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  • 121 Spínola, Antônio de

    (1910-1996)
       Senior army general, hero of Portugal's wars of African insurgency, and first president of the provisional government after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A career army officer who became involved in politics after a long career of war service and administration overseas, Spinola had a role in the 1974 coup and revolution that was somewhat analogous to that of General Gomes da Costa in the 1926 coup.
       Spinola served in important posts as a volunteer in Portugal's intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), a military observer on the Russian front with the Third Reich's armed forces in World War II, and a top officer in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). His chief significance in contemporary affairs, however, came following his military assignments and tours of duty in Portugal's colonial wars in Africa after 1961.
       Spinola fought first in Angola and later in Guinea- Bissau, where, during 1968-73, he was both commanding general of Portugal's forces and high commissioner (administrator of the territory). His Guinean service tour was significant for at least two reasons: Spinola's dynamic influence upon a circle of younger career officers on his staff in Guinea, men who later joined together in the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), and Spinola's experience of failure in winning the Guinea war militarily or finding a political means for compromise or negotiation with the Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), the African insurgent movement that had fought a war with Portugal since 1963, largely in the forested tropical interior of the territory. Spinola became discouraged after failure to win permission to negotiate secretly for a political solution to the war with the PAIGC and was reprimanded by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano.
       After his return—not in triumph—from Guinea in 1973, Spinola was appointed chief of staff of the armed forces, but he resigned in a dispute with the government. With the assistance of younger officers who also had African experience of costly but seemingly endless war, Spinola wrote a book, Portugal and the Future, which was published in February 1974, despite official censorship and red tape. Next to the Bible and editions of Luís de Camoes's The Lusi- ads, Spinola's controversial book was briefly the best-selling work in Portugal's modern age. While not intimately involved with the budding conspiracy among career army majors, captains, and others, Spinola was prepared to head such a movement, and the planners depended on his famous name and position as senior army officer with the right credentials to win over both military and civil opinion when and where it counted.
       When the Revolution of 25 April 1974 succeeded, Spinola was named head of the Junta of National Salvation and eventually provisional president of Portugal. Among the military revolutionaries, though, there was wide disagreement about the precise goals of the revolution and how to achieve them. Spinola's path-breaking book had subtly proposed three new goals: the democratization of authoritarian Portugal, a political solution to the African colonial wars, and liberalization of the economic system. The MFA immediately proclaimed, not coincidentally, the same goals, but without specifying the means to attain them.
       The officers who ran the newly emerging system fell out with Spinola over many issues, but especially over how to decolonize Portugal's besieged empire. Spinola proposed a gradualist policy that featured a free referendum by all colonial voters to decide between a loose federation with Portugal or complete independence. MFA leaders wanted more or less immediate decolonization, a transfer of power to leading African movements, and a pullout of Portugal's nearly 200,000 troops in three colonies. After a series of crises and arguments, Spinola resigned as president in September 1974. He conspired for a conservative coup to oust the leftists in power, but the effort failed in March 1975, and Spinola was forced to flee to Spain and then to Brazil. Some years later, he returned to Portugal, lived in quiet retirement, and could be seen enjoying horseback riding. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the rank of marshal, in retirement.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spínola, Antônio de

