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applied+part

  • 1 рабочая часть

    1) Aviation: usable distance (ВПП)
    3) Engineering: business end (инструмента), effective range (шкалы), test portion (образца), wind tunnel test section, working part, working section
    4) Railway term: effective part
    6) Forestry: body (сверла)
    7) Astronautics: test chamber, test section
    8) Mechanic engineering: bearing length (напр., болта, штифта)
    9) Network technologies: transient portion
    10) Automation: body (инструмента)
    15) GOST: applied part (ГОСТ Р 50267.0-92)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рабочая часть

  • 2 изолированная рабочая часть типа F

    GOST: F-type isolated ( floating) applied part (ГОСТ Р 50267.0-92)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > изолированная рабочая часть типа F

  • 3 накладываемая часть

    Medicine: applied part (например для ЭКГ, отведение пациента - накладываемая часть)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > накладываемая часть

  • 4 находящаяся в непосредственном контакте с пациентом

    Medicine: applied part

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > находящаяся в непосредственном контакте с пациентом

  • 5 рабочая часть аппарата

    Medicine: applied part

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рабочая часть аппарата

  • 6 рабочая часть с защитой от разряда дефибриллятора

    GOST: defibrillation-proof applied part (ГОСТ Р 50267.0-92)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рабочая часть с защитой от разряда дефибриллятора

  • 7 рабочая часть типа B

    GOST: type B applied part (ГОСТ Р 50267.0-92)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рабочая часть типа B

  • 8 рабочая часть типа BF

    GOST: type BF applied part (ГОСТ Р 50267.0-92)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рабочая часть типа BF

  • 9 рабочая часть типа CF

    GOST: type CF applied part (ГОСТ Р 50267.0-92)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рабочая часть типа CF

  • 10 aplicado

    adj.
    diligent, industrious, studious.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: aplicar.
    * * *
    1→ link=aplicar aplicar
    1 (estudioso) studious, diligent, hard-working
    \
    ciencias aplicadas applied sciences
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [ciencia] applied
    2) (=estudioso) conscientious, diligent
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <ciencias/tecnología> applied (before n); < estudiante> diligent, hard-working
    * * *
    - da adjetivo <ciencias/tecnología> applied (before n); < estudiante> diligent, hard-working
    * * *
    aplicado1
    1 = studious, industrious, assiduous, conscientious.

    Ex: His face wore a look of studious concentration.

    Ex: The article 'Books made to order: libraries as publishers' reviews the practice of publishing as an activity for industrious smaller libraries.
    Ex: The management of a large number of digital images requires assiduous attention to all stages of production.
    Ex: Then the conscientious manager can help solve his problems without engaging in original laborious research or the risky practice of trial and error.
    * alumno no aplicado = underachiever.

    aplicado2

    Ex: Yet, in its own way, the press was taking the lead in putting pressure on the Community to adopt a more practical outlook, and by so doing kept the subject alive in the minds of the public.

    * ciencia aplicada = applied science.
    * física aplicada = applied physics.
    * investigación aplicada = action research.
    * tecnología aplicada = enabling technology.

    * * *
    1 ‹ciencias/tecnología› applied ( before n)
    2 (diligente) diligent, hard-working
    es muy aplicado he's very hardworking o diligent, he works/studies very hard
    * * *

    Del verbo aplicar: ( conjugate aplicar)

    aplicado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    aplicado    
    aplicar
    aplicado
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹ciencias/tecnología applied ( before n);


    estudiante diligent, hard-working
    aplicar ( conjugate aplicar) verbo transitivo
    1 (frml) ‹pomada/maquillaje/barniz to apply (frml)
    2 sanción to impose;
    descuento to allow;

    3método/sistema to put into practice
    verbo intransitivo (Col, Ven) to apply;
    aplicado a un puesto/una beca to apply for a job/a scholarship

    aplicarse verbo pronominal
    to apply oneself
    aplicado,-a adjetivo hard-working
    aplicar verbo transitivo to apply

    ' aplicado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aplicada
    - tosca
    - tosco
    - cielo
    - tanto
    English:
    applied
    - conscientious
    - diligent
    - industrious
    - keen
    - slack
    - studious
    * * *
    aplicado, -a adj
    1. [estudioso] diligent
    2. [ciencia] applied
    * * *
    adj hard-working
    * * *
    aplicado, -da adj
    : diligent, industrious
    * * *
    1. (persona) hard working
    2. (asignatura) applied

    Spanish-English dictionary > aplicado

  • 11 машинное оборудование

    1. machinery

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 creación

    f.
    creation, formation, generation.
    * * *
    1 (gen) creation
    2 (fundación) foundation, establishment, setting up
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción)
    a) [de obra, objeto, empleo, ambiente] creation
    b) [de empresa, asociación]
    2) (=cosa creada) creation
    3)

    la Creación — (Rel) the Creation

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción) creation
    b) ( cosa creada) creation
    2) (Relig) la Creación the Creation
    * * *
    = assignment, authoring, building, construction, creation, establishment, formation, foundation, generation, provision, setting up, organisation [organization, -USA], brain child [brainchild], constitution, fashioning, crafting, oeuvre, set-up.
    Ex. Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.
    Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex. Music, especially classical works, often requires the establishment of a uniform title.
    Ex. In 1970 she pointed to inconsistencies in the formation and arrangement of headings, the presence of useless ones, and variations in actual practice from what is thought to be practiced.
    Ex. In the early part of the 20th century donations were received from William K. Bixby which led to the foundation of the rare book collection.
    Ex. Information retrieval follows from the generation of an index.
    Ex. Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex. This contribution outlines the setting up of the systems, its benefits and problems encountered.
    Ex. This article discusses the history of the organisation of readers' camps for students of secondary schools in Slovakia which dates back to 1979.
    Ex. This paper reports an interview with Michael O'Donnell, whose brainchild, Salon Magazine is a successful World Wide Web only publication that has managed to forge a powerful identity without a printed counterpart.
    Ex. The chemical constitution of these materials is described and their deterioration characteristics explained.
    Ex. The university is a major force in the fashioning of the constantly changing urban way of life.
    Ex. This volume tellingly reveals the many negotiations, improvisations, sleights-of-hand, and slipknots that were a part of the crafting of Hitchcock's films.
    Ex. For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.
    Ex. Areas of particular concern are: equipment set-up and use; helping develop search strategies, logon/logoff procedures; and emergency assistance when things go wrong.
    ----
    * artes de creación literaria y artística, las = creative arts, the.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * creación artística = art work.
    * creación artística barata = kitsch.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * creación de categorías = categorisation [categorization, -USA].
    * creación de coaliciones = coalition building.
    * creación de conglomerados = conglomeration.
    * creación de depósitos de datos = data warehousing.
    * creación de documentos secundarios = surrogacy.
    * creación de empleo = job creation.
    * creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging.
    * creación de impedimentos = fence building.
    * creación de las montañas = mountain-building.
    * creación de lazos de amistad entre hombres = male bonding.
    * creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].
    * creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.
    * creación de modelos = modelling [modeling, -USA].
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * creación de prototipos = prototyping.
    * creación de referencias cruzadas = cross-referencing.
    * creación de réplicas en Internet = mirroring.
    * creación de servidor copia = site mirroring.
    * creación de servidor espejo = site mirroring.
    * creación de servidor réplica = site mirroring.
    * creación de sitio espejo = site mirroring.
    * creación de sustitutos documentales = surrogacy.
    * creación divina = divine creation.
    * creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.
    * de creación = authorial.
    * de reciente creación = newly developed [newly-developed].
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.
    * milagro de la creación, el = miracle of creation, the.
    * obra de creación literaria = fiction book.
    * obra de creación original = creative work.
    * obras de creación literaria = fiction.
    * tecnología para la creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging technology.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción) creation
    b) ( cosa creada) creation
    2) (Relig) la Creación the Creation
    * * *
    = assignment, authoring, building, construction, creation, establishment, formation, foundation, generation, provision, setting up, organisation [organization, -USA], brain child [brainchild], constitution, fashioning, crafting, oeuvre, set-up.

