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1 ASKR
(-s, -ar), m.1) ash, ash-tree;2) ash-spear;3) small ship (þeir sigla burt á einum aski);4) wooden vessel or dish (stórir askar fullir af skyri);5) a Norse measure for liquids equal to four bowls (bollar), or sixteen ‘justur’.* * *s, m. [A. S. äsc, whence many Engl. local names; Germ. esche]1. an ash, fraxinus, Edda (Gl.); a. ygdrasils, Edda 10, 11, Pr. 431.2. anything made of ash:α. a spear, prop. ashen spear shaft (cp. δόρυ μείλινον, εϋμμελίης), Þiðr. 304, Edda (Gl.)β. a small ship, a bark (built of ash, cp. δόρυ, abies); en þeir sigla burt á einum aski, Fas. ii. 206, i. 421: it appears only two or three times in Icel. prose writers; hence may be explained the name of ascmanni, viking, pirate, in Adam Brem. ch. 212 [A. S. äscmen], cp. askmaðr.γ. a small vessel of wood (freq. in Icel., and used instead of deep plates, often with a cover (asklok) in carved work); stórir askar fullir af skyri, Eg. 549, 550; cp. kyrnu-askr, skyr-askr.δ. a Norse measure for liquids, equal to four bowls, or sixteen justur, Gþl. 525, N. G. L. i. 328, H. E. i. 396, Fms. vii. 203.COMPDS: askasmiðr, askaspillir. -
2 karl-askr
m. a full measure, opp. to kvennaskr, a kind of half measure, Jb. 375. -
3 skyr-askr
m. a curd-bowl, Eg. 204. -
4 Embla
(in Ub. spelt Emla), u, f. a mythol. word, which only occurs in Vsp. 17; and hence in Edda (where it is said that the gods found two lifeless trees, the askr ( ash) and the embla; of the ash they made man, of the embla woman), it is a question what kind of tree the embla was; some suggest a metathesis, qs. emla from ahnr, elm, but the compound emblu-askr, in one of Egil’s poems, seems to shew that the embla was in some way related to the ash. -
5 BOLLI
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6 eski
n. ashen box (eski Friggjar).* * *n. [askr], an ashen box, Edda 17, 21, Fms. ii. 254, Fas. i. 237, Ísl. ii. 79; mod. spelt askja, and used of any small box. -
7 HEL
(gen. heljar, dat. helju), f.blár sem hel, black as Hel;2) abode of the dead (gráta Baldr ór helju);leysa höfuð sitt ór helju, to save oneself from death;rasa í helina opna, to rush into open death;liggja á heljar þremi, to be on the verge of death;3) death (þykkir ekki betra líf en hel);berja e-n grjóti í hel, to stone one to death.* * *f., gen. heljar, dat. helju or hel (less correct); a nom. helja never occurs in old writers, although a gen. helju is used in the mod. phrase, milli heims ok helju (old and better heljar); [Ulf. halja = αδης, Matth. xi. 23, Luke xvi. 23, 1 Cor. xv. 55; A. S. and Engl. hell; Hel. and O. H. G. hellia; Germ. hölle; cp. Dan. i hjel]:—the abode of the dead:1. in a heathen sense answering to the Greek Hades, and distinguished from Valhalla; í Helju, Alm. 15, 19, 21, 27, 33; til Heljar, Skm. 27, Vtkv. 6, Vþm. 43; ok létta ekki fyrr en vér höfum Sigmund í Helju, Fær. 166; væntir mik, at hann sé nú í Helju, Fas. i. 233; at þau undr beri fyrir þik at þú sér brátt í Helju ok víst mun þetta þín furða vera, Ísl. ii. 351; fara til Heljar, to fare to Hel. to die, Gísl. 107.2. phrases or sayings, heimta e-n ór Helju, to draw one out of Hel, i. e. to rescue him from imminent death or peril; þóttusk þeir hafa hann ór Helju heimtan, Eg. 533, Fs. 8, Fms. iii. 80; cp. gráta Baldr ór Helju, Edda 38, 39, Bs. i. 648 (in a verse); búask til Heljar, to busk one for a journey to Hel. i. e. to put him in a shroud; ok er þat því mælt at maðr þykki til Heljar búask, sá er sik klæðir mjök, þá er hann gengr út eðr klæðir sik lengi, Gísl. 107; liggja (vera) milli heims ok Heljar (see heimr II), Grett. 