  • 122 Nervi, Pier Luigi

    [br]
    b. 21 June 1891 Sondrio, Italy
    d. 9 January 1979 (?), Italy
    [br]
    Italian engineer who played a vital role in the use and adaptation of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the 1930s to the 1970s.
    [br]
    Nervi early established a reputation in the use of reinforced concrete with his stadium in Florence (1930–2). This elegant concrete structure combines graceful curves with functional solidity and is capable of seating some 35,000 spectators. The stadium was followed by the aircraft hangars built for the Italian Air Force at Orvieto and Ortebello, in which he spanned the vast roofs of the hangars with thin-shelled vaults supported by precast concrete beams and steel-reinforced ribs. The structural strength and subtle curves of these ribbed roofs set the pattern for Nervi's techniques, which he subsequently varied and elaborated on to solve problems that arose in further commissions.
    Immediately after the Second World War Italy was short of supplies of steel for structural purposes so, in contrast to the USA, Britain and Germany, did not for some years construct any quantity of steel-framed rectangular buildinngs used for offices, housing or industrial use. It was Nervi who led the way to a ferroconcrete approach, using a new type of structure based on these materials in the form of a fine steel mesh sprayed with cement mortar and used to roof all kinds of structures. It was a method that resulted in expressionist curves instead of rectangular blocks, and the first of his great exhibition halls at Turin (1949), with a vault span of 240 ft (73 m), was an early example of this technique. Nervi continued to create original and beautiful ferroconcrete structures of infinite variety: for example, the hall at the Lido di Roma, Ostia; the terme at Chianciano; and the three buildings that he designed for the Rome Olympics in 1960. The Palazzetto dello Sport is probably the most famous of these, for which he co-operated with the architect Annibale Vitellozzi to construct a small sports palace seating 5,000 spectators under a concrete "big top" of 194 ft (59 m) diameter, its enclosing walls supported by thirtysix guy ropes of concrete; inside, the elegant roof displays a floral quality. In 1960 Nervi returned to Turin to build his imaginative Palace of Labour for the centenary celebrations of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the city. This vast hall, like the Crystal Palace in England a century earlier (see Paxton), had to be built quickly and be suitable for later adaptation. It was therefore constructed partly in steel, and the metal supporting columns rose to palm-leaf capitals reminiscent of those in ancient Nile palaces.
    Nervi's aim was always to create functional buildings that simultaneously act by their aesthetic qualities as an effective educational influence. Functionalism for Nervi never became "brutalism". In consequence, his work is admired by the lay public as well as by architects. He collaborated with many of the outstanding architects of the day: with Gio Ponti on the Pirelli Building in Milan (1955–9); with Zehrfuss and Breuer on the Y-plan UNESCO Building in Paris (1953–7); and with Marcello Piacentini on the 16,000-seat Palazzo dello Sport in Rome. Nervi found time to write a number of books on building construction and design, lectured in the Universities of Rio de Janiero and Buenos Aires, and was for many years Professor of Technology and Technique of Construction in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Rome. He continued to design new structures until well into the 1970s.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    RIBA Royal Gold Medal 1960. Royal Institute of Structural Engineers Gold Medal 1968. Honorary Degree Edinburgh University, Warsaw University, Munich University, London University, Harvard University. Member International Institute of Arts and Letters, Zurich; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.
    Bibliography
    1956, Structures, New York: Dodge.
    1945, Scienza o Arte del Costruire?, Rome: Bussola.
    Further Reading
    P.Desideri et al., 1979, Pier Luigi Nervi, Bologna: Zanichelli.
    A.L.Huxtable, 1960, Masters of World Architecture; Pier Luigi Nervi, New York: Braziller.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Nervi, Pier Luigi

  • 123 cien

    adj.
    1 one-hundred, hundred, a hundred.
    2 one-hundredth.
    f. & m.
    a or one hundred.
    cien mil a o one hundred thousand
    por cien percent
    cien por cien a hundred percent;
    m.
    hundred, a hundred.
    * * *
    1 one hundred, a hundred
    1 one hundred, a hundred
    \
    cien por cien one hundred per cent
    ponerse a cien familiar to blow one's top, get all worked up Table 1 NOTA see also ciento and seis/Table 1
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. adj.
    hundred, a hundred
    * * *
    I
    ADJ, PRON [antes de s, apócope de ciento] a hundred, one hundred

    es de lana cien por cien — it's pure wool, it's a hundred per cent wool

    - me pone a cien
    CIEN, CIENTO ► La traducción de cien(to) puede ser a hundred o one hundred: Tengo que escribir cien páginas I've got to write a o one hundred pages Murió a la edad de ciento veinte años He died at the age of a o one hundred and twenty Sin embargo, hay que utilizar siempre one hundred: ► cuando cien(to) va detrás de otra cifra: El curso cuesta dos mil ciento noventa libras The course costs two thousand one hundred and ninety pounds ► cuando se quiere precisar que se trata de cien(to) y no de doscientos {etc}: I said "one hundred" not "two hundred" Para otros usos y ejemplos ver cien I, ciento II
    ** SM bog **, lavatory, john (EEUU) *
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre a/one hundred

