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  • 1 заявление о преобразовании

    Patents: application for conversion, application for conversion (напр. заявки на один вид объекта промышленной собственности в заявку на другой вид охраны)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > заявление о преобразовании

  • 2 ходатайство о преобразовании

    Patents: application for conversion, application for conversion (напр. заявки на один вид объекта промышленной собственности в заявку на другой вид охраны)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > ходатайство о преобразовании

  • 3 energía

    f.
    1 energy, activeness, pep, vitality.
    2 energy, capacity to produce work, power.
    * * *
    1 energy, power
    2 figurado vigour (US vigor)
    \
    energía cinética kinetic energy
    energía eléctrica electric power
    energía nuclear nuclear power
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=fuerza) energy, drive
    2) (Téc) power, energy

    energía eléctrica — electric power, electricity

    * * *
    2)
    a) (vigor, empuje) energy
    b) ( firmeza) firmness
    * * *
    = drive, energy, fuel, power, liveliness, verve, pizzazz, oomph, pep.
    Ex. Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.
    Ex. Ranganathan proposed five basic types of facets which may occur in many subject fields: personality, matter, energy, space, time.
    Ex. The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg energy conservation and fuel debt, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex. She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.
    Ex. To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex. Much of the verve and shimmer of her lyrics can be connected to the near-fatal liver abscess she suffered in 1996.
    Ex. I wanted to show them an application which not only was database functional, but which itself had some pizzazz as a website.
    Ex. Many recent commentators speak as if they think that computers can painlessly deliver the oomph we need in curriculum.
    Ex. Not a lot of pep however, so this might be the day to curl up with a really challenging book or game.
    ----
    * ahorrar energía = save + energy.
    * ahorro de energía = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom o EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * con energía = powerfully.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * consumir energía = consume + energy, take up + energy.
    * conversión de la energía = energy conversion.
    * dar energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * de alta energía = high energy.
    * dedicar energía = expend + energy.
    * derrochar energía = waste + energy.
    * energía atómica = nuclear power.
    * energía atómmica = atomic energy.
    * energía cinética = kinetic energy.
    * energía del mar = ocean energy.
    * energía del petróleo = petroleum energy.
    * energía eléctrica = electric power, power, electrical power.
    * energía eólica = wind energy, wind power.
    * energía espiritual = spiritual energy.
    * energía geotérmica = geothermal energy.
    * energía hidroeléctrica = hydroelectric power.
    * energía humana = human energy.
    * energía negativa = bad vibes.
    * energía no renovable = non-renewable energy.
    * energía nuclear = nuclear energy, nuclear power.
    * energía positiva = vibrations, good vibes.
    * energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.
    * energía renovable = renewable energy.
    * energía solar = solar energy.
    * energía térmica = thermal power.
    * energía termosolar = thermal solar power.
    * energía vital = life force.
    * faceta de Energía = Energy facet.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * fuente de energía = energy source, source of energy, power source.
    * fuente de energía(s) alternativa(s) = alternative energy source.
    * generador de energía eléctrica = power generator, power unit, electrical generator.
    * generador de energía solar = solar energy generator.
    * impulsado por energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * infundir energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * liberar energía = blow off + steam, let off + steam.
    * lleno de energía = energetic, feisty [feistier -comp., feistiest -sup.], full of beans.
    * modo de ahorro de energía = power save mode.
    * pletórico de energía = full of beans.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive, power-hungry.
    * que funciona con energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * rebosante de energía y lleno de entusiasmo = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * rebosante de vida y energía = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * recobrar energía = get + a second wind.
    * recobrar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperación de la energía = second wind.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * sin energía = lethargic.
    * transformación de la energía = energy conversion.
    * * *
    2)
    a) (vigor, empuje) energy
    b) ( firmeza) firmness
    * * *
    = drive, energy, fuel, power, liveliness, verve, pizzazz, oomph, pep.

    Ex: Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.