114, Fas. ii. 437, Fb. i. 260; liggja á Heljar þremi, to lie on the threshold of Hel. O. H. L. 71; eigi eru vér svá á Heljar þröm komnir, at þú hafir allt ráð várt í hendi þér, 655 x. 1; rasa í Helina opna, to rush into open Hel. i. e. to seek death, Fms. viii. 437; leysa höfuð ór Helju, to release one’s head out of Hel. Skv. 2. 1.II. death; unnusk þeir Hákon mikit, svú at þá skildi ekki nema hel, Fms. vii. 733; höggr á tvær hendr ok þykkir eigi betra líf en hel, without caring for his life, Ísl. ii. 368; mér er verra líf en hel, Stj. 495; bíða heljar, to bide for death, Stor. 24; nema þeim liggi við hel eða húsgangr, N. G. L. i. 54; þat er vant at sjá, félagsmaðr, hvárt fyrr kemr, hel eðr langframi, Orkn. 466.2. abverb. phrases,α. til heljar, to death; hafðr til heljar, put to death, Grág. i. 34; drepa mann til heljar, 161; bíta e-u til heljar, N. G. L. i. 341; svelta til heljar, to starve to death, Bret. 8; færa e-n til heljar, to slay one, Fms. vi. 166.β. í hel, to death (Dan. i hjel); sofa í hel, to sleep oneself to death, Rb. 356; vella möðkum í hel, 414; berja grjóti í hel, to stone to death, Landn. 236, Eb. 98, Ld. 152, Gísl. 118; berja e-n í hel, Fms. v. 181; drepa e-n í hel, Hbl. 27, Am. 38.III. the ogress Hel, the Proserpine of Scandin. mythol., Edda 18, 37–39, Gm. 31, Vtkv. 3; með Helju, id.; bjóða Helju útlausn, etc., id.; haldi Hel því er hefir, Edda 38 (in a verse): Hel was represented as of a black, livid hue, whence the phrase, blár sem Hel, black as Hel, Nj. 177; blár sem Hel ok digr sem naut, Eb. 314: Heljar-skinn, n. ‘Hel-skin,’ Black-skin; hann lézk eigi slík Heljarskinn séð hafa, Landn. 121; also as a nickname, id. The inmates of Hel (ghosts called up from below) were supposed to be endowed with a supernatural strength, whence the phrases, heljar-afl, n. strength of Hel, gigantic strength; tók hann þá á sínu heljarafli, Od. ix. 538 (ἐπέρεισε δε ιν ἀπέλεθρον): heljar-karl, m. a ‘hell-carle,’ a person of gigantic strength, Fb. i. 212: heljar-maðr, m. (heljar-menni, n.), a man of Hel, like heljar-karl, Ld. 160; er þat jafnan reynt, at heljarmaðrinn er harðr við at eiga, Al. 109; Oddr kvað eigi hógligt við heljarmann þann, en við fjölkyngi móður hans, Fs. 32; ok er íllt at fásk við heljarmanninn, Grett. 134; görðu eigi þat at hætta þér einn undir vápn heljarmannsins, Þorst. S. St. 52; hann er h. ok ván at íllt hljótisk af, Fs. 36; ekki mun heljarmaðr þessi láta hér við lenda, Od. xxii. 70: Heljar-sinnar, m. pl. the champions of Hel, demons, ghosts, Edda (Sksm.) 41; salir Heljar, the halls of Hel, Vsp. 35: cp. also Heljar-grind, f. the gates of Hel; Heljar-meyjar, f. pl. the maids of Hel; Heljar-reip, n. the ropes of Hel, Sól. 37–39; Heljar-rann, n. the hall of Hel, Vtkv. 6; Heljar-diskr, m. the dish of Hel, Edda (Gl.), Sturl. (in a verse); Heljar-epli, n., Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse); Heljar-askr, m. the ash of Hel, Sturl. (in a verse), cp. Vsp. 2. -
8 KIRNA
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9 KONA
