( colloq), terrific ( colloq)
    A
    1 (pariente) mother
    madre de todos los vicios mother of all vices
    ahí está or ésa es la madre del cordero that's the root of the problem, that's the crux of the matter
    estar hasta la madre de algo ( Méx fam); to be fed up to the back teeth of sth
    mentarle or ( Chi) sacarle la madre a algn to insult sb (by referring to his/her mother)
    ser un/una madre para algo ( Chi fam); to be brilliant at sth, be a wizard o whiz at sth ( colloq)
    2
    (en exclamaciones): ¡madre mía! or ¡mi madre! (my) goodness!, good heavens!, heavens!
    ¡madre mía! ¡qué tarde se ha hecho! goodness! look how late it is!
    ¡la madre que te parió! or te trajo al mundo! (fam: en algunas regiones vulg); you jerk! ( colloq), you bastard! (sl)
    ¡tu madre! ( vulg); screw you! ( vulg), up yours! ( BrE sl)
    ¡chinga (a) tu madre! ( Méx vulg); fuck off! ( vulg), screw o fuck you! ( vulg)
    me vale madres ( Méx vulg); I don't give a damn ( colloq), I don't give a shit o fuck ( vulg)
    ver tb puto1 (↑ puto (1))
    3 ( Relig) mother
    la madre Soledad Mother Soledad
    Compuestos:
    surrogate mother
    biological mother
    surrogate mother
    mother
    ( Méx) spider plant
    mother-in-law
    single o unmarried mother
    Mother Superior
    surrogate mother
    B
    1
    (cauce): el río se salió de madre the river burst its banks
    todo se salió de madre everything got out of hand
    2 ( Esp) (sedimento) lees (pl), sediment
    * * *

     

    madre sustantivo femenino
    mother;

    madre de familia mother;
    madre política mother-in-law;
    madre soltera single o unmarried mother;
    madre superiora Mother Superior;
    ¡madre mía! or ¡mi madre! (my) goodness!, (good) heavens!;
    me vale madres (Méx vulg) I don't give a damn (colloq) o (vulg) shit;
    salirse de madre [ río] to burst its banks;

    [ situación] to get out of hand
    madre
    I sustantivo femenino
    1 mother: fue madre a los veinte años, she was a mother at twenty
    madre adoptiva, adoptive mother
    madre soltera, unmarried mother
    2 (origen) root, mother: la pereza es la madre de la pobreza, laziness is the origin of poverty
    4 (de río) bed
    II exclamación ¡madre mía, qué tarde es!, good heavens, it's really late!
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar la madre del cordero, the crux of the matter
    salirse de madre: Pepe se salió de madre, Pepe went too far
    el concierto se salió de madre, the concert turned wild
    ' madre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonada
    - abandonado
    - abismo
    - ablandar
    - abrazarse
    - adoptiva
    - adoptivo
    - algo
    - ánimo
    - ascendiente
    - calor
    - ciento
    - con
    - cumplir
    - desmejorada
    - desmejorado
    - desnaturalizar
    - día
    - disgustar
    - ejemplo
    - encargar
    - entenderse
    - envidiar
    - estar
    - estancada
    - estancado
    - franquicia
    - hablar
    - la
    - malmeter
    - marioneta
    - martirizar
    - mayor
    - mentar
    - negación
    - origen
    - padre
    - preguntar
    - profesar
    - progenitor
    - progenitora
    - recado
    - recordar
    - reverenda
    - reverendo
    - solera
    - soltera
    - soltero
    - tal
    - tirar
    English:
    adjust
    - after
    - aloud
    - apron
    - assign
    - belong
    - best
    - boy
    - consent
    - disappoint
    - down-home
    - exact
    - fetch
    - frown
    - hip
    - hit out
    - infrequent
    - its
    - like
    - likeness
    - look
    - miss
    - mother
    - mother-to-be
    - overhear
    - parent
    - pretence
    - pretense
    - pride
    - prone
    - single parent
    - surrogate mother
    - talk
    - uncle
    - working mother
    - doting
    - fucking
    - her
    - his
    - introduce
    - my
    - name
    - our
    - parenthood
    - queen
    - remember
    - single
    - surrogate
    - their
    - wish
    * * *
    madre nf
    1. [mujer] mother;
    es madre de tres niños she's a mother of three;
    Alicia va a ser madre Alicia's going to have a baby;
    Fam
    ¡madre mía!, ¡mi madre! Jesus!, Christ!;
    Fam
    ¡madre mía, cómo llueve! Jesus o Christ, it's pouring down!;
    Fam
    ¡mi madre! ¿y ahora qué vamos a hacer? oh my God, what are we going to do now?
    madre adoptiva foster mother;
    madre de alquiler surrogate mother;
    madre biológica natural mother;
    la madre naturaleza Mother Nature;
    la madre patria the motherland;
    Am [España] Spain;
    madre política mother-in-law;
    madre soltera single mother;
    la madre tierra earth mother
    2. [hembra] mother;
    la madre cuida de los cachorros the mother looks after the pups
    3. [religiosa] mother;
    la madre Teresa Mother Teresa
    madre superiora mother superior
    4. [origen] source;
    la pobreza extrema es la madre de todos los males de la región extreme poverty is the source of all the region's problems
    5. [cauce] bed;
    salirse de madre [río] to burst its banks;
    [persona] to go too far
    6. Comp
    Fam
    eran ciento y la madre everybody and his dog o the world and his wife was there;
    Fam
    ser la madre del cordero to be at the very root of the problem;
    Méx Fam
    dar a alguien en la madre to kick sb's head in;
    Méx Fam
    de a madre: estoy aburrido de a madre I'm fed up to the back teeth;
    su casa está sucia de a madre her house is a tip o pigsty;
    me cae de a madre I hate his guts;
    Méx Fam
    echar madres to swear, Br to eff and blind;
    Méx muy Fam
    ¡en la madre! Br bloody hell!, US goddamn!;
    Méx Fam
    estar hasta la madre [lleno] to be jam-packed;
    Méx Fam
    ir hecho madre to bomb along;
    Fam
    nombrar o [m5] mentar la madre a alguien = to insult someone by referring to their mother;
    Méx Fam
    ni madre: no oye ni madre she can't hear a damn thing;
    Méx Fam
    ¡ni madres! no way!;
    Am muy Fam
    no tener madre to be a shameless bastard;
    muy Fam
    ¡la madre que te parió! you bastard!;
    Esp Fam
    ¡viva la madre que te parió! [en concierto, corrida de toros] we love you!;
    Méx Fam
    estar de poca madre to be great o fantastic;
    Méx Fam
    ser de poca madre to be great o fantastic;
    Méx Fam
    tener poca madre to be a swine;
    Méx Fam
    ser a toda madre to be a really great o nice person;
    Fam
    ser una madre para alguien to be like a mother to sb;
    Fam
    ser una madre haciendo algo Chile [bueno] to be a whizz at sth;
    RP [malo] to be useless at sth; Méx muy Fam
    me vale madre I couldn't give a damn o Br a toss
    * * *
    I f mother;
    dar en la madre a alguien Méx fam hit s.o. where it hurts;
    sacar a alguien de madre fam insult s.o. (by saying rude things about his/ her mother);
    salirse de madre de un río burst its banks; fig fam get out of hand;
    esa es la madre del cordero that’s the trouble, that’s the problem;
    de puta madre vulg fucking fantastic vulg ;
    ¡madre mía! good heavens!;
    ¡me vale madre! Méx vulg I don’t give a fuck! vulg
    II adj Méx, C.Am. fam
    great fam, fantastic fam
    * * *
    madre nf
    1) : mother
    2)
    madre política : mother-in-law
    3)
    la Madre Patria : the mother country (said of Spain)
    * * *
    madre n mother
    ¡madre mía! good heavens!