    Ex: Ranganathan proposed five basic types of facets which may occur in many subject fields: personality, matter, energy, space, time.
    Ex: The librarians have instituted a series of campaigns, including displays and leaflets on specific issues, eg energy conservation and fuel debt, rent and rates rebates, and school grants.
    Ex: She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.
    Ex: To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex: Much of the verve and shimmer of her lyrics can be connected to the near-fatal liver abscess she suffered in 1996.
    Ex: I wanted to show them an application which not only was database functional, but which itself had some pizzazz as a website.
    Ex: Many recent commentators speak as if they think that computers can painlessly deliver the oomph we need in curriculum.
    Ex: Not a lot of pep however, so this might be the day to curl up with a really challenging book or game.
    * ahorrar energía = save + energy.
    * ahorro de energía = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy.
    * compañía de suministro de energía = energy company.
    * Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom o EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).
    * con energía = powerfully.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * consumir energía = consume + energy, take up + energy.
    * conversión de la energía = energy conversion.
    * dar energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * de alta energía = high energy.
    * dedicar energía = expend + energy.
    * derrochar energía = waste + energy.
    * energía atómica = nuclear power.
    * energía atómmica = atomic energy.
    * energía cinética = kinetic energy.
    * energía del mar = ocean energy.
    * energía del petróleo = petroleum energy.
    * energía eléctrica = electric power, power, electrical power.
    * energía eólica = wind energy, wind power.
    * energía espiritual = spiritual energy.
    * energía geotérmica = geothermal energy.
    * energía hidroeléctrica = hydroelectric power.
    * energía humana = human energy.
    * energía negativa = bad vibes.
    * energía no renovable = non-renewable energy.
    * energía nuclear = nuclear energy, nuclear power.
    * energía positiva = vibrations, good vibes.
    * energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.
    * energía renovable = renewable energy.
    * energía solar = solar energy.
    * energía térmica = thermal power.
    * energía termosolar = thermal solar power.
    * energía vital = life force.
    * faceta de Energía = Energy facet.
    * física de altas energías = high energy physics.
    * fuente de energía = energy source, source of energy, power source.
    * fuente de energía(s) alternativa(s) = alternative energy source.
    * generador de energía eléctrica = power generator, power unit, electrical generator.
    * generador de energía solar = solar energy generator.
    * impulsado por energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * infundir energía = energise [energize, -USA].
    * liberar energía = blow off + steam, let off + steam.
    * lleno de energía = energetic, feisty [feistier -comp., feistiest -sup.], full of beans.
    * modo de ahorro de energía = power save mode.
    * pletórico de energía = full of beans.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive, power-hungry.
    * que funciona con energía eólica = wind-powered.
    * rebosante de energía y lleno de entusiasmo = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * rebosante de vida y energía = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * recobrar energía = get + a second wind.
    * recobrar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperación de la energía = second wind.
    * recuperar la energía = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * sin energía = lethargic.
    * transformación de la energía = energy conversion.

    * * *
    A ( Fís) energy
    derroche de energía waste of energy
    consumo de energía energy consumption
    fuentes de energía sources of energy
    Compuestos:
    atomic power
    kinetic energy
    electricity, electric power
    wind power
    water power
    nuclear power, nuclear energy
    solar power, solar energy
    B
    1 (vigor, empuje) energy
    lo acometió con energía he undertook it with great vigor o with great energy o very energetically
    me siento cansada y sin energía(s) I feel tired and lacking in energy
    protestar con energía to protest vigorously
    2 (firmeza) firmness
    tienes que tratarlo con más energía you must be firmer o stricter with him
    * * *

    energía sustantivo femenino
    1 (Fís) energy;
    ◊ energía nuclear/solar nuclear/solar power

    2
    a) (vigor, empuje) energy;


