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arbitrary+selection

  • 1 selection with arbitrary probability

    = selection with variable probability
    French\ \ choix avec probabilité arbitraire; choix avec probabilité variable
    German\ \ Auswahl mit willkürlich gesetzten Auswahlwahrscheinlichkeiten
    Dutch\ \ steekproeftrekking met willekeurig vastgestelde kansen; steekproeftrekking met bij elke individuele trekking variabele kansen
    Italian\ \ scelta con probabilità arbitraria
    Spanish\ \ selección con probabilidad arbitraria
    Catalan\ \ selecció amb probabilitat arbitrària; selecció amb probabilitat variable
    Portuguese\ \ selecção com probabilidade arbitrária; selecção com probabilidade variável; seleção com probabilidade arbitrária (bra); seleção com probabilidade variável (bra)
    Romanian\ \ -
    Danish\ \ -
    Norwegian\ \ -
    Swedish\ \ urval med godtyckliga sannolikheter
    Greek\ \ επιλογή με πιθανότητα αυθαίρετη; επιλογή με μεταβλητό πιθανότητα
    Finnish\ \ poiminta mielivaltaisella todennäköisyydellä
    Hungarian\ \ tetszõleges (változó) valószínûségû kiválasztás
    Turkish\ \ keyfi olasılıklı seçim; değişken olasılıklı seçim
    Estonian\ \ muutuva tõenäosusega valik
    Lithuanian\ \ atranka su laisvąja tikimybe; atranka su kintamąja tikimybe
    Slovenian\ \ -
    Polish\ \ losowanie z arbitralnie ustalonymi prawdopodobieństwami wyboru
    Russian\ \ выбор со случайной возможностью; выбор с переменной возможностью
    Ukrainian\ \ відбір із змінною імовірністю
    Serbian\ \ -
    Icelandic\ \ val með handahófskennt líkur; val með líkum breytu
    Euskara\ \ probabilitate arbitrarioko hautespen
    Farsi\ \ -
    Persian-Farsi\ \ -
    Arabic\ \ اختبار باحتمال اختياري، اختبار باحتمال متغير
    Afrikaans\ \ seleksie met arbitrêre waarskynlikheid; seleksie met veranderlike waarskynlikheid
    Chinese\ \ 接 任 意 概 率 抽 选
    Korean\ \ 임의확률선택

    Statistical terms > selection with arbitrary probability

  • 2 selection with variable probability

    Statistical terms > selection with variable probability

  • 3 произвольная выборка

    2) Agriculture: random (drawn) sample, random sampling
    4) Information technology: acceptance sampling, arbitrary access
    5) Mechanics: random recall
    6) Automation: referenceless picking

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > произвольная выборка

  • 4 dedismo *

    SM arbitrary selection, arbitrary nomination

    Spanish-English dictionary > dedismo *

  • 5 despido

    m.
    1 dismissal.
    despido forzoso compulsory redundancy
    2 layoff, dismissal, discharge, removal from office.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: despedir.
    * * *
    1 dismissal, sacking
    \
    despido improcedente wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) dismissal, sacking *

    despido arbitrario — wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal

    despido improcedente — wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal

    despido injustificado, despido injusto — wrongful dismissal, unfair dismissal

    2) (=pago) severance pay, redundancy payment
    * * *
    masculino dismissal; ( por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff (AmE)
    * * *
    = dismissal, redundancy, discharge, layoff, termination, firing, sacking, job cut.
    Ex. In this context, salaries, bonus schemes and promotion are considered along with the corollaries of discipline and even dismissal for those who do not meet the required standard.
    Ex. Employers have often made 'no redundancy' agreements with unions implying that reductions have been arbitrary in their effect.
    Ex. A union contract usually spells out policies and procedures and workers' rights with respect to discharge.
    Ex. The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.
    Ex. No area of library operations would be unaffected -- from the selection of materials to the hiring and termination of personnel.
    Ex. Librarians tend to be sued most frequently in actions involving personnel decisions (hiring, disciplining and firing employees).
    Ex. Helen Clark is refusing to say how big a cabinet reshuffle will be in the wake of David Benson's sacking.
    Ex. Microsoft has just announced 1400 job cuts to reduce costs.
    ----
    * compensación por despido = redundancy payment, severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.
    * despido improcedente = wrongful dismissal.
    * indemnización por despido = severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.
    * * *
    masculino dismissal; ( por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff (AmE)
    * * *
    = dismissal, redundancy, discharge, layoff, termination, firing, sacking, job cut.