    cien mil — a/one hundred thousand

    es cien por cien algodón — (esp Esp) it's a hundred percent cotton

    II
    * * *
    = hundred, hundred, one hundred.
    Ex. There seems little point in hundreds of cataloguers in separate locations wading through cataloguing codes and classification schemes in order to create a variety of catalogue records for the same work.
    Ex. There seems little point in hundreds of cataloguers in separate locations wading through cataloguing codes and classification schemes in order to create a variety of catalogue records for the same work.
    Ex. It features elements of many of the trends in classification theory and practice over the past one hundred years.
    ----
    * cien por cien = one hundred percent.
    * cientos = oodles, scores.
    * cientos de = hundreds of, yards of.
    * cientos de miles = hundreds of thousands, tens of thousands.
    * cientos de millones = hundred million.
    * cien veces = hundred-fold.
    * dar cien mil vueltas = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.
    * darle cien mil vueltas a Alguien = knock + spots off + Nombre.
    * de menos del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * en tanto por ciento = percentage-wise.
    * más del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.
    * más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando = a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
    * Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.
    * por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit.
    * tanto por ciento = percentage.
    * tienda de todo a cien = dollar store.
    * veinte por ciento = two-tenths.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable/pronombre a/one hundred

    cien mil — a/one hundred thousand

    es cien por cien algodón — (esp Esp) it's a hundred percent cotton

    II
    * * *
    = hundred, hundred, one hundred.

    Ex: There seems little point in hundreds of cataloguers in separate locations wading through cataloguing codes and classification schemes in order to create a variety of catalogue records for the same work.

    Ex: There seems little point in hundreds of cataloguers in separate locations wading through cataloguing codes and classification schemes in order to create a variety of catalogue records for the same work.
    Ex: It features elements of many of the trends in classification theory and practice over the past one hundred years.
    * cien por cien = one hundred percent.
    * cientos = oodles, scores.
    * cientos de = hundreds of, yards of.
    * cientos de miles = hundreds of thousands, tens of thousands.
    * cientos de millones = hundred million.
    * cien veces = hundred-fold.
    * dar cien mil vueltas = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.
    * darle cien mil vueltas a Alguien = knock + spots off + Nombre.
    * de menos del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * en tanto por ciento = percentage-wise.
    * más del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.
    * más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando = a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
    * Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.
    * por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit.
    * tanto por ciento = percentage.
    * tienda de todo a cien = dollar store.
    * veinte por ciento = two-tenths.

    * * *
    adj inv/pron
    a/one hundred
    cien euros a/one hundred euros
    cien mil a/one hundred thousand
    es cien por cien algodón it's pure cotton, it's a hundred percent cotton
    no estoy convencido al cien por cien I'm not totally convinced
    poner a algn a cien ( Esp); to get sb annoyed
    ver tb ciento1 (↑ ciento (1))
    el cien one hundred, number one hundred
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ciar: ( conjugate ciar)

    cíen es:

    3ª persona plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) imperativo

    cien adj inv/pron
    a/one hundred;
    ◊ cien mil a/one hundred thousand;

    es cien por cien algodón (esp Esp) it's a hundred percent cotton
    ■ sustantivo masculino: el cien (number) one hundred
    cien adjetivo & sustantivo masculino inv hundred
    cien personas, a o one hundred people
    cinco por cien, five per cent
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar poner a alguien a cien, to drive sb mad
    cien por cien, (completamente, de principio a fin) one hundred per cent: una sustancia cien por cien vegetal, a substance made from natural products only
    ir/andar con cien ojos, to keep your eyes peeled
    Recuerda que en inglés no tiene plural ( one/ two/three, etc. hundred) excepto cuando expresa una cantidad indeterminada: Había cientos de personas. There were hundreds of people there.