* * *(gen. pl. kvenna), f.1) woman (var hón kvenna fríðust);2) wife (ek em kona Njáls).* * *u, f., kuna, Fms. vii. 106; gen. pl. kvinna, 109, 274, Hdl. 15, but usually kvenna, which form is a remains of an older obsolete kvina: [Goth. qino = γυνή; Hel. quena; O. H. G. chiona; Swed. kåna; Dan. kone; again, the forms of the Goth. quens or qveins, A. S. cwen, Engl. queen, Scot. quean = Engl. wench, Dan. kvinde answer to the obsolete kván, q. v.]:—a woman; karl ok kona, man and woman, passim; brigðr er karla hugr konum, Hm. 90; kona ok karlmaðr, Grág. i. 171; kona eða karlmaðr, Nj. 190; hón var kvinna fríðust, Fms. vii. 109; henni lézt þykkja agasamt, ok kvað þar eigi kvinna vist, 274; konor þær er óarfgengjar eru, Grág. i. 228; mun þat sannask sem mælt er til vár kvenna, Fms. iv. 132; kveðr hann vera konu níundu nótt hverja ok eiga þá viðskipti við karlmenn, N. G. L. i. 57: sayings, köld er kvenna ráð, Gísl.; meyjar orðum skyli manngi trúa, né því er kveðr kona, Hm. 83; svá er friðr kvenna, 89; hón var væn kona ok kurteis, Nj. 1; ok var hón kvenna fríðust, she was the fairest of women, 50; hón var skörungr mikill ok kvenna fríðust sýnum, hón var svá hög at fár konur vóru jafnhagar henni, hón var allra kvenna grimmust, 147; fundusk mönnum orð um at konan var enn virðuleg, Ld. 16; Unnr var vegs-kona mikil ( a stately lady), Landn. 117; konur skulu ræsta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175; konu-hár, -klæði, -föt, woman’s hair, attire, Fms. iii. 266, Greg. 53; konu bú, woman’s estate, Grág. ii. 47; konu-líki (liking), woman’s shape, Skálda 172, Grett. 141; konu-nám, konu-tak, eloping, abduction of a woman, Grág. i. 355, Bjarn. 17; konu-mál, rape, fornication, = kvenna-mál, Eb. 182, Fs. 62, Stj. 499: frænd-kona, a kinswoman; vin-kona, a female friend; mág-kona, a sister-in-law; álf-kona, an ‘elf-quean;’ troll-kona, a giantess; heit-kona, a spouse; brúð-kona, a bridemaid; vinnu-kona, grið-kona, a female servant; ráðs-kona, a stewardess; bú-kona, hús-kona, a house-mistress, house-wife; spá-kona, a prophetess, Scot. ‘spae-wife;’ skáld-kona, a poëtess.II. a wife; ek em kona Njáls, Nj. 54; Evu Adams konu, Hom. 31; við hans konu Sophram, Ver. 52; af konu minni eða sonum, Nj. 65; en ef bú þeirra standa, þá munu þeir vitja þeirra ok kvenna sinna, 207; messu-djákn enginn, né kona hans né klerkr hans, N. G. L. i. 97.—The word is now almost disused in sense I, kvennmaðr being the common word, whereas in sense II. it is a household word. konu-efni, n. one’s future wife, bride: konu-fé, n. a marriage portion, Js. 80: konu-lauss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fs.: konu-leysi, n. the being konulauss: konu-ríki, n., see kvánríki.B. COMPDS, with the gen. plur. kvenna-: kvenna-askr, m. a kind of half measure, opp. to karlaskr, q. v.; hálfr annarr k. í karlaski, Jb. 375. kvenna-ást, f. amour, Bs. i. 282, Fms. v. 341. kvenna-búnaðr, m. a woman’s attire, Skálda 334. kvenna-far, n. love affairs, Lat. amores, Fms. i. 187. kvenna-ferð, f. a journey fit for women, Ld. 240. kvenna-fólk, n. woman-folk, Nj. 199. kvenna-friðr, m. sacredness of women, N. G. L. ii. kvenna-fylgjur, f. pl. female attendants, Grág. i. 342. kvenna-gipting, f. marriage, N. G. L. i. 343, Jb. 6. kvenna-giptir, f. pl. a giving in marriage, N. G. L. i. 27, 343. kvenna-hagr, m. woman’s condition, Rb. 414. kvenna-heiti, n. names of women, Edda (Gl.) kvenna-hjal, n. women’s gossip, Gísl. 15. kvenna-hús, n. a lady’s bower, Fas. ii. 162. kvenna-innganga, u, f. entrance of women into the church, churching, B. K. 110. kvenna-klæðnaðr, m. a female dress, Grág. i. 338. kvenna-land, n. the land of the Amazons, Rb. 348, Fms. xi. 414. kvenna-leiðir, m. ‘women-guide,’ a law term used of a child as the sole witness to lawsuit for a rape; barn þat er heitir k., N. G. L. i. 357, 367. kvenna-lið, n. woman-folk, Nj. 199, Lv. 38. kvenna-maðr, m. a