    Spanish-English dictionary > madre

  • 15 испытать крайнюю нужду и горе

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > испытать крайнюю нужду и горе

  • 16 Not

    f; -, Nöte
    1. nur Sg.; (Mangel, Armut) want, need, poverty; (Notlage) plight; (Elend) auch misery; wirtschaftliche Not economic plight; Not leiden suffer want ( oder privation); die Not leidende Bevölkerung the needy people; in der Stunde der Not at the hour of need; für Zeiten der Not for a rainy day; in Not geraten / sein encounter hard times / be suffering want; keine Not kennen be well-off; Not macht erfinderisch necessity is the mother of invention; in der Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen umg. any port in a storm, beggars can’t be choosers; Not kennt kein Gebot Sprichw. necessity knows no law; Not lehrt beten Sprichw. need teaches you how to pray
    2. (Schwierigkeit) difficulty, trouble; (Bedrängnis) distress; (Gefahr) danger; Nöte difficulties, problems; in tausend Nöten sein be in real trouble ( oder a real mess); in Not sein be in trouble; in Not geraten run into difficulties; in höchster Not in dire straits; Rettung in oder aus höchster Not rescue from extreme difficulties; in meiner etc. Not in my etc. predicament
    3. nur Sg. (Mühe): seine liebe Not haben have a hard time (of it); mit jemandem / etw. seine liebe Not haben have a hard time with s.o. / s.th; ich hatte meine liebe Not, wieder ans Ufer zu schwimmen I had great difficulty in swimming back to the bank; ohne Not without any problem
    4. nur Sg.; (Notwendigkeit) necessity; damit hat es keine Not it’s not urgent; ohne Not solltest du das nicht tun you shouldn’t do that unless it’s really necessary; zur Not if necessary, if need be; (gerade noch) at (Am. in) a pinch; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst; wenn Not am Mann ist if need be; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst; hier ist oder tut Hilfe Not geh. I etc. need help here; es täte dir Not zu (+ Inf.) Dial. you would do well to (+ Inf.), what you really need is to (+ Inf.) aus der Not eine Tugend machen make a virtue of necessity; der Not gehorchend geh. bowing to necessity; siehe auch Mühe, knapp I
    * * *
    die Not
    (Bedrängnis) hardship; distress;
    (Mangel) privation; need; want
    * * *
    [noːt]
    f -, -e
    ['nøːtə]
    1) no pl (= Mangel, Elend) need(iness), want, poverty

    hier herrscht große Nót — there is great poverty here

    eine Zeit der Nót — a time of need, a lean time

    aus Nót — out of poverty

    Nót leiden — to suffer deprivation

    Nót leidend (Bevölkerung, Land) — impoverished; Unternehmen, Wirtschaft ailing; (Comm) Wechsel, Wertpapier dishonoured (Brit), dishonored (US); Kredit unsecured

    in Nót leben — to live in poverty

    Nót macht erfinderisch (Prov) — necessity is the mother of invention (Prov)

    in der Nót schmeckt jedes Brot (Prov) — beggars can't be choosers (prov)

    Nót kennt kein Gebot (Prov) — necessity knows no law (Prov)

    See:
    2) (= Bedrängnis) distress no pl, affliction; (= Problem) problem

    in seiner Nót — in his hour of need

    in unserer Nót blieb uns nichts anderes übrig — in this emergency we had no choice

    jdm seine Nót klagen — to tell sb one's troubles, to cry on sb's shoulder (inf)

    in Nót sein — to be in distress

    in Nót geraten — to get into serious difficulties

    wenn Nót am Mann ist — if the need arises

    Freunde in der Nót (gehen tausend auf ein Lot) (Prov) — a friend in need (is a friend indeed) (Prov)

    der Retter in der Nót — the knight in shining armour (Brit) or armor (US)

    Hilfe in höchster Nót — help in the nick of time

    in höchster Nót sein, sich in höchster Nót befinden — to be in dire straits

    in Ängsten und Nöten schweben — to be in fear and trembling

    jdm in der Nót beistehen —

    jetzt ist Holland in Nót! — now we're in dire straits!