    Ex: In this context, salaries, bonus schemes and promotion are considered along with the corollaries of discipline and even dismissal for those who do not meet the required standard.

    Ex: Employers have often made 'no redundancy' agreements with unions implying that reductions have been arbitrary in their effect.
    Ex: A union contract usually spells out policies and procedures and workers' rights with respect to discharge.
    Ex: The director amplified: 'The personal touch would probably take some sting out of the layoff, but if I did it this way I could avoid involved discussions'.
    Ex: No area of library operations would be unaffected -- from the selection of materials to the hiring and termination of personnel.
    Ex: Librarians tend to be sued most frequently in actions involving personnel decisions (hiring, disciplining and firing employees).
    Ex: Helen Clark is refusing to say how big a cabinet reshuffle will be in the wake of David Benson's sacking.
    Ex: Microsoft has just announced 1400 job cuts to reduce costs.
    * compensación por despido = redundancy payment, severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.
    * despido improcedente = wrongful dismissal.
    * indemnización por despido = severance compensation, severance pay, golden handshake, severance scheme, redundancy pay.

    * * *
    dismissal; (por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff ( AmE)
    Compuestos:
    mass dismissal
    ● despido improcedente or indebido or injustificado
    unfair o wrongful dismissal
    * * *

     

    Del verbo despedir: ( conjugate despedir)

    despido es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    despedir    
    despido
    despedir ( conjugate despedir) verbo transitivo
    1 ( decir adiós):

    2 ( del trabajo) to dismiss, fire (colloq);
    ( por reducción de personal) to lay off
    3 ‹ olor› to give off;
    ‹humo/vapor› to emit, give off;
    ◊ salir despedido [corcho/pelota] to shoot out;

    el conductor salió despedido del asiento the driver was thrown out of his seat
    despedirse verbo pronominal ( decir adiós) to say goodbye;
    despidose de algn to say goodbye to sb
    despido sustantivo masculino
    dismissal;
    ( por falta de trabajo) redundancy, layoff
    despedir verbo transitivo
    1 (a un empleado) to sack, fire
    2 (a alguien que se va) to see off
    3 to say goodbye to
    4 (aroma, humo, etc) to give off
    despido sustantivo masculino dismissal, sacking
    ' despido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    oler
    - cesantía
    - desahuciar
    - indemnización
    - indemnizar
    - injustificado
    - liquidación
    English:
    by-product
    - dismissal
    - gross
    - notice
    - push
    - redundancy
    - redundancy pay
    - removal
    - sack
    - sacking
    - severance
    - unfair dismissal
    - result
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [expulsión] dismissal;
    su falta de disciplina precipitó su despido his lack of discipline led to his dismissal o sacking;
    la reestructuración de la empresa significó docenas de despidos the restructuring of the company meant dozens of lay-offs
    despido colectivo mass lay-off o Br redundancy;
    despido forzoso compulsory lay-off o Br redundancy;
    despido improcedente [por incumplimiento de contrato] wrongful dismissal;
    [por ir contra el derecho laboral] unfair o illegal dismissal;
    despido incentivado voluntary lay-off o Br redundancy;
    despido inmediato summary dismissal;
    despido libre dismissal without compensation;
    despido voluntario voluntary lay-off o Br redundancy
    2. [indemnización] redundancy money, US severance payment
    * * *
    m
    1 dismissal
    2 ( indemnización) severance pay
    * * *
    : dismissal, layoff
    * * *
    despido n redundancy [pl. redundancies]

    Spanish-English dictionary > despido

  • 6 случайный выбор

    1) Engineering: random selection
    4) Statistics: random sampling
    5) Psychology: randomization
    7) Advertising: occasional selection
    9) Makarov: arbitrary choice

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > случайный выбор

  • 7 dedazo

    * * *
    masculino (Méx fam)

    para estos nombramientos no habrá dedazo — there will be no selection of personal friends/family members for these posts