    Ex: Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.

    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: Building a search profile has much in common with building a document profile during indexing.
    Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: It is worth briefly observing a general approach to the creation of a data base.
    Ex: Music, especially classical works, often requires the establishment of a uniform title.
    Ex: In 1970 she pointed to inconsistencies in the formation and arrangement of headings, the presence of useless ones, and variations in actual practice from what is thought to be practiced.
    Ex: In the early part of the 20th century donations were received from William K. Bixby which led to the foundation of the rare book collection.
    Ex: Information retrieval follows from the generation of an index.
    Ex: Some school libraries are becoming involved in life-long learning but local government and public libraries must take responsibility for provisions for this.
    Ex: This contribution outlines the setting up of the systems, its benefits and problems encountered.
    Ex: This article discusses the history of the organisation of readers' camps for students of secondary schools in Slovakia which dates back to 1979.
    Ex: This paper reports an interview with Michael O'Donnell, whose brainchild, Salon Magazine is a successful World Wide Web only publication that has managed to forge a powerful identity without a printed counterpart.
    Ex: The chemical constitution of these materials is described and their deterioration characteristics explained.
    Ex: The university is a major force in the fashioning of the constantly changing urban way of life.
    Ex: This volume tellingly reveals the many negotiations, improvisations, sleights-of-hand, and slipknots that were a part of the crafting of Hitchcock's films.
    Ex: For about a 3rd of the departments, publications not covered in citation indexes accounted for at least 30 per cent of the citations to their total oeuvre.
    Ex: Areas of particular concern are: equipment set-up and use; helping develop search strategies, logon/logoff procedures; and emergency assistance when things go wrong.
    * artes de creación literaria y artística, las = creative arts, the.
    * compañía de nueva creación = startup [start-up].
    * creación artística = art work.
    * creación artística barata = kitsch.
    * creación de acuerdo de colaboración = partnership building.
    * creación de categorías = categorisation [categorization, -USA].
    * creación de coaliciones = coalition building.
    * creación de conglomerados = conglomeration.
    * creación de depósitos de datos = data warehousing.
    * creación de documentos secundarios = surrogacy.
    * creación de empleo = job creation.
    * creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging.
    * creación de impedimentos = fence building.
    * creación de las montañas = mountain-building.
    * creación de lazos de amistad entre hombres = male bonding.
    * creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].
    * creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.
    * creación de modelos = modelling [modeling, -USA].
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * creación de prototipos = prototyping.
    * creación de referencias cruzadas = cross-referencing.
    * creación de réplicas en Internet = mirroring.
    * creación de servidor copia = site mirroring.
    * creación de servidor espejo = site mirroring.
    * creación de servidor réplica = site mirroring.
    * creación de sitio espejo = site mirroring.
    * creación de sustitutos documentales = surrogacy.
    * creación divina = divine creation.
    * creación rápida de prototipos = rapid prototyping.
    * de creación = authorial.
    * de reciente creación = newly developed [newly-developed].
    * empresa de nueva creación = this sort of thing, startup [start-up].
    * investigación para la creación de innovaciones = innovation research.
    * milagro de la creación, el = miracle of creation, the.
    * obra de creación literaria = fiction book.
    * obra de creación original = creative work.
    * obras de creación literaria = fiction.
    * tecnología para la creación de imágenes digitales = digital imaging technology.

    * * *
    A
    1 (acción) creation
    la posibilidad de la creación de un organismo que … the possibility of setting up o creating a body which …
    la creación de 500 nuevos puestos de trabajo the creation of 500 new jobs
    la creación de un sistema más equitativo the creation o establishment of a fairer system
    un siglo de espléndida creación literaria y artística a century of outstanding creative activity, both literary and artistic
    2 (cosa creada) creation
    una de las grandes creaciones literarias de nuestro tiempo one of the great literary creations o works of our time
    una creación de un famoso modisto francés a creation by a famous French designer
    B ( Relig)
    la Creación the Creation
    * * *

     

    creación sustantivo femenino

    b) (Relig)


    creación sustantivo femenino creation
    ' creación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dudosa
    - dudoso
    - invención
    - empleo
    - engendro
    - obra
    English:
    brainchild
    - creation
    - making
    - brain
    - development
    - establishment
    - job
    * * *
    1. [acción] creation;
    la creación de empleo job creation;
    la creación de riqueza the creation of wealth;
    la creación artística artistic creativity;
    creación literaria [materia] creative writing;
    su objetivo es la creación a largo plazo de una sociedad más justa their long-term aim is to create a fairer society
    2. [resultado] creation;
    una de las últimas creaciones del escultor belga one of the Belgian sculptor's latest creations
    3.
    la Creación [el mundo] Creation
    * * *
    f creation
    * * *
    creación nf, pl - ciones : creation
    * * *
    creación n creation