    3) no pl (= Sorge, Mühe) difficulty, trouble

    er hat seine liebe Nót mit ihr/damit — he really has problems with her/it, he really has his work cut out with her/it (inf)

    die Eltern hatten Nót, ihre fünf Kinder zu ernähren —

    es hat or damit hat's keine Nót (old) — there's no rush

    See:
    4) (= Zwang, Notwendigkeit) necessity

    der Nót gehorchend — bowing to necessity

    etw nicht ohne Nót tun — not to do sth without having to

    ohne Nót — without good cause

    zur Nót — if necessary, if need(s) be

    aus der Nót geboren sein — to be born of necessity

    aus der Nót eine Tugend machen — to make a virtue (out) of necessity

    Nót sein — to be necessary

    See:
    → nottun
    * * *
    (poverty or other difficulty: Many people are in great need.) need
    * * *
    <-, Nöte>
    [ˈno:t, pl ˈnø:tə]
    f
    1. kein pl (Armut) need, poverty, hardship
    das war eine Zeit der \Not it was a time of need, a lean time
    es herrscht bittere \Not there is abject poverty
    in diesem Land herrscht große \Not there is great poverty and hardship in this country
    aus \Not out of poverty
    in \Not geraten to encounter hard times
    in \Not leben to live in poverty
    \Not leiden to live in poverty, to suffer deprivation
    \Not leidend destitute
    \Not leidende Menschen people in need
    2. (Bedrängnis) distress, affliction
    jdm in der \Not beistehen to support sb at a difficult time, to help sb in times of trouble
    in \Not geraten to get into difficulties [or dire straits]
    jdm in der Stunde der \Not helfen to help sb in her/his hour of need
    jdm seine \Not klagen to pour out one's troubles to sb
    in \Not [o Nöten] sein to be in difficulties [or dire straits]
    in seiner/ihrer \Not in his/her distress [or desperation]
    in seiner \Not wusste er sich nicht anders zu helfen he couldn't see what else he could do
    in höchster \Not in extremis
    Rettung in höchster \Not rescue in extremis
    Hilfe in höchster \Not help in the nick of time
    3. pl (Problem)
    die Nöte des Alltags humdrum problems, the problems of everyday living
    in Ängsten und Nöten schweben to be hot and bothered
    die Nöte des kleinen Mannes the average person's problems
    in tausend Nöten sein to be up to one's hips in alligators fam
    4. kein pl (Mühe, Sorge) difficulty, trouble
    sie hatten \Not, ihre sechs Kinder zu ernähren they had difficulty in feeding their six children
    seine liebe \Not haben mit jdm/etw to have one's work cut out with sb/sth, to have a lot of trouble [or problems] with sb/sth
    sie hat ihre liebe \Not mit ihrem Sohn she really has her work cut out with her son
    seine liebe \Not haben, etw zu tun to have one's work cut out doing sth
    mit knapper \Not just, by the skin of one's teeth
    mit knapper \Not hat sie den Zug noch erreicht she just managed to catch the train; s.a. Mühe
    5. kein pl (veraltend: Notwendigkeit) necessity
    damit hat es keine \Not there's no rush
    ohne \Not sollte man nicht zu so drastischen Maßnahmen greifen if there is no need, one shouldn't resort to such drastic measures
    im Deutschen werden oft ohne \Not Anglizismen für die Bezeichnung neuer Gegenstände verwendet in German, Anglicisms are often used for describing new articles when there is actually no need [to use foreign words]
    der \Not gehorchend out of necessity
    tun, was die \Not gebietet to do what has to be done
    etw nicht ohne \Not tun not to do sth without having to
    6.
    ▶ \Not bricht Eisen (prov) desperation gives you strength
    ▶ \Not macht erfinderisch (prov) necessity is the mother of invention prov
    ▶ in der \Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen (prov) beggars can't be choosers prov
    ▶ wenn die \Not am größten, ist Gottes Hilfe am nächsten (prov) man's extremity is God's opportunity prov
    ▶ [da/jetzt/bei ihm ist] Holland in \Not [o Nöten] (prov) things are looking grim, now we are in for it
    ▶ \Not kennt kein Gebot (prov) necessity knows no law
    ▶ \Not lehrt beten (prov) in our hour of need we all turn to God
    ▶ wenn \Not am Mann ist (fam) in times of need
    das sind mir gute Freunde, wenn \Not am Mann ist, haben sie sich alle verdünnisiert! that's what I call good friends — when I/you really needed them they all cleared off!
    eigentlich wollte ich morgen zum Angeln gehen, aber wenn wirklich \Not am Mann ist... actually, I wanted to go fishing tomorrow but if you're really stuck...
    ▶ in der \Not schmeckt jedes Brot (prov) hunger is the best cook prov
    ▶ in \Not und Tod zusammenhalten to stick together through thick and thin
    ▶ aus der \Not eine Tugend machen to make a virtue out of necessity
    ▶ zur \Not if need[s] be
    * * *
    die; Not, Nöte

    Rettung in od. aus höchster Not — rescue from extreme difficulties

    2) o. Pl. (Mangel, Armut) need; poverty [and hardship]