    * * *
    masculino (Méx fam)

    para estos nombramientos no habrá dedazo — there will be no selection of personal friends/family members for these posts

    * * *
    the appointment of political allies, relatives, friends, etc as civil servants
    para estos nombramientos no habrá dedazo there will be no selection of personal friends/family members for these posts
    * * *
    dedazo nm
    1. Am [designación arbitraria] arbitrary appointment;
    ¿y él cómo llegó hasta ahí? – por dedazo how did HE get the job? – they just gave it to him
    2. Méx [en política] = direct designation of a successor by the president in office, bypassing democratic procedure

    Spanish-English dictionary > dedazo

  • 8 Flax

    The following terms as given under the authority of the Ministry of Supply, are reprinted here with their permission. Flax Plants - of the species Linum usitatissimum cultivated for the production of seed or fibre or both. Flax, Fibre (Fibre Flax) - The variety of flax cultivated mainly for fibre production. Flax, fibre strands, or bundles - The aggregates, about 32 in number, of ultimate fibres which run from the level of the seed leaves up to the top of the branches of the flax straw. They are each composed of large numbers of ultimate fibres overlapping each other. Flax Fibres, Ultimate - The component cellulose fibres, about 11/4-in. long by 1/1000-in. wide, making up the fibre system of the flax straw. Flax, Linseed - The variety of flax cultivated mainly for seed production. Flax Seed - The term usually applied to the seed of fibre flax. A bag of flax seed in Ireland is sometimes 31/2 bushels, but it is more usual now to put up seed in 1-cwt. bags as in England. A peck of flax seed weighs approximately 14-lb. Flax Seed, Blue Blossom - Seed of a blue-flowered variety of flax. Flax Seed, Commercial - Flax seed usually named after its country or place of origin, but without a pedigree and without guarantee as to colour of flower. Flax Seed Germination - That percentage by number of a sample of seed which shows visible signs of growth within a stated time when kept under standard conditions of temperature and moisture. Flax Seed Germination, Standard - An arbitrary standard of germination of 90 per cent or more, incorporated in the flax growers' contract of the Ministry of Supply. Flax Seed, Lital - The generic name given to pedigree flax seed of several strains bred by the Linen Industry Research Association, Lambeg, and derived from those initials. Flax Seed, Minty - Seed which has been attacked by species of mites, usually owing to it being cracked and too damp. It is characterised by a dusty appearance and a distinct musty sweet smell. Flax Seed, Mixed Blue Blossom - A term used in Northern Ireland for seed from two or more blue-blossomed pedigree flaxes mixed together. Flax Seed, Pedigree - Seed of a strain of flax which has been improved by some recognised system of flax breeding and originally derived from the bulking of the seed from a single flax plant. Flax Seed, Plimmed - A local term for seed which has swollen through excess of moisture. Flax Seed Purity - That percentage by weight of seed taken from bulk which consists of whole flax seeds. Flax Seed Purity, Standard - An arbitrary standard of purity of 96 per cent or more with a weed seed content of 0.25 per cent or less, incorporated in the flax growers' contract of the Ministry of Supply. Flax Seed, Sowing - Seed of a germination and, purity making it acceptable for sowing. Flax Seed, Stormont - The generic name given to pedigree flax seed produced by the Plant Breeding Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland. Flax Seed, Weight per 1,000 - The weight in grams of 1,000 flax seeds picked at random from a sample. It is used as a measure of the plumpness and general quality of seed. Flax Seed, White Blossom - Seed of a white-flowered variety of flax. Flax Variety, Cross breeding - A method of flax breeding, based on fertilising the seed of a single plant of one strain by the pollen of a single plant of another strain and the study of the progeny. Flax Variety, Single Plant Selection - A method of flax breeding based on the study of a single self-fertilised flax plant and its progeny in subsequent generations. Linseed - The seed of linseed flax: and also of fibre flax when it is used for the same purposes as linseed. Moisture Content - To conform with the International ruling for seed testing the moisture content of flax seed should be expressed as a percentage of the original weight; the moisture content of other flax products being expressed as a percentage of the dry weight. Nomersan - A proprietary powder for dusting on flax seed as a prevention of certain seed-bome fungal diseases. Pickle - The term often applied to a single flax seed, i.e., a sample of seed is said to he of a large pickle or a small pickle. Weed Seed - The seed of any other species of plant present in a sample of flax seed.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Flax