    ' cien' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - antecesor
    - antecesora
    - baja
    - bajo
    - cabida
    - casi
    - contratación
    - dividendo
    - haber
    - más
    - neta
    - neto
    - pago
    - poner
    - venir
    - ciento
    - pájaro
    English:
    A
    - aboard
    - another
    - around
    - aware
    - bet
    - by
    - deep
    - discount
    - funnel
    - horsepower
    - hundred
    - length
    - live
    - offshore
    - than
    - vicinity
    - watt
    - within
    - worth
    * * *
    cien núm
    a o one hundred;
    cien mil a o one hundred thousand;
    por cien percent;
    cien por cien a hundred percent;
    Fam
    poner a cien alguien: esa musiquilla me está poniendo a cien that tune's getting on my nerves;
    Fam
    dar cien mil vueltas a algo/alguien: mi moto le da cien vueltas a la tuya my motorbike's miles better than yours;
    ver también treinta
    * * *
    adj a o
    one hundred;
    poner a alguien a cien fam irritate s.o., get on s.o.’s nerves;
    cien por cien fig fam a hundred per cent, totally
    * * *
    cien adj
    1) : a hundred, hundred
    las primeras cien páginas: the first hundred pages
    2)
    cien por ciento : a hundred percent, through and through, wholeheartedly
    cien nm
    : one hundred
    * * *
    cien num a hundred / one hundred

    Spanish-English dictionary > cien

  • 124 в добавок ко всему

    General subject: top it off (To top it off, it was raining and his suit was all muddy.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в добавок ко всему

  • 125 תבל

    תָּבַלPi. תִּבֵּל 1) (denom. of תֶּבֶל) to mix; to spice, season. Men.23b תִּיבְּלָהּ בקצחוכ׳ if he seasoned it (the unleavened bread)-with cumin Ib. 21a יכול יְתַבְּלֶנּוּ כתבן בטיט Ms. M. a. Ar. (ed. יתבוננו) you may think (that tbonnennu means,) that he must mix it with salt as straw is mixed with clay; Yalk. Lev. 454 (not בתבן וטיט); v. בִּין. Orl. II, 4 כל המחמץ והמְתַבֵּלוכ׳ whosoever leavens, or seasons, or mixes with Trumah Ib. 15 תבלין … לא באלו כדי לתַבֵּל … ונצטרפו ותִבְּלוּ if spices of Trumah and of mixed seeds get into a pot, neither being sufficient to season the dish, but seasoning it in combination. Y.Maas. Sh. II, 53c top a dish of second tithes שתִּיבְּלוֹוכ׳ which one seasoned with spices of a profane character; a. fr.Part. pass. מְתוּבָּל; f. מְתוּבֶּלֶת Y.Pes.X, 37c מבושל כמ׳ (ed. כדי תבל, כתיתבל corr. acc.) boiled wine is in ritual law like spiced wine. Tosef. ib. I (II), 33 מצה המת׳וכ׳ spiced Matsah; a. e.Trnsf. to improve, refine. Gen. R. s. 23; Yalk. ib. 38 (play on תובל קין) ת׳ עבודתו של קין (Gen. R. עבירתו) he refined Cains work (sin); Cain killed without any tool 2) (v. תֵּבֵל) to make rich of growth.Part. pass. as ab. Sifré Deut. 37; Yalk. Prov. 943, v. תֵּבֵל. Nithpa. נִתַּבֵּל, Hithpa. התַּבֵּל 1) to be mixed, seasoned. Tosef. Pes. l. c. בין שנִתַּבְּלָהוכ׳ (ed. Zuck. שתִּיבְּלָהּ) whether it was seasoned in a stew-dish or in a pot. 2) (denom. of תֶּבֶל 2) to defile ones self. Yalk. Gen. 47 (ref. to הוחל, Gen. 4:26, and play on תובל) חזרו מִתַּבְּלִין בכס כעסוכ׳ they turned and denied themselves with all kind of provocation (sins), as we read, Tubal Cain ; שחזרו להִתַּבֵּל בזנותוכ׳ they turned to defile themselves with voluptuousness, as we read (Lev. 20:12) tebel ‘asu.