    Not leiden — suffer poverty or want [and hardship]

    3) o. Pl. (Verzweiflung) anguish; distress
    4) (Sorge, Mühe) trouble

    seine [liebe] Not mit jemandem/etwas haben — have a lot of trouble or a lot of problems with somebody/something

    5) o. Pl. (veralt.): (Notwendigkeit) necessity

    zur Not — if need be; if necessary

    Not tun or sein — (geh., landsch.) be necessary

    * * *
    Not f; -, Nöte
    1. nur sg; (Mangel, Armut) want, need, poverty; (Notlage) plight; (Elend) auch misery;
    wirtschaftliche Not economic plight;
    Not leiden suffer want ( oder privation);
    in der Stunde der Not at the hour of need;
    für Zeiten der Not for a rainy day;
    in Not geraten/sein encounter hard times/be suffering want;
    keine Not kennen be well-off;
    Not macht erfinderisch necessity is the mother of invention;
    in der Not frisst der Teufel Fliegen umg any port in a storm, beggars can’t be choosers;
    Not kennt kein Gebot sprichw necessity knows no law;
    Not lehrt beten sprichw need teaches you how to pray
    2. (Schwierigkeit) difficulty, trouble; (Bedrängnis) distress; (Gefahr) danger;
    Nöte difficulties, problems;
    in tausend Nöten sein be in real trouble ( oder a real mess);
    in Not sein be in trouble;
    in Not geraten run into difficulties;
    in höchster Not in dire straits;
    aus höchster Not rescue from extreme difficulties;
    in meiner etc
    Not in my etc predicament
    3. nur sg (Mühe):
    seine liebe Not haben have a hard time (of it);
    mit jemandem/etwas seine liebe Not haben have a hard time with sb/s.th;
    ich hatte meine liebe Not, wieder ans Ufer zu schwimmen I had great difficulty in swimming back to the bank;
    ohne Not without any problem
    4. nur sg; (Notwendigkeit) necessity;
    damit hat es keine Not it’s not urgent;
    ohne Not solltest du das nicht tun you shouldn’t do that unless it’s really necessary;
    zur Not if necessary, if need be; (gerade noch) at (US in) a pinch; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst;
    wenn Not am Mann ist if need be; stärker: if (the) worst comes to (the) worst;
    hier ist Hilfe Not geh I etc need help here;
    aus der Not eine Tugend machen make a virtue of necessity;
    der Not gehorchend geh bowing to necessity; → auch Mühe, knapp A
    * * *
    die; Not, Nöte
    1) (Bedrohung, Gefahr)

    Rettung in od. aus höchster Not — rescue from extreme difficulties

    2) o. Pl. (Mangel, Armut) need; poverty [and hardship]

    Not leiden — suffer poverty or want [and hardship]

    3) o. Pl. (Verzweiflung) anguish; distress
    4) (Sorge, Mühe) trouble

    seine [liebe] Not mit jemandem/etwas haben — have a lot of trouble or a lot of problems with somebody/something

    5) o. Pl. (veralt.): (Notwendigkeit) necessity

    zur Not — if need be; if necessary

    Not tun or sein — (geh., landsch.) be necessary

    * * *
    ¨-e f.
    distress n.
    (§ pl.: distresses)
    hardship n.
    misery n.
    necessity n.
    need n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Not

  • 17 Armut

    f; -, kein Pl.
    1. poverty; stärker: destitution; äußerste Armut extreme poverty; in Armut geraten be reduced to poverty
    2. fig. an Ideen etc.: poverty (an + Dat of); an Rohstoffen etc.: lack; stärker: dearth (of); geistige Armut intellectual poverty, lack of intellect
    * * *
    die Armut
    poverty; impecuniousness; destitution; poorness; need; penury; pennilessness
    * * *
    Ạr|mut ['armuːt]
    f -, no pl (lit, fig)
    poverty

    charakterliche Armut — lack of character

    geistige Armut — intellectual poverty; (von Mensch) lack of intellect

    * * *
    die
    2) (the condition of being poor: They lived in extreme poverty; the poverty of the soil.) poverty
    * * *
    Ar·mut
    <->
    [ˈarmu:t]
    1. (Bedürftigkeit) poverty
    neue \Armut new wave of poverty
    gefühlte \Armut describes the poverty level that specific demographic groups objectively perceive rather than their actual financial situation
    2. (Verarmung) lack
    ▪ die/eine \Armut an etw dat the/a lack of sth
    geistige \Armut intellectual poverty
    * * *
    die; Armut (auch fig.) poverty

    die Armut des Landes an Rohstoffen — (fig.) the country's lack of raw materials

    * * *
    Armut f; -, kein pl
    1. poverty; stärker: destitution;
    äußerste Armut extreme poverty;
    in Armut geraten be reduced to poverty
    2. fig an Ideen etc: poverty (
    an +dat of); an Rohstoffen etc: lack; stärker: dearth (of);
    geistige Armut intellectual poverty, lack of intellect
    * * *
    die; Armut (auch fig.) poverty

    die Armut des Landes an Rohstoffen — (fig.) the country's lack of raw materials

    * * *
    nur sing. f.
    destitution n.
    impecuniousness n.
    pennilessness n.
    poorness n.
    poverty n. nur sing. m.
    indigence n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Armut

  • 18 misère

    misère [mizεʀ]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = pauvreté) extreme poverty
       b. ( = carence) misère culturelle lack of culture
       c. ( = malheur) misères miseries
    • quelle misère ! what a wretched shame!
       e. ( = plante) tradescantia
    * * *
    mizɛʀ
    1) ( pauvreté) destitution
    2) ( détresse) misery, wretchedness
    3) ( ennui) trouble, woe
    4) ( somme dérisoire) pittance
    5) Botanique wandering Jew, tradescantia
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    mizɛʀ
    1. nf
    1) (= pauvreté) extreme poverty, destitution