    Spanish-English dictionary > creación

  • 14 en gran medida

    = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree
    Ex. These can be broadly categorised into the following two groups.
    Ex. This has been the case with newspapers which by and large have changed very little over the past century.
    Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex. The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex. If the report is to a considerable extent in the words of the reporter then entry will be made under the heading for the reporter.
    Ex. UDC recognizes, to a high degree, the value of synthesis in classification.
    Ex. Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex. The importance of the practicum in the curriculum has ebbed and flowed tremendously throughout the history of library education.
    Ex. And with the advent of computers, we have vastly accelerated the pace at which we are proceeding.
    Ex. She is still very much a children's book borrower with a smattering of titles taken from the applied sciences, which in Susan's case meant books on cookery and needlework.
    Ex. Those of us who deal with cooperatively produced catalogs and buy MARC tapes from a vendor will certainly feel the effects of all this keenly.
    Ex. His excellent rapport with Congress was in no small way responsible for the progress made by LC during his administration.
    Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex. In many ways, the order in DC is poor, separating language (400) from literature (800), and history (900) from the other social sciences (300) = En muchos sentidos, el orden de la CD es pobre al separar la lengua (400) de la literatura (800) y la historia (900) de las otras ciencias sociales (300).
    Ex. Only journals published in the USA and devoted exclusively or in large part to the literature of social gerontology are described here.
    Ex. Despite their weight of numbers, nurses have not been accorded a pre-eminent place in hospitals, and in large measure they continue to rely on medical libraries for their information needs.
    Ex. Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.
    Ex. To a great extent, these are self-explanatory reasons.
    Ex. To a large degree, the image an institution creates is determined by the leader who is the directing force of that institution.
    Ex. To a great degree, it is the faculty that make the Stanford psychology program so reputable.
    * * *
    = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree

    Ex: These can be broadly categorised into the following two groups.

    Ex: This has been the case with newspapers which by and large have changed very little over the past century.
    Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex: The reason for its popularity was largely that it was based upon a principle of conformity in essentials, and freedom in details.
    Ex: If the report is to a considerable extent in the words of the reporter then entry will be made under the heading for the reporter.
    Ex: UDC recognizes, to a high degree, the value of synthesis in classification.
    Ex: Variations in the extent of the description between a set of entries account to a large extent for the distinction between main, added and unit entries.
    Ex: The importance of the practicum in the curriculum has ebbed and flowed tremendously throughout the history of library education.
    Ex: And with the advent of computers, we have vastly accelerated the pace at which we are proceeding.
    Ex: She is still very much a children's book borrower with a smattering of titles taken from the applied sciences, which in Susan's case meant books on cookery and needlework.
    Ex: Those of us who deal with cooperatively produced catalogs and buy MARC tapes from a vendor will certainly feel the effects of all this keenly.
    Ex: His excellent rapport with Congress was in no small way responsible for the progress made by LC during his administration.
    Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex: In many ways, the order in DC is poor, separating language (400) from literature (800), and history (900) from the other social sciences (300) = En muchos sentidos, el orden de la CD es pobre al separar la lengua (400) de la literatura (800) y la historia (900) de las otras ciencias sociales (300).
    Ex: Only journals published in the USA and devoted exclusively or in large part to the literature of social gerontology are described here.
    Ex: Despite their weight of numbers, nurses have not been accorded a pre-eminent place in hospitals, and in large measure they continue to rely on medical libraries for their information needs.
    Ex: Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.
    Ex: To a great extent, these are self-explanatory reasons.
    Ex: To a large degree, the image an institution creates is determined by the leader who is the directing force of that institution.
    Ex: To a great degree, it is the faculty that make the Stanford psychology program so reputable.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en gran medida

  • 15 entrega

    f.
    1 handing over.
    el acto de entrega de los Premios Nobel the Nobel Prize award ceremony
    no acudió a la entrega de premios he didn't attend the prizegiving ceremony
    hacer entrega de algo a alguien to present somebody with something
    entrega a domicilio home delivery
    entrega contra reembolso cash on delivery
    2 devotion.
    3 delivery, hand-over, handover, submission.
    4 surrender.
    5 abnegation, self-sacrifice.
    6 treason.
    7 installment.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: entregar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: entregar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) handing over
    2 (de premios) presentation
    3 COMERCIO delivery
    4 (de posesiones) surrender
    5 (fascículo) instalment (US installment), part
    6 figurado (devoción) selflessness, devotion
    7 DEPORTE pass
    \
    hacer entrega de algo (dar) to hand over 2 (repartir) to deliver 3 (premios) to present
    entrega a domicilio home delivery
    entrega contra reembolso cash on delivery
    * * *
    noun f.
    4) dedication, devotion
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) [de documento, solicitud] submission

    hacer entrega de[+ regalo, premio, cheque] to present

    2) (Com) [de cartas, mercancías] delivery

    si no se efectúa la entrega, devuélvase a... — if undelivered, please return to...

    la entrega se hará en un plazo de 15 días — it will be delivered within 15 days, delivery within 15 days

    entrega contra pago, entrega contra reembolso — cash on delivery

    3) [al rendirse] [de rehenes] handover; [de armas] surrender, handover
    4) (=sección) [de enciclopedia, novela] instalment, installment (EEUU); [de revista] issue; [de serie televisiva] series

    una novela por entregas — a novel published in instalments, a serialized novel

    5) (=dedicación) dedication, devotion
    6) (Dep) pass
    * * *
    1) ( acción) (de envío, paquete) delivery; ( de premio) presentation; ( de rehén) return; ( de ciudad) surrender; (de documento, solicitud)

    entrega de llaves inmediata — vacant possession, ready for immediate occupancy

    le hizo entrega de la copa — (frml) she presented him with the cup

    2)
    a) ( partida) delivery, shipment
    b) (plazo, cuota) installment*

    sin entrega inicialno downpayment o deposit necessary

    c) ( de enciclopedia) installment*, fascicle; ( de revista) issue
    3) ( dedicación) dedication, devotion; ( abandono) surrender
    * * *
    = delivery, instalment [installment, -USA], submission, surrender, issuance, deliverance, handover [hand-over].
    Ex. Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.
    Ex. A fascicle is one of the temporary divisions of a work that, for convenience in printing or publication, is issued in small instalments, usually incomplete in themselves.
    Ex. Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.
    Ex. This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.
    Ex. Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex. Communication can be improved, both a better content of information exchange and by a more timely deliverance of this information.
    Ex. The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.
    ----
    * ceremonia de entrega de premios = award(s) ceremony.
    * ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.
    * entrega a = commitment to.
    * entrega de diplomas = commencement.
    * entrega inicial = down payment.
    * fecha de entrega = delivery date.
    * novela por entregas = part-issue.
    * servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.
    * * *
    1) ( acción) (de envío, paquete) delivery; ( de premio) presentation; ( de rehén) return; ( de ciudad) surrender; (de documento, solicitud)

    entrega de llaves inmediata — vacant possession, ready for immediate occupancy

    le hizo entrega de la copa — (frml) she presented him with the cup

    2)
    a) ( partida) delivery, shipment
    b) (plazo, cuota) installment*

    sin entrega inicialno downpayment o deposit necessary

    c) ( de enciclopedia) installment*, fascicle; ( de revista) issue
    3) ( dedicación) dedication, devotion; ( abandono) surrender
    * * *
    = delivery, instalment [installment, -USA], submission, surrender, issuance, deliverance, handover [hand-over].