  • 9 willekeurig

    1 [niet uitgekozen] arbitrary ⇒ 〈 toevallig, op goed geluk〉 random, 〈 lukraak〉 indiscriminate, voluntary 〈 spieren〉
    2 [eigenmachtig] arbitrary ⇒ high-handed, 〈 grillig〉 capricious
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een willekeurig aantal letters • any number of letters
         〈 wiskunde〉 willekeurige getallen • random numbers
         ik doe maar een willekeurige greep • I just take a few random examples
         een willekeurige selectie • a random sample/selection
         neem een willekeurige steen • take any stone (you like)
         willekeurig gekozen • chosen at random/haphazardly
    2   willekeurig te werk gaan • act/proceed arbitrarily/high-handedly

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > willekeurig

  • 10 división2

    2 = divide, division, partition, split, splitting up, cleavage, rift, segmentation, splitting, splintering, splinter, balkanization, fault line, parting, divided line.
    Ex. Nevertheless, this basic divide remains a useful distinction between two major categories of indexing systems.
    Ex. In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex. It is concluded that the choice of citation and co-citation thresholds can be influenced by formal considerations which ensure statistically meaningful partitions rather than arbitrary decision which can produce meaningless interpretations.
    Ex. The information note may consist of a brief history of a corporate body, highlighting changes in the body's name, mergers with other bodies, splits within or between bodies, etc.
    Ex. New topics develop not merely by fission -- the splitting up of established subjects -- but also by fusion -- the merging of previously distinct subjects.
    Ex. After the Civil War, Emerson saw in collegiate education 'a cleavage occurring in the hitherto firm granite of the past'.
    Ex. Chief among these challenges is the technological rift that exists between the Third World and on-line systems that have their roots in technologically advanced societies.
    Ex. Using this method, the segmentation of natural keywords can be handled flexibly.
    Ex. The most obvious threat is the splitting of the media sector into separate information and entertainment sectors.
    Ex. This splintering of membership hinders the development of library unionism as a factor within the profession.
    Ex. However, others see the splinters in the discipline as a step in its revitalization.
    Ex. This shifts in emphasis mirror the general balkanization of modern American society.
    Ex. These views underlie the fault line that divides British politics today.
    Ex. A brief selection of possible scientific explanations for a number of biblical miracles -- Noah's flood, the parting of the Red Sea, the burning bush, the ten plagues, manna from heaven, and the raising of Lazarus -- is provided.
    Ex. The 1944 Education Act established free, universal secondary education but on the divided lines suited to the needs of capitalism.
    ----
    * división cultural, la = cultural divide, the.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * división del trabajo = division of labour.
    * división de opiniones = division of opinion, split decision, divided opinions.
    * división de poderes = division of powers.
    * división digital, la = digital divide, the.
    * división + no estar clara = blur + division.
    * división política = political division.
    * división territorial = land division.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * hacer desaparecer una división = blur + division.
    * punto de división = break.
    * salvar la división = bridge + the divide.

    Spanish-English dictionary > división2

  • 11 división

    f.
    1 division, sharing out, distribution, partition.
    2 separation, division, disunion, split-up.
    3 division.
    4 division, branch, subsidiary.
    5 partition, division, wall.
    6 department, sector, division.
    7 scission, division.
    8 splitting, division.
    La división del átomo The splitting of the atom.
    9 division, military division.
    10 Division.
    11 cleavage.
    * * *
    1 division
    2 figurado division, divergence
    \
    división acorazada/blindada MILITAR armoured (US armored) division
    división de honor DEPORTE league of honour (US honor)
    primera/segunda división DEPORTE first/second division
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=separación) [de célula] division; [de átomo] splitting; [de gastos, ganancias] division
    2) (Mat) division

    hacer una división — to divide, do a division

    3) (=desunión) [de partido, familia] division, split
    4) (Dep) division

    división de honor — top division; (Ftbl) premier division

    5) (Mil) division
    6) (Com) (=sección) division
    7) (Bio) (=categoría) category
    8) (=zona)

    división administrativa, división territorial — administrative region

    * * *
    a) (Mat) division
    b) ( desunión) division
    c) ( del átomo) splitting; ( de célula) division, splitting; ( de herencia) division, sharing (out)
    d) (Adm, Dep, Mil) division
    * * *
    a) (Mat) division
    b) ( desunión) division
    c) ( del átomo) splitting; ( de célula) division, splitting; ( de herencia) division, sharing (out)
    d) (Adm, Dep, Mil) division
    * * *
    división1