    être dans la misère — to be destitute, to be poverty-stricken

    misère noire — utter destitution, abject poverty

    100 euros, c'est une misère — 100 euros is a derisory sum

    2. misères nfpl
    1) (= malheurs) woes, miseries
    2) (= ennuis) little troubles
    * * *
    misère nf
    1 ( pauvreté) ( de personne) destitution, extreme poverty; ( de lieu) squalor, destitution; être dans la misère to be destitute; s'enfoncer dans la misère to become totally destitute; réduire qn à la misère to reduce sb to poverty; crier or pleurer misère to bewail one's poverty, to poor-mouth○ US;
    2 ( détresse) misery, wretchedness; c'est misère que de faire it is distressing ou upsetting to do; c'est misère que de voir ça! it is distressing to see such things; la misère des temps the hardship of the times; quelle misère! what a wretched pity!; misère (de moi†)! woe is me†!;
    3 ( ennui) trouble, woe; on a tous nos petites misères we all have our little troubles ou problems; faire des misères à qn to give sb a hard time, to be nasty to sb;
    4 ( somme dérisoire) pittance; il a acheté ça pour une misère he bought it for a pittance ou song;
    5 Bot wandering Jew, tradescantia.
    misère intellectuelle intellectual poverty; misère noire dire poverty; misère sexuelle sexual deprivation.
    [mizɛr] nom féminin
    1. [indigence] poverty, destitution (soutenu)
    3. [malheur]
    c'est une misère de les voir se séparer it's pitiful ou it's a shame to see them break up
    4. [somme dérisoire] pittance
    je l'ai eu pour une misère I got ou bought it for next to nothing
    ————————
    [mizɛr] interjection
    ————————
    misères nom féminin pluriel
    (familier) [broutilles, ennuis]
    faire des misères à quelqu'un to give somebody a hard time, to make somebody's life a misery
    ————————
    de misère locution adjectivale
    un salaire de misère a starvation wage, a pittance

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > misère

  • 19 povertà

    f poverty
    * * *
    povertà s.f.
    1 poverty; ( indigenza) indigence: la povertà di un paese, the poverty of a country; vivere in povertà, to live in poverty; cadere in povertà, to fall on hard times // povertà evangelica, evangelic poverty // voto di povertà, vow of poverty // (econ.): povertà assoluta, absolute poverty; limite di povertà, poverty line
    2 ( scarsità) shortage, scarcity, poverty; ( mancanza) lack: povertà di coraggio, lack of courage; povertà di idee, immaginazione, poverty (o lack) of ideas, imagination; povertà di mezzi, lack of means
    3 ( cattiva qualità) poorness: la povertà di un terreno, the poorness of a soil.
    * * *
    [pover'ta]
    sostantivo femminile invariabile
    1) (miseria) poverty
    2) (scarsità) poverty, shortage; (mancanza) lack

    povertà di mezzi, di idee — lack of means, of ideas

    * * *
    povertà
    /pover'ta/
    f.inv.
     1 (miseria) poverty; in condizioni di povertà in poor circumstances; vivere in (estrema) povertà to live in (extreme) poverty
     2 (scarsità) poverty, shortage; (mancanza) lack; povertà di mezzi, di idee lack of means, of ideas.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > povertà

  • 20 necesidad

    f.
    1 need.
    tenemos una urgente necesidad de espacio we are in urgent need of more space
    no hay necesidad de algo there's no need for something
    no hay necesidad de hacer algo there's no need to do something
    tener necesidad de algo to need something
    obedecer a la necesidad (de) to arise from the need (to)
    2 necessity.
    por necesidad out of necessity
    3 hunger (hambre).
    pasar necesidades to suffer hardship
    * * *
    1 necessity, need
    2 (hambre) hunger
    3 (pobreza) poverty, want
    \
    de necesidad essential
    hacer sus necesidades familiar to relieve oneself
    no hay necesidad de... there's no need to...
    pasar necesidades to be in need, suffer hardship
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) need, necessity
    2) poverty, want
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=urgencia)
    a)

    • la necesidad de algo — the need for sth

    • la necesidad de hacer algo — the need to do sth

    • tener necesidad de algo — to need sth

    tienen necesidad urgente de ayuda alimenticia — they urgently need food aid, they are in urgent need of food aid

    y ¿qué necesidad tienes de irte a un hotel habiendo camas en casa? — why would you need to go to a hotel when there are spare beds at home?

    b)

    • de necesidad, en caso de necesidad — in an emergency

    • artículos o productos de primera necesidad — basic essentials, staple items

    c)

    • por necesidad, tuve que aprenderlo por necesidad — I had to learn it out of necessity

    el que se llame John no significa que tenga que ser inglés por necesidad — the fact that he is called John does not necessarily mean that he is English

    d)

    • sin necesidad, no corra riesgos sin necesidad — don't take unnecessary risks

    podemos llegar a un acuerdo sin necesidad de que intervenga el director — we can come to an agreement without any need for the director to intervene

    e) (=cosa necesaria) [personal] need; [objetiva] necessity

    para un representante un coche no es un lujo, es una necesidad — for a sales rep, a car is not a luxury, it's a necessity