woman’s man, given to women; mikill k., Hkr. i. 208, Rb. 414; lítill k., chaste, Fbr. 12. kvenna-mál, n. love matters, Orkn. 334: rape, fornication, 444, Lv. 3. kvenna-munr, m. distinction of women, Fms. x. 387. kvenna-nám, n. a rape, Grág. i. 353. kvenna-ráð, n. pl. women’s counsel, Nj. 177. kvenna-siðr, m. habits of women, Grág. i. 338. kvenna-skap, n. a woman’s temper, Nj. 68. kvenna-skáli, a, m. a woman’s apartment, Sturl. iii. 186. kvenna-skipan, f. arrangement of the ladies (at a banquet), Ld. 202. kvenna-sveit, f. a bevy of ladies, Fms. vi. 1. kvenna-vagn, m. ‘woman’s wain,’ a constellation, opp. to karlsvagn, Rb. 1812. 16. kvenna-vist, f. women’s abode, fit for women, Hkr. iii. 339. -
10 mæli-
in compds, mæli-askr, m., -ker, -kerald, n. a measure, vessel, N. T., Matth. v. 15, Stj. 293, Gþl. 524: mæli-hlass, n. a measured cartload, Rd. 232, Ám. 60. -
11 MÖRK
* * *I)(gen. merkr, pl. merkr), f. mark, by weight or value, = eight ounces (átta aurar).(gen. markar and merkr, pl. markir and merkr), f. forest.pl. from mark, march, border.* * *1.f., gen. sing. merkr, pl. merkr, [a word common to all Teut. languages]:—a mark, in weight equal to eight ounces or half a pound; twenty merkr make a fjórðung, q. v.; eighty merkr = a vætt; þat er lögpundari at átta fjórðungar eru í vætt, en tuttugu merkr skolu í fjórðungi vera, Grág. i. 499.2. a mark, by weight or value, of gold and silver, eight ounces (átta aurar) go to a mark, 732. 16; mörk silfrs, mörk gulls, þrim mörkum gulls, Fms. vii. 235, Grág., Sagas passim; mörk vegins silfrs, O. H. L. 23; gullhringa ok stóð mörk hvárr, Eg. 464: often used absol. so that the standard can only be seen from the context, verðr hann útlagr þrem mörkum, Grág. i. 16, 132; varðar honum þat sex merkr, tólf merkr, 319; varðar þat þriggja marka sekð, 499; hversu mikit fé er þetta? hann sagði hundrað marka, Nj. 4; Áðalsteinn vill gefa skilling manni hverjum frjálsbornum, en mörk sveitar-höfðingja hverjum, Eg. 280; hann skal gjalda hálfa mörk fyrir eyri, Grág. i. 208; þrjú hundruð hundraða eptir forngildu marka-tali, Dipl. v. 20; svá mikit ofa-fé at trautt kom marka-tali á, Fær. 11; hann var svá auðigr af gulli at engi vissi marka-tal, Fms. vi. 176; merkr-kaup, a purchase to the amount of a mörk, Gþl. 497; merkr-þjófr, a theft to the value of a mark, N. G. L. i. 326; merkr stykki, a piece amounting to a mark, H. E. ii. 188. As to the standard, the value of a mörk varied at different times and in different countries, see esp. Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal. In Icel. the confusion was made still greater, by the fact that (as remarked s. v. eyrir) the word mörk was also used of the wadmal standard (the ell of wadmal), and so the law speaks of a mörk vaðmála, Grág. i. 500; mörk sex … álna aura, etc., K. Þ. K. 70, 172, but this is a contradiction in terms, for mörk is a weight, not a measure: the real meaning is often only to be made out by the context, e. g. in questions of weregild the weighed mark is no doubt meant.II. of fluid, a pint, viz. half a pottr; in mod. usage all fluids and vessels holding fluids are thus measured, tveggja, þriggja … marka askr.2.f., gen. markar, but merkr, Fas. ii. 512; dat. mörk: pl. markir, Fs. 100, Ó. H. 80, 142, Hkr. i. 55; later merkr, Fb. i. 134, Fms. viii. 31; [akin to mark, q. v.]:—a forest; (prop. a march-land, border-land, see mark, marka; in olden times vast and dense forests often formed the border-land between two countries; cp. for Scandinavia, Sverr. S. ch. 