    está lleno de energía he's very energetic

    energía sustantivo femenino
    1 energy: nos enseñaron una central de energía solar, they showed us round a solar power station
    energía eléctrica, electricity
    energía nuclear, nuclear power
    2 (de una persona) energy, vitality
    ' energía' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    central
    - decaer
    - eólica
    - eólico
    - EURATOM
    - gastar
    - hidráulica
    - hidráulico
    - savia
    - solar
    - absorber
    - ahorrar
    - brío
    - consumir
    - dirigir
    - emplear
    - fuerza
    - ímpetu
    - pérdida
    - transportar
    - vigor
    English:
    bean
    - bounce
    - burst
    - drive
    - energy
    - go
    - harness
    - life
    - nuclear energy
    - power
    - solar-powered
    - sprightliness
    - stamina
    - bursting
    - energetic
    - nuclear
    - pep
    - wind
    * * *
    1. [para máquina, sistema] power, energy;
    [para el cuerpo, organismo] energy;
    fuentes de energía sources of energy;
    energías alternativas alternative energy sources;
    energía atómica nuclear power o energy;
    energía calórica heat energy;
    Fís energía cinética kinetic energy;
    energía eléctrica electric energy;
    energía eólica wind energy o power;
    energía geotérmica geothermal energy o power;
    energía hidráulica water power;
    energía hidroeléctrica hydroelectric power;
    energía limpia clean energy;
    energía mareomotriz tidal o wave energy;
    energía nuclear nuclear power o energy;
    energía de las olas o del oleaje tidal o wave energy;
    Fís energía potencial potential energy;
    energía radiante radiant energy;
    energías renovables renewable forms of energy;
    energía solar solar energy o power;
    energía térmica thermal energy o power
    2. [vigor físico] energy;
    su trabajo le resta energías his work doesn't leave him much energy;
    hay que empujar con energía you have to push hard
    3. [actitud] vigour, forcefulness;
    defendió su postura con energía she energetically defended her position;
    respondió con energía he responded emphatically
    * * *
    f energy;
    sin energía golpe weak, feeble; persona listless, lacking in energy; hacer algo listlessly;
    con energía hacer algo energetically; chutar hard;
    abrir la puerta con energía fling open the door
    * * *
    : energy
    * * *
    1. (fuerza) energy / power
    energía solar solar energy / solar power
    2. (capacidad) energy

    Spanish-English dictionary > energía

  • 4 preparar el camino

    (v.) = set + the scene, smooth + the way, open + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), pave + the way (for/towards/to), pave + the road (for/towards/to)
    Ex. Before we look at how libraries in Great Britain have responded to community information, first it is important to set the scene by examining in more detail some of these other information and advice services.
    Ex. Continued communication regarding procedures and results smooths the way for long-term understanding and willingness to participate = La comunicación permanente con respecto a procedimientos y resultados facilita el entendimiento a largo plazo y el deseo de participar.
    Ex. This new kind of network infrastructure has a number of advantages, such as low cost and scalability, and opens the way for numerous new kinds of application scenarios.
    Ex. Microcomputers or telecomputers (the successor to the television) set the stage for an interactive environment that can banish the 'master-slave' architecture of television and its progeny, the culture of passivity.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The long and winding road: the FCC paves the path with good intentions'.
    Ex. In the face of present priorities and staff commitments, the Library feels that it cannot undertake a comprehensive study of the subject heading system that would pave the way for a major restructuring of the system.
    Ex. Together, these technologies pave the road for the introduction of interactive television to fully exploit the benefits of the conversion to digital.
    * * *
    (v.) = set + the scene, smooth + the way, open + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), pave + the way (for/towards/to), pave + the road (for/towards/to)

    Ex: Before we look at how libraries in Great Britain have responded to community information, first it is important to set the scene by examining in more detail some of these other information and advice services.

    Ex: Continued communication regarding procedures and results smooths the way for long-term understanding and willingness to participate = La comunicación permanente con respecto a procedimientos y resultados facilita el entendimiento a largo plazo y el deseo de participar.
    Ex: This new kind of network infrastructure has a number of advantages, such as low cost and scalability, and opens the way for numerous new kinds of application scenarios.
    Ex: Microcomputers or telecomputers (the successor to the television) set the stage for an interactive environment that can banish the 'master-slave' architecture of television and its progeny, the culture of passivity.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The long and winding road: the FCC paves the path with good intentions'.
    Ex: In the face of present priorities and staff commitments, the Library feels that it cannot undertake a comprehensive study of the subject heading system that would pave the way for a major restructuring of the system.
    Ex: Together, these technologies pave the road for the introduction of interactive television to fully exploit the benefits of the conversion to digital.