    2) (=pobreza) need
    3) (=apuro) tight spot
    a) (=privaciones) hardships

    • pasar necesidades — to suffer hardship o hardships

    b)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (urgencia, falta) need

    en caso de necesidad — if necessary, if need be

    la necesidad hace maestros or aguza el ingenio — necessity is the mother of invention

    b) ( cosa necesaria) necessity, essential
    2) ( pobreza) poverty, need
    3) necesidades femenino plural
    a) ( requerimientos) needs (pl), requirements (pl)
    b) ( privaciones) hardship
    c)

    hacer sus necesidades — (euf) to relieve oneself (euph)

    * * *
    = necessity, need, requirement, want, exigency, urge, necessity.
    Ex. The main inconveniences of item record indexes arise from the necessity of searching the entire file.
    Ex. The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex. The most appropriate type of abstract must be chosen in accordance with the requirements of each individual application.
    Ex. Several possible rules governing the reference interview are examined; one calls for inquiry into client's underlying wants, 'the face value rule', another for inquiry into underlying needs, 'the purpose rule'.
    Ex. The LA dangles between short-term exigencies and long-term potentials, and a call for cuts in library school output is trying to cure symptoms rather than diseases.
    Ex. The urge to mechanize paper-making came at first as much from the papermakers' desire to free themselves from dependence upon their skilled but rebellious workmen as from the pursuit of production economies.
    Ex. Books may be useful to many people, but it is by no means common for them to be necessities.
    ----
    * adaptable a las necesidades del usuario = customisable [customizable, -USA].
    * adaptar a las necesidades de = tailor to + the needs of, gear to + the needs of.
    * adaptar a una necesidad = time to + need, suit + requirement.
    * adaptarse a una necesidad = suit + need.
    * adecuar a una necesidad = suit + purpose, tailor to + demand.
    * ahorrarse la necesidad de = circumvent + the need to.
    * amoldarse a las necesidades de = bend to + the needs of.
    * análisis de necesidades = needs assessment, needs analysis.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * atender a una necesidad = meet + need, speak to + need.
    * atender las necesidades = provide for + needs.
    * atender una necesidad = address + need, cover + requirement, fulfil + requirement, serve + need.
    * comprobación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * confirmar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * cuando le surja la necesidad = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * cubrir la mayoría de las necesidades = go + most of the way.
    * cubrir las necesidades de = provide for.
    * cubrir una necesidad = cover + need, meet + need, serve + need, fill + need, fulfil + need, speak to + need.
    * defender la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * defender la necesidad de = support + the case for.
    * diagnosticar las necesidades de = diagnose + needs.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eludir la necesidad de = bypass + the need (for).
    * estrategia para enfrentarse a las necesidades diarias = coping strategy, coping skill.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * evaluación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * evaluación de necesidades = needs assessment.
    * evaluar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * existir una necesidad de = there + be + call for.
    * hacer frente a una necesidad = meet + need, serve + need.
    * hacer + Posesivo + necesidades = relieve + Reflexivo, go + potty.
    * hacer que Algo sea pertinente a las necesidades de Algo o Alguien = make + Nombre + relevant to.
    * insistir en la necesidad de = insist on + the necessity of, insist on + the need for.
    * justificar la necesidad de = justify + the case for.
    * la necesidad agudiza el ingenio = necessity mothers invention, necessity is the mother of invention.
    * librar de la necesidad de = relieve of + the necessity of, relieve of + the need to.
    * necesidad apremiante = desperate need.
    * necesidad corporal = bodily function.
    * necesidad de información = information need.
    * necesidad económica = economic necessity, economic need.
    * necesidades de espacio = space requirements.
    * necesidad extrema = dire need.
    * necesidad humana = human need.
    * necesidad imperiosa = desperate need.
    * necesidad informativa = information need.
    * necesidad urgente = desperate need, urgent need.
    * necesidad visceral = visceral need.
    * niño con necesidades especiales = special needs child.
    * no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.
    * orientado hacia unas necesidades = need oriented.
    * plantear la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.
    * prever una necesidad = project + need.
    * producto de la necesidad = born of necessity.
    * provisiones de primera necesidad = basic provisions, basic goods.
    * que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.
    * quien no malgasta no pasa necesidades = waste not, want not.
    * recalcar la necesidad = stress + the need.
    * regla de la necesidad = purpose rule.
    * resaltar la necesidad = stress + the need.
    * resaltar la necesidad de = imprint + the need for.
    * resolver una necesidad = address + requirement.
    * responder a una necesidad = address + need.
    * satisfacer las necesidades = provide for + needs.
    * satisfacer las necesidades de = provide for.
    * satisfacer una necesidad = match + need, match + requirement, meet + need, meet + requirement, satisfy + need, satisfy + requirement, accommodate + need, fulfil + need.
    * sentir la necesidad de = feel + need for, feel + the need to, get + the urge to.
    * sin necesidad de ello = gratuitous, gratuitously.
    * sin necesidad de pensar = thought-free.
    * surgir una necesidad = need + arise.
    * tecnología adaptada a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive technology.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * verse en la necesidad = be constrained to.
    * verse en la necesidad de = be left with the need to.
    * verse en la necesidad urgente de = be hard pressed.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (urgencia, falta) need

    en caso de necesidad — if necessary, if need be

    la necesidad hace maestros or aguza el ingenio — necessity is the mother of invention

    b) ( cosa necesaria) necessity, essential
    2) ( pobreza) poverty, need
    3) necesidades femenino plural
    a) ( requerimientos) needs (pl), requirements (pl)
    b) ( privaciones) hardship
    c)

    hacer sus necesidades — (euf) to relieve oneself (euph)

    * * *
    = necessity, need, requirement, want, exigency, urge, necessity.

    Ex: The main inconveniences of item record indexes arise from the necessity of searching the entire file.