    Ex: Entry of number '21' reverses the present delivery status.

    Ex: A fascicle is one of the temporary divisions of a work that, for convenience in printing or publication, is issued in small instalments, usually incomplete in themselves.
    Ex: Most commercial abstracting services rely upon the refereeing procedure applied to the original document in order to eliminate insignificant and inaccurate submissions.
    Ex: This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.
    Ex: Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex: Communication can be improved, both a better content of information exchange and by a more timely deliverance of this information.
    Ex: The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.
    * ceremonia de entrega de premios = award(s) ceremony.
    * ceremonia de entrega de títulos = graduation ceremony.
    * entrega a = commitment to.
    * entrega de diplomas = commencement.
    * entrega inicial = down payment.
    * fecha de entrega = delivery date.
    * novela por entregas = part-issue.
    * servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * trabajar con plazos de entrega estrictos = work to + deadlines.

    * * *
    A
    (acción): la entrega de estos documentos the handing over of these documents
    [ S ] entrega de llaves inmediata vacant possession, ready for immediate occupancy
    las entregas a la zona deliveries to the area
    la fecha tope para la entrega de solicitudes the deadline for handing in o ( frml) submitting applications
    el acto de la entrega de premios the prize-giving ceremony
    le hizo entrega de la copa ( frml); she presented him with the cup
    nos hicieron entrega de una cantidad a cuenta they gave us o handed over a sum of money in part payment
    B
    1 (partida) delivery, shipment
    recibirán los artículos que faltan con la próxima entrega you will receive the missing items in the next delivery o shipment
    2 (plazo, cuota) installment*
    sin entrega inicial no downpayment o deposit necessary
    3 (de una enciclopedia) installment*, fascicle; (de una revista) issue; (de una fotonovela, teleserie) episode
    Compuestos:
    COD, cash on delivery
    extraordinary rendition
    un avión sospechoso de estar involucrado en una entrega extraordinaria a plane suspected of being involved in extraordinary rendition
    C
    1 (dedicación) dedication, devotion, commitment
    2 (abandono) giving in
    * * *

     

    Del verbo entregar: ( conjugate entregar)

    entrega es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    entrega    
    entregar
    entrega sustantivo femenino
    1 (de pedido, paquete, carta) delivery;
    ( de premio) presentation;

    la entrega de los documentos the handing over of the documents;
    el plazo para la entrega de solicitudes the deadline for handing in o (frml) submitting applications;
    servicio de entrega a domicilio delivery service
    2

    b) (plazo, cuota) installment( conjugate installment)


    ( de revista) issue
    3 ( dedicación) dedication, devotion;
    ( abandono) surrender
    entregar ( conjugate entregar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( llevar) ‹pedido/paquete/carta to deliver
    2
    a) ( dar) to give;

    me entregó un cuestionario she gave me o handed me a questionnaire;

    no quiso entregármelo he refused to hand it over to me
    b)premio/trofeo to present;

    entregale algo a algn to present sb with sth
    c)trabajo/deberes/informe to hand in, give in;

    solicitud/impreso to hand in, submit (frml)
    3
    a)ciudad/armas to surrender;

    poder/control to hand over
    b)delincuente/prófugo to turn in, hand over;

    rehén to hand over


    entregarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( dedicarse) entregase a algo/algn to devote oneself to sth/sb
    2

    entregase a algo/algn ‹al enemigo/a la policía› to give oneself up o surrender to sth/sb


    entrega sustantivo femenino
    1 (de un pedido) delivery
    (de un premio) presentation
    2 (fascículo) issue
    3 (dedicación) devotion
    entregar verbo transitivo
    1 (poner en poder de) to hand over
    2 (unos papeles, trabajo, etc) to give in, hand in
    3 Com to deliver
    ' entrega' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    facturación
    - reembolso
    - reparto
    - plazo
    - pronto
    English:
    allow
    - application
    - dedication
    - delivery
    - installment
    - instalment
    - presentation
    - surrender
    - cash
    - dead
    - deposit
    - down
    - first
    - give
    - home
    * * *
    1. [acto de entregar] handing over, handover;
    [de pedido, paquete] delivery; [de premios] presentation;
    la entrega de rehenes/de un rescate the handover of hostages/ransom money;
    el acto de entrega de los Premios Nobel the Nobel Prize award ceremony;
    no acudió a la entrega de premios he didn't attend the prizegiving ceremony;
    hacer entrega de algo a alguien to hand sth over to sb;
    se le hizo entrega de una placa conmemorativa she was presented with a commemorative plaque;
    hará entrega de las medallas el presidente del COI the president of the IOC will hand out o present the medals;
    pagadero a la entrega payable on delivery
    Com entrega contrarreembolso cash on delivery;
    entrega a domicilio home delivery;
    entrega de llaves: [m5] el resto a pagar con la entrega de llaves the balance to be paid when the keys are handed over;
    entrega urgente express delivery
    2. [dedicación] devotion (a to);
    médicos que trabajan con gran entrega doctors who work with great dedication
    3. [fascículo] instalment;
    por entregas in instalments;
    publicar por entregas to serialize
    4. [capítulo de serial, teleserie] episode;
    en nuestra anterior entrega… in our previous episode…
    5. [envío, partida] delivery;
    nos enviaron el pedido en dos entregas they sent us the order in two deliveries o shipments
    6. Dep pass
    7.
    entrega inicial [pago inicial] down payment, deposit
    * * *
    f
    1 handing over;
    entrega de premios prize-giving, presentation;
    hacer entrega de algo a alguien present s.o. with sth
    2 de mercancías delivery;
    entrega a domicilio (home) delivery
    3 ( dedicación) dedication, devotion
    * * *
    1) : delivery
    2) : handing over, surrender
    3) : installment
    entrega inicial: down payment
    * * *
    1. (en general) handing over
    2. (mercancía) delivery [pl. deliveries]
    3. (fascículo) instalment