12, 13; fóru þeir nú austr á markirnar, Fs. 100; austr um markir ok svá til Gautlands, Ó. H. 80; hann ruddi markir ok bygði þar sem nú heitir Jamtaland, 142); eyða annars manns mörk Gþl. 79; þeir er mörk eigu saman, 445; markar spell or spjöll, damage done to a forest, 368, Jb. 235; gengu þeir til merkrinnar, Fas. ii. 512; varð fyrir þeim mörk stór, Edda 28; á mörkinni, Fb. iii. 403; er þér ok heimil vár mörk sem þú villt höggva láta, Fs. 27; ryðja markir, ryðja mörkina ok brenna, to clear forests, Hkr. i. 55; fundusk þá víða í mörkunum skóglaus lönd, … brjóta vegu um markir, mýrar ok fjallvegu, id.; þá lagðisk hann út á merkr ok veiddi dýr, Fb. i. 134; stórar mýrar ok þröngar merkr, Fms. viii. 31; Sverrir konungr skyldi fara yfir mikit vatn í einni mörk, … á inni mestu mörkinni, 32; eyði-mörk, a wilderness.II. the word is freq. in Northern names of places; Mörk is used of Finnmarken, Finn-mörk, Eg. ch. 14; Þórólfr fór víða um Mörkina, Eg. 41; Þórólfr fór þenna vetr enn um Mörkina ok átti kaupstefnu við Finna, 56; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á Mörkina 58: Markir, f. pl. the Markland between Sweden and southern Norway, Fb. iii; whence Marka-menn, Marchmen, Fms. passim; cp. the Marcomanni of Tacitus, Die Mark in Germany. When the woodlands were cleared and turned into fields the name remained, thus in Danish mark means a field, open space:—in local names, Dan-mörk Þórs-mörk, a woodland in southern Icel. sacred to Thor; a few farms in southern Icel. are called Mörk, Nj., Landn., different from Holt: in Norse counties, Heið-mörk, Þela-mörk, Vingul-mörk, Finn-mörk. marka-menn, m. pl. robbers, outlaws (cp. Icel. skógarmaðr), Grett 118 A. -
12 ÆÐRI
i. e. œðri, compar. higher, superl. œztr, highest (spelt eozt, Rb. 1812. 51; the mod. spelling is æðstr); it has no positive: [this word is the same as the Goth. auhuma, auhumists, h and þ being interchanged; the usages in the Icel. N. T., when compared with the Goth., shew the identity of the words beyond doubt, e. g. æðstu prestar, Matth. xxvi. 59; sá æðsti prestr, 63; þeim æðstu prestum, xxvii. 3; þeir æðstu prestar, 6, 20: with which cp. ahumists gudja in Ulf.: þess árs æðsti prestr, John xviii. 15 (where Ulf. ‘ahumists’ weiha)]:—higher, highest:I. in a local sense; uppi ok niðri leitaða ek æðra vegar up and down I sought for the higher road, Sól. 52; á bekk annan þann er æðri var, Ld. 294,—in the old halls the two sets of benches were technically called the æðri, the higher, and the ú-æðri, th e lower; as also æðra öndvegi and ú-æðra öndvegi, the upper and lower high-seat, passim: þeir náðu uppgöngu ok urðu æðri, higher, Fms. x. 412; ef leysings leysingr verðr veginn, ok á inn æðri (the former, Germ. jener) þar sök ok bætr, Grág. ii. 71; in all other places used,2. metaph. higher in rank or dignity; heilagir englar, aðrir eru öðrum œðri, ok öfundar engi annan, Greg. 37; œðri tign, Eluc. 12; œðri kraptr, Sks. 25; tólf hofgoðar vóru œztir, Hkr. i. 6; askr Ygdrasils hann er œztr viða, Gm. 44; biskupa allra er páfi œztr, 415. 5; þeim sveini er œztr væri, Heiðrekr segir, Haralds son vera œztan, Fas. i. 526; œztr ok mest virðr, Fms. i. 247; fyrstr eðr êdzstr (sic), Sti, 278, v. l.; hit œzta hof í Gautlandi, Fms. x. 252; inni æztu Guðs þjónustu, K. Á. 36; þar er œzt kirkja Benedikti, Symb. 25: the word is still in freq. use both in speech and in writing, see the references above from the Icel. N. T. -
13 askmaðr
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