    Jewish literature > תבל

  • 126 תָּבַל

    תָּבַלPi. תִּבֵּל 1) (denom. of תֶּבֶל) to mix; to spice, season. Men.23b תִּיבְּלָהּ בקצחוכ׳ if he seasoned it (the unleavened bread)-with cumin Ib. 21a יכול יְתַבְּלֶנּוּ כתבן בטיט Ms. M. a. Ar. (ed. יתבוננו) you may think (that tbonnennu means,) that he must mix it with salt as straw is mixed with clay; Yalk. Lev. 454 (not בתבן וטיט); v. בִּין. Orl. II, 4 כל המחמץ והמְתַבֵּלוכ׳ whosoever leavens, or seasons, or mixes with Trumah Ib. 15 תבלין … לא באלו כדי לתַבֵּל … ונצטרפו ותִבְּלוּ if spices of Trumah and of mixed seeds get into a pot, neither being sufficient to season the dish, but seasoning it in combination. Y.Maas. Sh. II, 53c top a dish of second tithes שתִּיבְּלוֹוכ׳ which one seasoned with spices of a profane character; a. fr.Part. pass. מְתוּבָּל; f. מְתוּבֶּלֶת Y.Pes.X, 37c מבושל כמ׳ (ed. כדי תבל, כתיתבל corr. acc.) boiled wine is in ritual law like spiced wine. Tosef. ib. I (II), 33 מצה המת׳וכ׳ spiced Matsah; a. e.Trnsf. to improve, refine. Gen. R. s. 23; Yalk. ib. 38 (play on תובל קין) ת׳ עבודתו של קין (Gen. R. עבירתו) he refined Cains work (sin); Cain killed without any tool 2) (v. תֵּבֵל) to make rich of growth.Part. pass. as ab. Sifré Deut. 37; Yalk. Prov. 943, v. תֵּבֵל. Nithpa. נִתַּבֵּל, Hithpa. התַּבֵּל 1) to be mixed, seasoned. Tosef. Pes. l. c. בין שנִתַּבְּלָהוכ׳ (ed. Zuck. שתִּיבְּלָהּ) whether it was seasoned in a stew-dish or in a pot. 2) (denom. of תֶּבֶל 2) to defile ones self. Yalk. Gen. 47 (ref. to הוחל, Gen. 4:26, and play on תובל) חזרו מִתַּבְּלִין בכס כעסוכ׳ they turned and denied themselves with all kind of provocation (sins), as we read, Tubal Cain ; שחזרו להִתַּבֵּל בזנותוכ׳ they turned to defile themselves with voluptuousness, as we read (Lev. 20:12) tebel ‘asu.

    Jewish literature > תָּבַל

  • 127 gutxi

    zenb.
    1. ( zenbatu ezinezko izenekin) little; ur \gutxi little water; gazta \gutxi gelditzen da there's little cheese left
    2. ( zenbatzeko moduko izenekin) few; liburu \gutxi few books; mongoliar \gutxi few Mongolians; egun \gutxi barru in a few days
    3. ( elipsian) few; \gutxik ezagutzen dute few know him
    4. ( ordua adierazteko) to, till; hirurak laurden \gutxi a quarter to three
    5. (esa.) \gutxi bat a bit; \gutxiz gehiena nearly all; eta \gutxi balitz, berandu etorri zen {and to make matters worse || and to top it off}, he came late; \gutxi gora-behera more or less adb. little; orain \gutxi egiten du now he does little; \gutxi gora behera more or less; orain dela \gutxi a little ago | a short time ago

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > gutxi

  • 128 ştii, colea!

    quite the thing
    tip-top
    A1
    all there
    out-and-out.

    Română-Engleză dicționar expresii > ştii, colea!

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