    Spanish-English dictionary > entrega

  • 16 varios

    adj.
    several, many, some, various.
    adj. & m. pl.
    several, many, some, various.
    * * *
    1 (algunos) some, several, a number of
    * * *
    (f. - varias)several, various
    * * *
    - rias pronombre several
    * * *
    = a number of, a series of, a variety of, multiple, one of a variety of, several, various, sundry, a number of different, a plurality of.
    Ex. These four types of information retrieval tools have a number of common features.
    Ex. Edge notch cards have a series of holes around the perimeter.
    Ex. Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.
    Ex. A dual dictionary, as distinct from card-based indexes, can be produced in multiple copies.
    Ex. This literature may be in one of a variety of languages.
    Ex. There may be several entries per document, or merely one.
    Ex. The records in a computer data bases are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. Many of the sources of information lack logic, despite the efforts of librarians bibliographers, indexers, and sundry compilers of reference works.
    Ex. Between them, the members of the EEC speak a number of different languages: six are in regular use as operating languages within the Community.
    Ex. Each consists of a plurality of signs that have a known meaning in written or oral form to a number of people.
    ----
    * aparcamiento de varios pisos = multi-storey car park.
    * atendido por varias personas = multi-staffed.
    * a varios niveles = at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * búsqueda de varios ficheros a la vez = multi-file searching.
    * colección en varios volúmenes = multivolume set.
    * compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * concepto expresado con varias palabras = database host.
    * con varias alas = multi-wing [multiwing].
    * con varias plantas = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * con varias sedes = multi-site [multisite].
    * con varios edificios = multi-site [multisite].
    * con varios pisos = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * curso que abarca varias disciplinas = umbrella course.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * desde hace varios años + Presente = for several years + Pretérito Perfecto.
    * de varias categorías = multi-category.
    * de varias especialidades = multispeciality [multi-speciality].
    * de varios autores = multi-author.
    * de varios billones = multibillion [multi billion].
    * de varios colores = multi-coloured [multicoloured], multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * de varios estados = multi-state [multistate].
    * de varios millones = multi-million [multimillion].
    * de varios tipos = multitype [multi-type].
    * distribuido en varios lugares = multilocationed.
    * divagar sobre varios temas = roam over + topics.
    * durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.
    * editar varias veces = go into + a number of editions.
    * encabezamiento compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word heading.
    * entre varias bibliotecas = cross-library.
    * entre varias instituciones = inter-institutionally [interinstitutionally].
    * entre varias lenguas = cross-lingual.
    * entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * en varias disciplinas = cross-domain.
    * en varias etapas = multistage [multi-stage], multi-step.
    * en varias lenguas = cross-lingual, cross-language, multilingually.
    * en varias partes = multi-part [multipart].
    * en varias plantas = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * en varias sedes = multi-site [multisite].
    * en varios ficheros = cross-file [crossfile].
    * en varios pasos = multi-step.
    * en varios sentidos = in several respects, in various respects.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * en varios volúmenes = multi-volume [multivolume].
    * escrito por varios autores = multiauthored [multi-authored].
    * hacer varias copias de Algo = reproduce in + multiple copies.
    * hace varios años = several years ago.
    * monografía en varios volúmenes = multi-part item, multi-volume monograph.
    * nombre compuesto por varias palabras = multiple-word name.
    * obra en varios volúmenes = multi-volume work.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * relativo a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * ser uno de entre varios + Nombre = be one of a number of + Nombre.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * una de varios = one of a variety of.
    * varios ejemplares = multiple copies.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.
    * * *
    - rias pronombre several
    * * *
    = a number of, a series of, a variety of, multiple, one of a variety of, several, various, sundry, a number of different, a plurality of.

    Ex: These four types of information retrieval tools have a number of common features.

    Ex: Edge notch cards have a series of holes around the perimeter.
    Ex: Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.
    Ex: A dual dictionary, as distinct from card-based indexes, can be produced in multiple copies.
    Ex: This literature may be in one of a variety of languages.
    Ex: There may be several entries per document, or merely one.
    Ex: The records in a computer data bases are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: Many of the sources of information lack logic, despite the efforts of librarians bibliographers, indexers, and sundry compilers of reference works.
    Ex: Between them, the members of the EEC speak a number of different languages: six are in regular use as operating languages within the Community.
    Ex: Each consists of a plurality of signs that have a known meaning in written or oral form to a number of people.
    * aparcamiento de varios pisos = multi-storey car park.
    * atendido por varias personas = multi-staffed.
    * a varios niveles = at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * búsqueda de varios ficheros a la vez = multi-file searching.
    * colección en varios volúmenes = multivolume set.
    * compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word.
    * compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * concepto expresado con varias palabras = database host.
    * con varias alas = multi-wing [multiwing].
    * con varias plantas = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * con varias sedes = multi-site [multisite].
    * con varios edificios = multi-site [multisite].
    * con varios pisos = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * curso que abarca varias disciplinas = umbrella course.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * desde hace varios años + Presente = for several years + Pretérito Perfecto.
    * de varias categorías = multi-category.
    * de varias especialidades = multispeciality [multi-speciality].
    * de varios autores = multi-author.
    * de varios billones = multibillion [multi billion].
    * de varios colores = multi-coloured [multicoloured], multi-colour [multi-color -USA].
    * de varios estados = multi-state [multistate].
    * de varios millones = multi-million [multimillion].
    * de varios tipos = multitype [multi-type].
    * distribuido en varios lugares = multilocationed.
    * divagar sobre varios temas = roam over + topics.
    * durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.
    * editar varias veces = go into + a number of editions.
    * encabezamiento compuesto de varias palabras = multi-word heading.
    * entre varias bibliotecas = cross-library.
    * entre varias instituciones = inter-institutionally [interinstitutionally].
    * entre varias lenguas = cross-lingual.
    * entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].
    * en varias disciplinas = cross-domain.
    * en varias etapas = multistage [multi-stage], multi-step.
    * en varias lenguas = cross-lingual, cross-language, multilingually.
    * en varias partes = multi-part [multipart].
    * en varias plantas = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * en varias sedes = multi-site [multisite].
    * en varios ficheros = cross-file [crossfile].
    * en varios pasos = multi-step.
    * en varios sentidos = in several respects, in various respects.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * en varios volúmenes = multi-volume [multivolume].
    * escrito por varios autores = multiauthored [multi-authored].
    * hacer varias copias de Algo = reproduce in + multiple copies.
    * hace varios años = several years ago.
    * monografía en varios volúmenes = multi-part item, multi-volume monograph.
    * nombre compuesto por varias palabras = multiple-word name.
    * obra en varios volúmenes = multi-volume work.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * relativo a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * ser uno de entre varios + Nombre = be one of a number of + Nombre.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * una de varios = one of a variety of.
    * varios ejemplares = multiple copies.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.