    Ex: Computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

    división2
    2 = divide, division, partition, split, splitting up, cleavage, rift, segmentation, splitting, splintering, splinter, balkanization, fault line, parting, divided line.

    Ex: Nevertheless, this basic divide remains a useful distinction between two major categories of indexing systems.

    Ex: In simple terms, the essence of subject organisation is the division of literature (or references to literature) into manageable, or scannable categories, with each category being associated with an index term.
    Ex: It is concluded that the choice of citation and co-citation thresholds can be influenced by formal considerations which ensure statistically meaningful partitions rather than arbitrary decision which can produce meaningless interpretations.
    Ex: The information note may consist of a brief history of a corporate body, highlighting changes in the body's name, mergers with other bodies, splits within or between bodies, etc.
    Ex: New topics develop not merely by fission -- the splitting up of established subjects -- but also by fusion -- the merging of previously distinct subjects.
    Ex: After the Civil War, Emerson saw in collegiate education 'a cleavage occurring in the hitherto firm granite of the past'.
    Ex: Chief among these challenges is the technological rift that exists between the Third World and on-line systems that have their roots in technologically advanced societies.
    Ex: Using this method, the segmentation of natural keywords can be handled flexibly.
    Ex: The most obvious threat is the splitting of the media sector into separate information and entertainment sectors.
    Ex: This splintering of membership hinders the development of library unionism as a factor within the profession.
    Ex: However, others see the splinters in the discipline as a step in its revitalization.
    Ex: This shifts in emphasis mirror the general balkanization of modern American society.
    Ex: These views underlie the fault line that divides British politics today.
    Ex: A brief selection of possible scientific explanations for a number of biblical miracles -- Noah's flood, the parting of the Red Sea, the burning bush, the ten plagues, manna from heaven, and the raising of Lazarus -- is provided.
    Ex: The 1944 Education Act established free, universal secondary education but on the divided lines suited to the needs of capitalism.
    * división cultural, la = cultural divide, the.
    * división del mercado por grupos de consumidores = market segmentation.
    * división del trabajo = division of labour.
    * división de opiniones = division of opinion, split decision, divided opinions.
    * división de poderes = division of powers.
    * división digital, la = digital divide, the.
    * división + no estar clara = blur + division.
    * división política = political division.
    * división territorial = land division.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * hacer desaparecer una división = blur + division.
    * punto de división = break.
    * salvar la división = bridge + the divide.

    división3
    3 = unit, division.

    Ex: Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.

    Ex: She did not know at the time that she would never return to that department, or to the larger division that later incorporated it.
    * característica de división = characteristic of division.
    * de la división = divisional.
    * división canónica = canonical division.
    * división de forma = form division.
    * división de honor = premiership.
    * división del censo = census tract.
    * división de país = country division.
    * División de Préstamo de la Biblioteca Británica (BLLD) = British Library Lending Division (BLLD).
    * División de Servicios Bibliográficos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLBSD) = British Library Bibliographic Services Division (BLBSD).
    * división en departamentos = departmentation.
    * división en secciones = departmentation.
    * división enumerada = enumerated division.
    * división geográfica = geographical division.
    * jugador de primera división = major league player.
    * primera división = premiership.
    * Primera División, la = First Division, the.
    * sin división espacial = spatially unstructured.