    Spanish-English dictionary > preparar el camino

  • 5 Bacon, Francis Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 21 December 1904 Billericay, England
    d. 24 May 1992 Little Shelford, Cambridge, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, a pioneer in the modern phase of fuel-cell development.
    [br]
    After receiving his education at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, Bacon served with C.A. Parsons at Newcastle upon Tyne from 1925 to 1940. From 1946 to 1956 he carried out research on Hydrox fuel cells at Cambridge University and was a consultant on fuel-cell design to a number of organizations throughout the rest of his life.
    Sir William Grove was the first to observe that when oxygen and hydrogen were supplied to platinum electrodes immersed in sulphuric acid a current was produced in an external circuit, but he did not envisage this as a practical source of electrical energy. In the 1930s Bacon started work to develop a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell that operated at moderate temperatures and pressures using an alkaline electrolyte. In 1940 he was appointed to a post at King's College, London, and there, with the support of the Admiralty, he started full-time experimental work on fuel cells. His brief was to produce a power source for the propulsion of submarines. The following year he was posted as a temporary experimental officer to the Anti-Submarine Experimental Establishment at Fairlie, Ayrshire, and he remained there until the end of the Second World War.
    In 1946 he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at Cambridge, receiving a small amount of money from the Electrical Research Association. Backing came six years later from the National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), the development of the fuel cell being transferred to Marshalls of Cambridge, where Bacon was appointed Consultant.
    By 1959, after almost twenty years of individual effort, he was able to demonstrate a 6 kW (8 hp) power unit capable of driving a small truck. Bacon appreciated that when substantial power was required over long periods the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell associated with high-pressure gas storage would be more compact than conventional secondary batteries.
    The development of the fuel-cell system pioneered by Bacon was stimulated by a particular need for a compact, lightweight source of power in the United States space programme. Electro-chemical generators using hydrogen-oxygen cells were chosen to provide the main supplies on the Apollo spacecraft for landing on the surface of the moon in 1969. An added advantage of the cells was that they simultaneously provided water. NRDC was largely responsible for the forma-tion of Energy Conversion Ltd, a company that was set up to exploit Bacon's patents and to manufacture fuel cells, and which was supported by British Ropes Ltd, British Petroleum and Guest, Keen \& Nettlefold Ltd at Basingstoke. Bacon was their full-time consultant. In 1971 Energy Conversion's operation was moved to the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, as Fuel Cells Ltd. Bacon remained with them until he retired in 1973.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1967. FRS 1972. Royal Society S.G. Brown Medal 1965. Royal Aeronautical Society British Silver Medal 1969.
    Bibliography
    27 February 1952, British patent no. 667,298 (hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell). 1963, contribution in W.Mitchell (ed.), Fuel Cells, New York, pp. 130–92.
    1965, contribution in B.S.Baker (ed.), Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Technology, New York, pp. 1–7.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1992, Daily Telegraph (8 June).
    A.McDougal, 1976, Fuel Cells, London (makes an acknowledgement of Bacon's contribution to the design and application of fuel cells).
    D.P.Gregory, 1972, Fuel Cells, London (a concise introduction to fuel-cell technology).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Bacon, Francis Thomas