    * * *
    assorted
    productos varios assorted products
    enfermedades varias various illnesses
    gastos varios miscellaneous expenses
    several
    varioss de nosotros la habíamos visto several of us had seen it
    lo compraron entre varioss several of them got together to buy it
    varias de las cajas habían sido abiertas several of the boxes had been opened
    miscellaneous
    lo incluyó en varios she included it in miscellaneous
    * * *

    varios
    ◊ - rias pronombre

    several;
    lo compraron entre varioss several of them got together to buy it
    varios,-as adjetivo
    1 (más de dos, algunos) several
    2 (distintos, diversos) me enseñó vestidos de varios colores, he showed me dresses in different colours

    ' varios' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aclarado
    - caída
    - caído
    - común
    - contingente
    - denunciar
    - diversa
    - diverso
    - escultórica
    - escultórico
    - freelance
    - incendiarse
    - inclinarse
    - método
    - oasis
    - originaria
    - originario
    - pérdida
    - polivalente
    - prolongarse
    - repetida
    - repetido
    - reseña
    - retroceder
    - su
    - varias
    - abarcar
    - antigüedad
    - corte
    - distinto
    - haber
    - impacto
    - incomunicado
    - jugada
    - mejor
    - peor
    - redonda
    - romper
    - saber
    -
    - viaje
    English:
    adapter
    - adaptor
    - arm
    - body
    - deliberate
    - discipline
    - error
    - gap-toothed
    - holiday
    - multistorey
    - multistory
    - must
    - obstacle
    - ours
    - out-of-pocket
    - outnumber
    - several
    - some
    - stubble
    - sundry
    - sustain
    - tear down
    - umbrella organisation
    - variety
    - various
    - by
    - count
    - growth
    - interest
    - involve
    - male
    - multilevel
    - squash
    - sundries
    - turn
    * * *
    varios, -as
    adj
    [diversos] several;
    pantalones de varios colores trousers in several o different colours;
    hay varias maneras de hacerlo there are several o various ways of doing it;
    los motivos son varios there are various reasons;
    apareció en artículos varios del periódico it appeared in various articles in the paper
    pron pl
    several;
    delante de varios de sus compañeros in front of several colleagues;
    el accidente lo vimos varios quite a few of us saw the accident
    * * *
    adj several
    * * *
    varios adj several

    Spanish-English dictionary > varios

  • 17 mnyambuliko

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mnyambuliko
    [Swahili Plural] minyambuliko
    [English Word] conjugation
    [English Plural] conjugations
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] nyambuka
    [Terminology] grammar
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mnyambuliko
    [Swahili Plural] minyambuliko
    [English Word] extension
    [English Plural] extensions
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] nyambua
    [Terminology] grammar
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mnyambuliko wa kufanyia
    [Swahili Plural] minyambuliko ya kufanyia
    [English Word] applied extension
    [English Plural] applied extensions
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] nyambua,
    fanya
    [Terminology] grammar
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > mnyambuliko

  • 18 descuido

    m.
    1 oversight (olvido).
    al menor descuido if you let your attention wander for even a moment
    en un descuido, borré el fichero I deleted the file by mistake
    2 untidiness, slovenliness (falta de aseo).
    3 neglectfulness, slovenliness, neglect, sloppiness.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: descuidar.
    * * *
    1 (negligencia) negligence, carelessness, neglect
    2 (distracción) oversight, slip, mistake
    3 (desaliño) slovenliness, untidiness
    \
    al descuido casually, nonchalantly
    con descuido without thinking
    por descuido inadvertently, by mistake
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=distracción)

    al menor descuido te puedes salir de la carreteraif your attention wanders o if you get distracted, even for a moment, the car can go off the road

    2) frm (=negligencia) carelessness
    * * *

    en un descuido — (Méx) you never know

    en un descuido hasta podemos ganar el concurso — you never know, we might even win the competition

    b) ( error) slip; ( omisión) oversight
    c) ( falta de cuidado) carelessness
    * * *
    = carelessness, neglect, oversight, oversight, nonchalance, inadvertence, slip-up, slip.
    Ex. Apart from errors due to general carelessness, proper names and chemical and mathematical formulae are particularly susceptible to mistakes.
    Ex. Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.
    Ex. Equally important, the cataloger can be assured that changes will be applied with mechanical consistency, without any possibility of clerical error or oversights.
    Ex. Equally important, the cataloger can be assured that changes will be applied with mechanical consistency, without any possibility of clerical error or oversights.
    Ex. 'Look, Mel, these are your people, not mine,' said the director with an assumption of nonchalance.
    Ex. This Court has often reiterated that while ordinary negligence involves inadvertence, wantonness requires a showing of a conscious or an intentional act.
    Ex. Minor slip-ups are things like - your fly is undone while giving a presentation, you accidentally let out an audible burp at a work luncheon, wardrobe malfunctions, you pass gas.
    Ex. Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion with no more slips that would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.
    ----
    * tener un descuido = slip up.
    * * *

    en un descuido — (Méx) you never know

    en un descuido hasta podemos ganar el concurso — you never know, we might even win the competition

    b) ( error) slip; ( omisión) oversight
    c) ( falta de cuidado) carelessness
    * * *
    = carelessness, neglect, oversight, oversight, nonchalance, inadvertence, slip-up, slip.

    Ex: Apart from errors due to general carelessness, proper names and chemical and mathematical formulae are particularly susceptible to mistakes.

    Ex: Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.
    Ex: Equally important, the cataloger can be assured that changes will be applied with mechanical consistency, without any possibility of clerical error or oversights.
    Ex: Equally important, the cataloger can be assured that changes will be applied with mechanical consistency, without any possibility of clerical error or oversights.
    Ex: 'Look, Mel, these are your people, not mine,' said the director with an assumption of nonchalance.
    Ex: This Court has often reiterated that while ordinary negligence involves inadvertence, wantonness requires a showing of a conscious or an intentional act.
    Ex: Minor slip-ups are things like - your fly is undone while giving a presentation, you accidentally let out an audible burp at a work luncheon, wardrobe malfunctions, you pass gas.
    Ex: Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion with no more slips that would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.
    * tener un descuido = slip up.