    Ex: The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex: The most appropriate type of abstract must be chosen in accordance with the requirements of each individual application.
    Ex: Several possible rules governing the reference interview are examined; one calls for inquiry into client's underlying wants, 'the face value rule', another for inquiry into underlying needs, 'the purpose rule'.
    Ex: The LA dangles between short-term exigencies and long-term potentials, and a call for cuts in library school output is trying to cure symptoms rather than diseases.
    Ex: The urge to mechanize paper-making came at first as much from the papermakers' desire to free themselves from dependence upon their skilled but rebellious workmen as from the pursuit of production economies.
    Ex: Books may be useful to many people, but it is by no means common for them to be necessities.
    * adaptable a las necesidades del usuario = customisable [customizable, -USA].
    * adaptar a las necesidades de = tailor to + the needs of, gear to + the needs of.
    * adaptar a una necesidad = time to + need, suit + requirement.
    * adaptarse a una necesidad = suit + need.
    * adecuar a una necesidad = suit + purpose, tailor to + demand.
    * ahorrarse la necesidad de = circumvent + the need to.
    * amoldarse a las necesidades de = bend to + the needs of.
    * análisis de necesidades = needs assessment, needs analysis.
    * apoyar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * atender a una necesidad = meet + need, speak to + need.
    * atender las necesidades = provide for + needs.
    * atender una necesidad = address + need, cover + requirement, fulfil + requirement, serve + need.
    * comprobación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * confirmar la necesidad de = endorse + the need (for/to).
    * cuando le surja la necesidad = at + Posesivo + time of need.
    * cubrir la mayoría de las necesidades = go + most of the way.
    * cubrir las necesidades de = provide for.
    * cubrir una necesidad = cover + need, meet + need, serve + need, fill + need, fulfil + need, speak to + need.
    * defender la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * defender la necesidad de = support + the case for.
    * diagnosticar las necesidades de = diagnose + needs.
    * dispositivo de ayuda a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive device.
    * eliminar la necesidad de = remove + the need for.
    * eludir la necesidad de = bypass + the need (for).
    * estrategia para enfrentarse a las necesidades diarias = coping strategy, coping skill.
    * estudiar una necesidad = analyse + need.
    * evaluación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.
    * evaluación de necesidades = needs assessment.
    * evaluar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * existir una necesidad de = there + be + call for.
    * hacer frente a una necesidad = meet + need, serve + need.
    * hacer + Posesivo + necesidades = relieve + Reflexivo, go + potty.
    * hacer que Algo sea pertinente a las necesidades de Algo o Alguien = make + Nombre + relevant to.
    * insistir en la necesidad de = insist on + the necessity of, insist on + the need for.
    * justificar la necesidad de = justify + the case for.
    * la necesidad agudiza el ingenio = necessity mothers invention, necessity is the mother of invention.
    * librar de la necesidad de = relieve of + the necessity of, relieve of + the need to.
    * necesidad apremiante = desperate need.
    * necesidad corporal = bodily function.
    * necesidad de información = information need.
    * necesidad económica = economic necessity, economic need.
    * necesidades de espacio = space requirements.
    * necesidad extrema = dire need.
    * necesidad humana = human need.
    * necesidad imperiosa = desperate need.
    * necesidad informativa = information need.
    * necesidad urgente = desperate need, urgent need.
    * necesidad visceral = visceral need.
    * niño con necesidades especiales = special needs child.
    * no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.
    * orientado hacia unas necesidades = need oriented.
    * plantear la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.
    * prever una necesidad = project + need.
    * producto de la necesidad = born of necessity.
    * provisiones de primera necesidad = basic provisions, basic goods.
    * que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.
    * quien no malgasta no pasa necesidades = waste not, want not.
    * recalcar la necesidad = stress + the need.
    * regla de la necesidad = purpose rule.
    * resaltar la necesidad = stress + the need.
    * resaltar la necesidad de = imprint + the need for.
    * resolver una necesidad = address + requirement.
    * responder a una necesidad = address + need.
    * satisfacer las necesidades = provide for + needs.
    * satisfacer las necesidades de = provide for.
    * satisfacer una necesidad = match + need, match + requirement, meet + need, meet + requirement, satisfy + need, satisfy + requirement, accommodate + need, fulfil + need.
    * sentir la necesidad de = feel + need for, feel + the need to, get + the urge to.
    * sin necesidad de ello = gratuitous, gratuitously.
    * sin necesidad de pensar = thought-free.
    * surgir una necesidad = need + arise.
    * tecnología adaptada a usuarios con necesidades especiales = assistive technology.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * verse en la necesidad = be constrained to.
    * verse en la necesidad de = be left with the need to.
    * verse en la necesidad urgente de = be hard pressed.

    * * *
    A
    1 (urgencia, falta) need
    en caso de necesidad me lo prestará she'll lend it to me if necessary o if need be
    una imperiosa necesidad an urgent o a pressing need
    tengo necesidad de unas vacaciones I'm in need of o I need a break
    ¿qué necesidad hay de decírselo? do we/you have to tell her?, is there any need to tell her?
    no hay necesidad de que se entere there's no need for her to know
    subrayó la necesidad de que permaneciera secreto he emphasized the need for it to remain secret
    hacer de la necesidad virtud to make a virtue of necessity
    la necesidad tiene cara de hereje beggars can't be choosers
    la necesidad hace maestros or aguza el ingenio necessity is the mother of invention
    2 (cosa necesaria) necessity, essential
    no es un lujo sino una necesidad it is not a luxury but a necessity o an essential
    B (pobreza) poverty, need
    viven en la necesidad they live in poverty, they are very poor o needy
    la necesidad lo impulsó a robar he stole out of necessity o need, poverty drove him to steal
    su muerte los dejó en la más absoluta necesidad his death left them in extreme poverty
    C
    (inevitabilidad): tienen que hacer transbordo en Irún por necesidad you have no alternative but to change trains at Irún
    1 (requerimientos) needs (pl), requirements (pl)
    no podremos satisfacer sus necesidades we will be unable to meet your requirements o needs
    2 (privaciones) hardship
    sufrieron or pasaron muchas necesidades they suffered a great deal of hardship
    3
    hacer sus necesidades ( euf); to relieve oneself ( euph)
    saca al perro a hacer sus necesidades take the dog out to do his business ( euph)
    se hace sus necesidades encima he dirties o soils himself ( euph)
    * * *