  • 6 χάρις

    χάρις, ιτος, ἡ (Hom.+) acc. quite predom. χάριν, but χάριτα Ac 24:27; 25:9 v.l.; Jd 4 and pl. χάριτας Ac 24:27 v.l.; 1 Cl 23:1 (Eur., Hel. 1378; Hdt. 6, 41; X., Hell. 3, 5, 16; ins, pap; Zech 4:7; 6:14; EpArist 272, pl. 230.—B-D-F §47, 3; W-S. §9, 7; Mayser 271f; Thackeray 150; Helbing 40f; Mlt-H. 132.—It seems that χάρις is not always clearly differentiated in mng. fr. χαρά; Apollodorus [II B.C.]: 244 Fgm. 90 Jac. says in the second book περὶ θεῶν: κληθῆναι δὲ αὐτὰς ἀπὸ μὲν τ. χαρᾶς Χάριτας• καὶ γὰρ πολλάκις … οἱ ποιηταὶ τ. χάριν χαρὰν καλοῦσιν ‘the [deities] Charites are so called from χαρά [joy], for poets freq. equate χάρις with χαρά’. Cp. the wordplay AcPl Ha 8, 7 χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος the house was filled with gaiety and gratitude.).
    ① a winning quality or attractiveness that invites a favorable reaction, graciousness, attractiveness, charm, winsomeness (Hom.+; Jos., Ant. 2, 231) of human form and appearance παῖς λίαν εὐειδής ἐν χάριτι an exceptionally fine-looking and winsome youth AcPl Ha 3, 13. Of speech (Demosth. 51, 9; Ps.-Demetr. [I A.D.], Eloc. §127; 133; 135 al.; Eccl 10:12; Sir 21:16; Jos., Ant. 18, 208) οἱ λόγοι τῆς χάριτος (gen. of quality) the gracious words Lk 4:22. ὁ λόγος ὑμῶν πάντοτε ἐν χάριτι let your conversation always be winsome Col 4:6 (cp. Plut., Mor. 514f; s. also HAlmqvist, Plut. u. das NT ’46, 121f; Epict. 3, 22, 90). τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ χάριτος ἐπληροῦτο MPol 12:1 can also be placed here in case χάρις means nothing more than graciousness (s. 4 below); prob. also GJs 7:3 (s. 3b).
    ② a beneficent disposition toward someone, favor, grace, gracious care/help, goodwill (almost a t.t. in the reciprocity-oriented world dominated by Hellenic influence [cp. e.g. OGI 669, 29] as well as by the Semitic sense of social obligation expressed in the term חֶסֶד [NGlueck, Das Wort ḥesed in alttestamentlichen Sprachgebrauche etc. 1927]. Of a different order and spirit is the subset of reciprocity known as Roman patronage, in which superiority of the donor over the client is clearly maintained)
    ⓐ act., that which one grants to another, the action of one who volunteers to do someth. not otherwise obligatory χάρις θεοῦ ἦν ἐπʼ αὐτό Lk 2:40. ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ (cp. τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ Κλαυδίου χάριτι OGI 669, 29) Ac 11:2 D; 14:26. τοῦ κυρίου 15:40.—Esp. of the beneficent intention of God (cp. χ. in reference to God: Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1005 σοὶ θεόθεν χάρις ἔσσεται; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 40 χ. τῶν θεῶν; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 320 D.; 53 p. 620; Sextus 436b; likew. in LXX, Philo, Joseph.; SibOr 4, 46=189; 5, 330; Ezk. Trag. 162 [Eus., PE 9, 29, 12].—χ. to denote beneficent dispensations of the emperor: OGI 669, 44 [I A.D.]; BGU 19 I, 21 [II A.D.] χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ Αὐτοκράτορος; 1085 II, 4) and of Christ, who give (undeserved) gifts to people; God: δικαιούμενοι δωρεὰν τῇ αὐτοῦ χάριτι Ro 3:24. Cp. 5:15a, 20f; 6:1; 11:5 (ἐκλογή 1), 6abc; Gal 1:15 (διά A 3e); Eph 1:6f (KKuhn, NTS 7, ’61, 337 [reff. to Qumran lit.]); 2:5, 7, 8; cp. Pol 1:3; 2 Th 1:12; 2:16; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 2:11 (ἡ χάρ. τοῦ θεοῦ σωτήριος; s. Dibelius, Hdb. exc. after Tit 2:14); 3:7; Hb 2:9 (χωρίς 2aα); 4:16a (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 100–103); 1 Cl 50:3; ISm 9:2; IPol 7:3. ἐν χάρ[ιτι θεοῦ] AcPl Ha 7, 23 (restoration uncertain). κατὰ χάριν as a favor, out of goodwill (cp. Pla., Leg. 740c; schol. on Soph., Oed. Col. 1751 p. 468 Papag.) Ro 4:4 (opp. κατὰ ὀφείλημα), 16.—The beneficence or favor of Christ: διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι Ac 15:11. Cp. Ro 5:15b; 2 Cor 8:9; 1 Ti 1:14; IPhld 8:1. On Ac 2:47 in this sense s. TAnderson, NTS 34, ’88, 604–10.