    * * *
    1
    (distracción): en un descuido el niño se le escapó she took her eyes off the child for a moment and he ran off, her attention wandered for a moment and the child ran off
    en un descuido ( Méx); you never know
    en un descuido hasta podemos ganar el concurso you never know, we might even win the competition
    2 (error) slip, error, mistake; (omisión) oversight
    3 (falta de cuidado) carelessness
    todo lo hace con descuido he's very slapdash, he does everything very sloppily o carelessly
    comete muchos errores por descuido he makes a lot of mistakes through not being careful enough
    al descuido nonchalantly
    lo dejó caer así al descuido she dropped it into the conversation quite nonchalantly o casually
    * * *

     

    Del verbo descuidar: ( conjugate descuidar)

    descuido es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    descuidó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    descuidar    
    descuido
    descuidar ( conjugate descuidar) verbo transitivonegocio/jardín to neglect
    verbo intransitivo:
    descuide, yo me ocuparé de eso don't worry, I'll see to that

    descuidarse verbo pronominal
    a) (no prestar atención, distraerse):


    si te descuidas, te roban if you don't watch out, they'll rob you;
    como te descuides, te van a quitar el puesto if you don't look out, they'll take your job from you

    descuido sustantivo masculino


    basta el más pequeño descuido the smallest lapse of concentration is enough
    b) ( error) slip;

    ( omisión) oversight
    descuidar verbo transitivo to neglect, overlook
    ♦ Locuciones: descuida, don't worry
    descuido sustantivo masculino
    1 (distracción) oversight, mistake
    por descuido, inadvertently, by mistake
    2 (dejadez) negligence, carelessness
    ' descuido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    chapucera
    - chapucero
    - descuidarse
    - olvidar
    - abandono
    - descuidar
    - distracción
    - olvido
    English:
    accidentally
    - carelessness
    - negligence
    - negligently
    - omission
    - oversight
    - sloppiness
    - slovenliness
    - unguarded
    - careless
    - over
    * * *
    1. [falta de aseo] [en personas] untidiness, slovenliness;
    [de jardín, casa] neglect; [en habitación] untidiness
    2. [olvido] oversight;
    [error] slip;
    al menor descuido if you let your attention wander for even a moment;
    en un descuido se me fue la bici a la cuneta my attention wandered for a moment and the bicycle went into the ditch;
    en un descuido, borré el fichero I deleted the file by mistake;
    RP
    en un descuido [cuando menos se espera] when least expected
    * * *
    m
    1 carelessness;
    en un descuido L.Am. in a moment of carelessness;
    por descuido through carelessness
    2 ( error) mistake
    3 ( omisión) oversight
    * * *
    1) : carelessness, negligence
    2) : slip, oversight
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > descuido

  • 19 орган управления

    1. operating means
    2. operating control
    3. controls
    4. controller
    5. control device
    6. control
    7. command unit
    8. actuator
    9. actuating member

     

    орган управления
    Часть системы аппарата управления, к которой прилагается извне усилие управления.
    МЭК 60050(441-15-22).
    Примечание. Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, ручки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т. п.
    [ ГОСТ Р 50030. 1-2000 ( МЭК 60947-1-99)]

    орган управления

    Часть приводного механизма, к которой прикладывается внешняя сила воздействия.
    Примечание - Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, кнопки, ролика, поршня и т.д.
    [ ГОСТ Р 52726-2007]

    орган управления
    Часть системы привода, подвергаемая внешнему силовому воздействию.
    Примечания
    1. Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, нажимной кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
    2. Есть несколько способов приведения в действие, которые не требуют внешнего силового воздействия, а только какого-либо действия.
    [ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

    орган управления
    Часть системы управления, которая предназначена непосредственно для воздействия оператором, например путем нажатия.
    [ГОСТ Р ЕН 614-1-2003]

    орган управления

    Часть системы приведения в действие, которая принимает воздействие человека.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000]

    орган управления
    Часть системы приведения в действие, которая воспринимает воздействие человека (ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447).
    Примечание
    В настоящем стандарте орган управления в виде интерактивного экранного устройства отображения является частью этого устройства, которое представляет функцию органа управления.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60073-2000]

    орган управления
    Часть механизма прибора управления, на который оказывается вручную внешнее силовое воздействие.
    Примечание.
    Орган управления может иметь форму ручки, рукоятки, кнопки, ролика, плунжера и т.д.
    Некоторые органы управления не требуют воздействия внешней силы, а только какого-либо действия.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

    органы управления
    Ручки, переключатели, потенциометры и другие органы, служащие для включения и регулировки аппаратуры. Термин относится преимущественно к аналоговым приборам.
    [Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

    орган управления
    -
    [IEV number 442-04-14]

    средства оперирования
    -

    [Интент]

    EN

    actuator
    the part of the actuating system to which an external actuating force is applied
    NOTE – The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
    [IEV number 441-15-22]

    actuator
    part of a device to which an external manual action is to be applied
    NOTE 1 The actuator may take the form of a handle, knob, push-button, roller, plunger, etc.
    NOTE 2 There are some actuating means that do not require an external actuating force, but only an action.
    NOTE 3 See also 3.34.
    [IEC 60204-1 -2005]

    actuating member
    a part which is pulled, pushed, turned or otherwise moved to cause an operation of the switch
    [IEV number 442-04-14]

    FR

    organe de commande
    partie du mécanisme transmetteur à laquelle un effort extérieur de manoeuvre est appliqué
    NOTE – L'organe de commande peut prendre la forme d'une poignée, d'un bouton, d'un bouton-poussoir, d'une roulette, d'un plongeur, etc.
    [IEV number 441-15-22]

    organe de manoeuvre
    partie qui est tirée, poussée, tournée ou manipulée de toute autre façon pour provoquer le fonctionnement de l'interrupteur
    [IEV number 442-04-14]


    Аппарат должен оставаться механически действующим. Не допускается сваривание контактов, препятствующее операции размыкания при использовании нормальных средств оперирования.
    [ГОСТ  Р 50030.3-99 (МЭК  60947-3-99) ]