     

    necesidad sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (urgencia, falta) need;


    en caso de necesidad if necessary, if need be


    2
    ◊ necesidades sustantivo femenino plural




    c)


    necesidad sustantivo femenino
    1 necessity, need: sentí la necesidad de abrazarla, I felt the need to hug her
    tengo necesidad de llorar, I need to cry
    por necesidad, of necessity
    2 (dificultad económica) hardship: pasan mucha necesidad, they suffer hardship
    ' necesidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acuciante
    - caso
    - haber
    - primera
    - primero
    - remediar
    - saciar
    - satisfacer
    - sueño
    - apremiante
    - artículo
    - creciente
    - cubrir
    - por
    - resaltar
    - tener
    English:
    basic
    - consuming
    - crying
    - demand
    - desperate
    - must
    - necessity
    - need
    - neediness
    - of
    - overwhelming
    - pinch
    - requirement
    - sore
    - staple
    - want
    * * *
    1. [en general] need;
    discutieron la necesidad de detener la violencia they discussed the need to stop the violence;
    en esta oficina tenemos una urgente necesidad de espacio we are in urgent need of more space in this office;
    no veo la necesidad de darle un premio I don't see any reason to give him a prize;
    nos recordaron la necesidad de ser discretos they reminded us of the need for discretion;
    no hay necesidad de que se lo digas there's no need for you to tell her;
    obedecer a la necesidad (de) to arise from the need (to);
    necesidad perentoria urgent need;
    puedes hablarme, sin necesidad de gritar there's no need to shout;
    se puede comer sin necesidad de calentarlo previamente can be eaten cold, needs no preheating;
    2. [obligación] necessity;
    por necesidad out of necessity;
    3. [hambre] hunger;
    [pobreza] poverty, need;
    pasar necesidades to suffer hardship;
    la necesidad la obligó a mendigar poverty forced her to beg
    4. Euf
    tengo que hacer mis necesidades I have to answer a call of nature;
    ya estoy harto de que los perros de los vecinos se hagan sus necesidades en la escalera I'm fed up of neighbours' dogs doing their business on the stairs
    * * *
    f
    1 need;
    en caso de necesidad if necessary;
    por necesidad out of necessity;
    hacer de la necesidad virtud make a virtue out of a necessity
    2 ( cosa esencial) necessity;
    3
    :
    hacer sus necesidades fam relieve o.s.
    4
    :
    pasar necesidades suffer hardship
    * * *
    1) : need, necessity
    2) : poverty, want
    3) necesidades nfpl
    : hardships
    4)
    hacer sus necesidades : to relieve oneself
    * * *
    1. (falta) need
    2. (cosa esencial) necessity [pl. necessities]
    3. (pobreza) poverty

    Spanish-English dictionary > necesidad

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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  • International Day for the Eradication of Poverty — The International Day for the Eradication of Poverty is celebrated every year on October 17 throughout the world. It was officially recognised by the United Nations in 1992, but the first commemoration of the event took place in Paris, France, in …   Wikipedia

  • extreme — extremeness, n. /ik streem /, adj., extremer, extremest, n. adj. 1. of a character or kind farthest removed from the ordinary or average: extreme measures. 2. utmost or exceedingly great in degree: extreme joy. 3. farthest from the center or… …   Universalium

  • extreme — ex•treme [[t]ɪkˈstrim[/t]] adj. trem•er, trem•est, n. 1) going well beyond the ordinary or average: extreme measures[/ex] 2) exceedingly great in degree: extreme joy[/ex] 3) farthest from the center or middle 4) utmost in direction or distance 5) …   From formal English to slang

  • Poverty in South America — Poverty is a result of people s inability to attain food, shelter, money, clothing, education, and any other essentials towards the well being of living. Many people that are suffering from poverty live in the low income areas known as rural… …   Wikipedia

  • Extreme poverty — is the most severe state of poverty. Many cannot meet basic needs for food, water, shelter, sanitation, and health care. [Sachs, Jeffrey (2005). The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time Penguin Press Hc ISBN 1 59420 045 9] To… …   Wikipedia

  • Poverty trap — – poverty trap is a scenario where people experience poverty due to circumstances beyond their control. The trap becomes cyclical and begins to reinforce itself if steps are not taken to break the cycle. Depending upon a person’s origin of birth …   Wikipedia

  • Poverty and Pauperism — • Persons whose existence is dependent for any considerable period upon charitable assistance, whether this assistance be public or private. Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Poverty and Pauperism     Poverty and Paup …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Poverty in Australia — is a contentious political issue. There is little doubt there is absolute poverty in Australia especially in Aboriginal communities. However many on the Left of Australian politics argue that relative poverty ought to be the appropriate measure.… …   Wikipedia

  • Poverty reduction — (or poverty alleviation ) is any process which seeks to reduce the level of poverty in a community, or amongst a group of people or countries. Poverty reduction programs may be aimed at economic or non economic poverty. Some of the popular… …   Wikipedia

  • The Obama Nation — The Obama Nation: Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality   …   Wikipedia

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