    ⓑ pass., that which one experiences fr. another (Arrian, Anab. Alex. 3, 26, 4) χάριν ἔχειν have favor 3J 4 v.l. πρός τινα with someone=win his respect Ac 2:47 (cp. 2a end; cp. Pind., O. 7, 89f χάριν καὶ ποτʼ ἀστῶν καὶ ποτὶ ξείνων grant him respect in the presence of his townfolk as well as strangers); παρά τινι (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 89 §376) Hm 10, 3, 1, cp. 5, 1, 5. εὑρεῖν χάριν παρά τινι (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 77, end) Lk 1:30; Hs 5, 2, 10; ἐνώπιόν τινος Ac 7:46; GJs 11:2 (JosAs 15:14). ἐν τοῖς μέλλουσι μετανοεῖν among those who are about to repent Hm 12, 3, 3. Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις Lk 2:52 (an indication of exceptional ἀρετή, cp. Pind. above). Cp. Ac 4:33; 7:10 (ἐναντίον Φαραώ); Hb 4:16b.—ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν; what credit is that to you? Lk 6:32–34; s. D 1:3; 2 Cl 13:4. Cp. 1 Cor 9:16 v.l. In these passages the mng. comes close to reward (s. Wetter [5 below] 209ff w. reff.).—Also by metonymy that which brings someone (God’s) favor or wins a favorable response fr. God 1 Pt 2:19, 20.
    ⓒ In Christian epistolary lit. fr. the time of Paul χάρις is found w. the sense (divine) favor in fixed formulas at the beginning and end of letters (Zahn on Gal 1:3; vDobschütz on 1 Th 1:1; ELohmeyer, ZNW 26, 1927, 158ff; APujol, De Salutat. Apost. ‘Gratia vobis et pax’: Verb. Dom. 12, ’32, 38–40; 76–82; WFoerster, TW II ’34, 409ff; Goodsp., Probs. 141f. S. also the lit. s.v. χαίρω 2b). At the beginning of a letter χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη (sc. εἴη; New Docs 8, 127f) Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:2; Phlm 3; Rv 1:4; without ὑμῖν Tit 1:4. χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη πληθυνθείη 1 Pt 1:2; 2 Pt 1:2; 1 Cl ins. χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3 (on the triplet cp. En 5:7 φῶς καὶ χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη).—At the end ἡ χάρις (τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ etc.) μεθʼ ὑμῶν (or μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν etc.) Ro 16:20, 23 (24) v.l.; 1 Cor 16:23; 2 Cor 13:13; Gal 6:18; Eph 6:24; Phil 4:23; Col 4:18; 1 Th 5:28; 2 Th 3:18; 1 Ti 6:21; 2 Ti 4:22; Tit 3:15; Phlm 25; Hb 13:25; Rv 22:21; 1 Cl 65:2. ἔσται ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων τῶν φοβουμένων τὸν Κύριον GJs 25:2. ὁ κύριος τῆς δόξης καὶ πάσης χάριτος μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν B 21:9. χάρις ὑμῖν, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη, ὑπομονὴ διὰ παντός ISm 12:2. ἔρρωσθε ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 13:2.
    ③ practical application of goodwill, (a sign of) favor, gracious deed/gift, benefaction
    ⓐ on the part of humans (X., Symp. 8, 36, Ages. 4, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 49 §213; Dionys. Hal. 2, 15, 4) χάριν (-ιτα) καταθέσθαι τινί (κατατίθημι 2) Ac 24:27; 25:9. αἰτεῖσθαι χάριν 25:3 (in these passages from Ac χ. suggests [political] favor, someth. one does for another within a reciprocity system. Cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 108 §506 ἐς χάριν Σύλλα=as a favor to Sulla; ApcSed 8:1 οὐκ ἐποίησάς μοι χάριν=you did me no favor). ἵνα δευτέραν χάριν σχῆτε that you might have a second proof of my goodwill 2 Cor 1:15 (unless χάρις here means delight [so in poetry, Pind. et al., but also Pla., Isocr.; L-S-J-M s.v. χάρις IV; cp. also the quot. fr. Apollodorus at the beg. of the present entry, and the fact that χαρά is v.l. in 2 Cor 1:15]; in that case δευτέρα means double; but s. comm.). Of the collection for Jerusalem (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 42 §173 χάριτας λαμβάνειν=receive gifts) 1 Cor 16:3; 2 Cor 8:4, 6f, 19 (DdeSilva, JBL 115, ’96, 101). Cp. B 21:7.—Eph 4:29 may suggest a demonstration of human favor (cp. Plut., Mor. 514e χάριν παρασκευάζοντες ἀλλήλοις), but a ref. to the means by which divine grace is mediated is not to be ruled out (s. b below).