    ВДТ следует оперировать как при нормальной эксплуатации. Операции размыкания должны проводиться в следующем порядке:
    для первых 1000 циклов — с использованием ручных средств оперирования;
    ...
    [ ГОСТ Р 51326. 1-99 ( МЭК 61008-1-96)]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    The operating means (for example, a handle) of the supply disconnecting device shall be easily accessible and located between 0,6 m and 1,9 m above the servicing level.
    [IEC 60204-1-2006]

    Органы управления, например, рукоятки аппаратов отключения питания, должны быть легко доступны и располагаться на высоте от 0,6 до 1,9 м от рабочей площадки.
    [Перевод Интент]

    Where the external operating means is not intended for emergency operations, it is recommended that it be coloured BLACK or GREY.
    [IEC 60204-1-2006]

    Если внешние средства оперирования не предназначены для выполнения действий при возникновении аварийных ситуаций, то рекомендуется, применять такие средства ЧЕРНОГО или СЕРОГО цвета.
    [Перевод Интент]

     

    1.2.2. Control devices

    Control devices must be:
    — clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary,
    — positioned for safe operation without hesitation or loss of time, and without ambiguity,
    — designed so that the movement of the control is consistent with its effect,
    — located outside the danger zones, except for certain controls where necessary, such as emergency stop, console for training of robots,
    — positioned so that their operation cannot cause additional risk,
    — designed or protected so that the desired effect, where a risk is involved, cannot occur without an intentional operation,
    — made so as to withstand foreseeable strain; particular attention must be paid to emergency stop devices liable to be subjected to considerable strain.

    1.2.2. Органы управления

    Органы управления должны быть:
    - четко видны, хорошо различимы и, где это необходимо, иметь соответствующее обозначение;
    - расположены так, чтобы ими можно было пользоваться без возникновения сомнений и потерь времени на выяснение их назначения;
    - сконструированы так, чтобы перемещение органа управления согласовывалось с их воздействием;
    - расположены вне опасных зон; исключение, где это необходимо, делается для определенных средств управления, таких, как средство экстренной остановки, пульт управления роботом;
    - расположены так, чтобы их использование не вызывало дополнительных рисков;
    - сконструированы или защищены так, чтобы в случаях, где возможно возникновение рисков, они не могли бы возникнуть без выполнения намеренных действий;
    - сделаны так, чтобы выдерживать предполагаемую нагрузку; при этом особое внимание уделяется органам аварийного останова, которые могут подвергаться значительным нагрузкам.

    Where a control is designed and constructed to perform several different actions, namely where there is no one-to-one correspondence (e.g. keyboards, etc.), the action to be performed must be clearly displayed and subject to confirmation where necessary.

    Если орган управления предназначен для выполнения разных действий, например, если в качестве органа управления используется клавиатура или аналогичное устройство, то должна выводиться четкая информация о предстоящем действии, и, если необходимо, должно выполняться подтверждение на выполнение такого действия.

    Controls must be so arranged that their layout, travel and resistance to operation are compatible with the action to be performed, taking account of ergonomic principles.

    Органы управления должны быть организованы таким образом, чтобы их расположение, перемещение их элементов и усилие, которое оператор затрачивает на их перемещение, соответствовали выполняемым операциям и принципам эргономики.

    Constraints due to the necessary or foreseeable use of personal protection equipment (such as footwear, gloves, etc.) must be taken into account.

    Необходимо учитывать скованность движений операторов при использовании необходимых или предусмотренных средств индивидуальной защиты (таких, как специальная обувь, перчатки и др.).

    Machinery must be fitted with indicators (dials, signals, etc.) as required for safe operation. The operator must be able to read them from the control position.

    Для обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации машинное оборудование должно быть оснащено индикаторами (циферблатами, устройствами сигнализации и т. д.). Оператор должен иметь возможность считывать их с места управления.

    From the main control position the operator must be able to ensure that there are no exposed persons in the danger zones.

    Находясь в главном пункте управления, оператор должен иметь возможность контролировать отсутствие незащищенных лиц.

    If this is impossible, the control system must be designed and constructed so that an acoustic and/ or visual warning signal is given whenever the machinery is about to start.

    Если это невозможно, то система управления должна быть разработана и изготовлена так, чтобы перед каждым пуском машинного оборудования подавался звуковой и/или световой предупредительный сигнал.

    The exposed person must have the time and the means to take rapid action to prevent the machinery starting up.

    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Незащищенное лицо должно иметь достаточно времени и средств для быстрого предотвращения пуска машинного оборудования.

    [Перевод Интент]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    FR

    2.4 орган управления (control): Часть тормозной системы, на которую непосредственно воздействует водитель (или в случае прицепа соответствующей конструкции - сопровождающее лицо), обеспечивая подачу в тормозной привод энергии, необходимой для торможения, или управляя такой подачей.

    Примечание - Этой энергией может быть или мускульная энергия водителя, или энергия из другого источника, управляемого водителем, или кинетическая энергия прицепа, или сочетание этих видов энергии.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р 41.13-2007: Единообразные предписания, касающиеся транспортных средств категорий М, N и О в отношении торможения оригинал документа

    3.3.15 орган управления (actuator): Часть системы управления, к которой прилагают извне усилие управления.

    Примечание- Орган управления может иметь форму рукоятки, нажимной кнопки и т.д.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р 51731-2010: Контакторы электромеханические бытового и аналогичного назначения оригинал документа

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > орган управления

  • 20 mbali

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] different
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] (also mbalimbali)
    [Note] with the applied form of the verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] separate
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] (also mbalimbali)
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] aloof
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] mbali ya...[Rec]
    [English Example] far from
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] completely
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Swahili Example] Kwa kuwa Kiswahili kina maneno mengi mno ya kujitosheleza chenyewe mbali... [Khan, Masomo 393]
    [English Example] Because Kiswahili has more than enough words completely on its own...
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] at a distance
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] mbali ya...[Rec]
    [English Example] far from
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] distant
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] mbali ya...[Rec]
    [English Example] far from
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] entirely
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] far
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] mbali ya...[Rec]
    [English Example] far from
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] from a distance
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] mbali ya...[Rec]
    [English Example] far from
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] for a long time
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] niliyajua mambo haya mbali [Rec]
    [English Example] I have known about this matter for a long time.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] long since
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] niliyajua mambo haya mbali [Rec]
    [English Example] I have known about this matter for a long time.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] remote
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    [Swahili Example] mbali ya...[Rec]
    [English Example] far from
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mbali
    [English Word] utterly
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] umbali N
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > mbali

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