    * * *
    1 ( Mat) division
    tengo que hacer cinco divisiones I have to do five divisions o division sums
    2 (desunión) division
    hay divisiones/hay una división en el seno del partido there are divisions/there is a division within the party
    3 (del átomo) splitting; (de una célula) division, splitting; (de una herencia) division, sharing, sharing out
    4 ( Mil) division
    la División Azul the Blue Division
    5 ( Dep) division
    la Primera División the First Division
    6 ( Adm) division
    la división financiera the financial division o section
    Compuestos:
    administrative region
    separation of powers
    division of labor*
    administrative region
    * * *

     

    división sustantivo femenino ( en general) division;

    división sustantivo femenino division: la división acorazada está en camino, the armoured division is on the way

    ' división' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    casta
    - interfase
    - partición
    - tercera
    - cabeza
    - compás
    - condado
    - decir
    - distribución
    - intendencia
    - ocupar
    - repartición
    - sección
    - separación
    - separar
    English:
    border
    - bracket
    - counterpart
    - division
    - into
    - part
    - relegate
    - severance
    - split
    - act
    - partition
    - season
    - state
    - tracking
    * * *
    1. [repartición] division;
    [partición] splitting up; [de átomo] splitting;
    hablaron sobre la división de la herencia they talked about how the inheritance was to be divided
    división de poderes separation of powers;
    división del trabajo division of labour
    2. [diversidad]
    hubo división de opiniones opinion was divided;
    aquí hay división de gustos musicales people have different tastes in music here
    3. [desunión] division;
    hay mucha división en el partido the party is very divided, there's a lot of division in the party
    4. [departamento] division, department;
    la división comercial de la empresa the firm's commercial department o division
    5. [matemática] division
    6. [militar] division
    división acorazada armoured division
    7. [deportiva] division;
    primera/segunda división first/second division;
    bajar a segunda división to be relegated to the second division
    la división de honor the first division, Br ≈ the Premier League
    * * *
    f
    1 MAT, MIL, DEP division
    2
    :
    hubo división de opiniones there were differences of opinion
    * * *
    división nf, pl - siones : division
    * * *
    división n division

    Spanish-English dictionary > división

  • 12 совершенно произвольный

    Совершенно произвольный-- The selection of all geometrical parameters is entirely arbitrary.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > совершенно произвольный

  • 13 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

См. также в других словарях:

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  • arbitrary selection — pasirinktinė atranka statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. arbitrary selection; optional selection vok. beliebige Auswahl, f; willkürliche Auswahl, f rus. произвольный выбор, m pranc. sélection optionnelle, f …   Fizikos terminų žodynas

  • sélection libre — laisvoji atranka statusas T sritis radioelektronika atitikmenys: angl. arbitrary selection; optional sampling vok. beliebige Auswahl, f; willkürliche Auswahl, f rus. произвольный выбор, m pranc. sélection libre, f; sélection optionnelle, f …   Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas

  • sélection optionnelle — laisvoji atranka statusas T sritis radioelektronika atitikmenys: angl. arbitrary selection; optional sampling vok. beliebige Auswahl, f; willkürliche Auswahl, f rus. произвольный выбор, m pranc. sélection libre, f; sélection optionnelle, f …   Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas

  • sélection optionnelle — pasirinktinė atranka statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. arbitrary selection; optional selection vok. beliebige Auswahl, f; willkürliche Auswahl, f rus. произвольный выбор, m pranc. sélection optionnelle, f …   Fizikos terminų žodynas

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  • arbitrary — ar|bi|trar|y [ arbı,treri ] adjective * not based on any particular plan or done for any particular reason: an arbitrary decision The selection of the 100 participants was completely arbitrary. a. used about actions that are considered to be… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • arbitrary */ — UK [ˈɑː(r)bɪtrərɪ] / US [ˈɑrbɪˌtrerɪ] adjective a) not based on any particular plan, or not done for any particular reason an arbitrary decision The selection of the 100 participants was completely arbitrary. b) used about actions that are… …   English dictionary

  • optional selection — pasirinktinė atranka statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. arbitrary selection; optional selection vok. beliebige Auswahl, f; willkürliche Auswahl, f rus. произвольный выбор, m pranc. sélection optionnelle, f …   Fizikos terminų žodynas

  • Sexual selection — This article is about the evolutionary concept. For the selection of the sex of offspring, see sex selection. Goldie s Bird of paradise: Ornamented male above; female below. Paradesia decora by John Gerrard Keulemans (d.1912) Sexual selection, a… …   Wikipedia

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