    ⓑ on the part of God and Christ; the context will show whether the emphasis is upon the possession of divine favor as a source of blessings for the believer, or upon a store of favor that is dispensed, or a favored status (i.e. standing in God’s favor) that is brought about, or a gracious deed wrought by God in Christ, or a gracious work that grows fr. more to more (so in contrast to the old covenant Mel., P. 3, 16 al.). God is called ὁ θεὸς πάσης χάριτος 1 Pt 5:10, i.e. God, who is noted for any conceivable benefit or favor; cp. B 21:9.—χάριν διδόναι τινί show favor to someone (Anacr. 110 Diehl; Appian, Ital. 5 §10): τὸν δόντα αὐτῷ τὴν χάριν GJs 14:2. ταπεινοῖς δίδωσι χάριν (Pr 3:34) Js 4:6b; 1 Pt 5:5; 1 Cl 30:2; without a dat. Js 4:6a (Menand., Epitr. 231 S. [55 Kö.]). Perh. καὶ ἔβαλλε κύριος … χάριν ἐπʼ αὐτήν GJs 7:3 (but s. 1 above). The Logos is πλήρης χάριτος J 1:14. Those who belong to him receive of the fullness of his grace, χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος vs. 16 (ἀντί 2). Cp. vs. 17. τὴν χάριν ταύτην ἐν ᾗ ἑστήκαμεν this favor (of God) we now enjoy Ro 5:2 (Goodsp.).—5:17; 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 4:15 (divine beneficence in conversion); cp. Ac 11:23; 6:1; Gal 1:6 (by Christ’s gracious deed); 2:21; 5:4; Col 1:6; 2 Ti 2:1; Hb 12:15; 13:9; 1 Pt 1:10, 13; 3:7 (συνκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς fellow-heirs of the gift that spells life; s. ζωή 2bα); 5:12; 2 Pt 3:18; Jd 4; IPhld 11:1; ISm 6:2. Christians stand ὑπὸ χάριν under God’s gracious will as expressed in their release from legal constraint Ro 6:14f, or they come ὑπὸ τὸν ζυγὸν τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 16:17 (ζυγός 1). The proclamation of salvation is the message of divine beneficence τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 20:24 or ὁ λόγος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) 14:3; 20:32. Even the gospel message can be called ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ 13:43; cp. 18:27; MPol 2:3. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος the Spirit from or through whom (God’s) favor is shown Hb 10:29 (AArgyle, Grace and the Covenant: ET 60, ’48/49, 26f).—Pl. benefits, favors (Diod S 3, 2, 4; 3, 73, 6; Sb 8139, 4 [ins of I B.C.] of Isis; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190) 1 Cl 23:1.—Nelson Glueck, Das Wort ḥesed etc. 1927, but s. FAndersen, ‘Yahweh, the Kind and Sensitive God’: God Who is Rich in Mercy, ed. PO’Brien/DPeterson ’86.
    ④ exceptional effect produced by generosity, favor. Of effects produced by divine beneficence which go beyond those associated with a specific Christian’s status (ins μεγάλαι χάριτες τοῦ θεου: FCumont, Syria 7, 1926, 347ff), in the congregations of Macedonia 2 Cor 8:1 and Corinth 9:14; cp. vs. 8; in Rome AcPl Ha 7, 8. The Christian confessor is in full possession of divine grace ISm 11:1. Paul knows that through the χάρις of God he has been called to be an apostle, and that he has been fitted out w. the powers and capabilities requisite for this office fr. the same source: Ro 1:5; 12:3; 15:15; 1 Cor 3:10; 15:10ab (for the subject matter cp. Polyb. 12, 12b, 3 αὐτὸν [Alex. the Great] ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου τετευχέναι τούτων ὧν ἔτυχεν=whatever he has received he has received from what is divine. [For this reason he does not deserve any divine honors.]); 2 Cor 12:9; Gal 2:9; Eph 3:2, 7f; Phil 1:7.—The χάρις of God manifests itself in various χαρίσματα: Ro 12:6; Eph 4:7; 1 Pt 4:10. This brings into view a number of passages in which χάρις is evidently to be understood in a very concrete sense. It is hardly to be differentiated fr. δύναμις (θεοῦ) or fr. γνῶσις or δόξα (q.v. 1b. On this subj. s. Wetter [5 below] p. 94ff; esp. 130ff; pap in the GLumbroso Festschr. 1925, 212ff: χάρις, δύναμις, πνεῦμα w. essentially the same mng.; PGM 4, 2438; 3165; Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Just., D. 87, 5 ἀπὸ χάριτος τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ πνεύματος). οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ ἀλλʼ ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ 2 Cor 1:12. οὐκ ἐγὼ δὲ ἀλλὰ ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ σὺν ἐμοί 1 Cor 15:10c. αὐξάνετε ἐν χάριτι καὶ γνώσει τοῦ κυρίου 2 Pt 3:18; cp. 1 Cl 55:3; B 1:2 (τῆς δωρεᾶς πνευματικῆς χάρις). Stephen is said to be πλήρης χάριτος καὶ δυνάμεως Ac 6:8. Divine power fills the Christian confessor or martyr w. a radiant glow MPol 12:1 (but s. 1 above). As the typical quality of the age to come, contrasted w. the κόσμος D 10:6.
    ⑤ response to generosity or beneficence, thanks, gratitude (a fundamental component in the Gr-Rom. reciprocity system; exx. fr. later times: Diod S 11, 71, 4 [χάριτες=proofs of gratitude]; Appian, Syr. 3, 12; 13. Cp. Wetter [below] p. 206f) χάριν ἔχειν τινί be grateful to someone (Eur., Hec. 767; X., An. 2, 5, 14; Pla., Phlb. 54d; Ath. 2, 1; PLips 104, 14 [I B.C.] χάριν σοι ἔχω) foll. by ὅτι (Epict. 3, 5, 10; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 270; 2, 49) Lk 17:9 (ERiggenbach, NKZ 34, 1923, 439–43); mostly of gratitude to God or Christ; χάρις in our lit. as a whole, in the sense gratitude, refers to appropriate respone to the Deity for benefits conferred (Hom., Pind., Thu. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 7, 208) χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ (POxy 113, 13 [II A.D.] χάριν ἔχω θεοῖς πᾶσιν.—Epict. 4, 7, 9) 2 Ti 1:3; foll. by ὅτι because 1 Ti 1:12 (Herm. Wr. 6, 4 κἀγὼ χάριν ἔχω τῷ θεῷ …, ὅτι; Jos., Ant. 4, 316); χάριν ἔχειν ἐπί τινι be grateful for someth. Phlm 7 v.l. (to humans). ἔχωμεν χάριν let us be thankful (to God) Hb 12:28 (the reason for it is given by the preceding ptc. παραλαμβάνοντες). Elliptically (B-D-F §128, 6; cp. Rob. 1201f) χάρις (ἔστω) τῷ θεῷ (X., Oec. 8, 16 πολλὴ χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς; Epict. 4, 4, 7 χάρις τῷ θεῳ; BGU 843, 6 [I/II A.D.] χάρις τοῖς θεοῖς al. in pap since III B.C..—Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 309) Ro 7:25; MPol 3:1. Foll. by ὅτι (X., An. 3, 3, 14 τοῖς θεοῖς χάρις ὅτι; PFay 124, 16 τοῖς θεοῖς ἐστιν χάρις ὅτι; Epict. 4, 5, 9) Ro 6:17. Foll. by ἐπί τινι for someth. (UPZ 108, 30 [99 B.C.]) 2 Cor 9:15. The reason for the thanks is given in the ptc. agreeing w. τῷ θεῷ 2:14; 8:16; 1 Cor 15:57 (cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 145; Philo, Somn. 2, 213). Thankfulness (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 15 §51 πρός τινα=toward someone) χάριτι in thankfulness 10:30. So prob. also ἐν τῇ χάριτι in a thankful spirit Col 3:16 (Dibelius, Hdb. ad loc.). πλησθῆναι χαρᾶς καὶ χάριτος AcPl Ha 8, 7. S. εὐχαριστέω, end. Also PSchubert, Form and Function of the Pauline Thanksgivings ’39.—OLoew, Χάρις, diss., Marburg 1908; GWetter, Charis 1913; AvHarnack, Sanftmut, Huld u. Demut in der alten Kirche: JKaftan Festschr. 1920, 113ff; NBonwetsch, Zur Geschichte des Begriffs Gnade in der alten Kirche: Harnack Festgabe 1921, 93–101; EBurton, Gal ICC 1921, 423f; WWhitley, The Doctrine of Grace ’32; JMoffatt, Grace in the NT ’31; RWinkler, D. Gnade im NT: ZST 10, ’33, 642–80; RHomann, D. Gnade in d. Syn. Ev.: ibid. 328–48; JWobbe, D. Charisgedanke b. Pls ’32; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 283–310 (Paul); HBoers, Ἀγάπη and Χάρις in Paul’s Thought: CBQ 59, ’97, 693–713; on 2 Cor 8: FDanker, Augsburg Comm. 2 Cor, 116–34; PRousselot, La Grâce d’après St. Jean et d’après St. Paul: SR 18, 1928, 87–108, Christent. u. Wissensch. 8, ’32, 402–30; JMontgomery, Hebrew Hesed and Gk. Charis: HTR 32, ’39, 97–102; Dodd 61f; TTorrance, The Doctrine of Grace in the Apost. Fathers, ’48; JRenié, Studia Anselmiana 27f, ’51, 340–50; CRSmith, The Bible Doctrine of Grace, ’56; EFlack, The Concept of Grace in Bibl. Thought: Bibl. Studies in Memory of HAlleman, ed. Myers, ’60, 137–54; DDoughty, NTS 19, ’73, 163–80.—B. 1166. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > χάρις

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