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61 diplomarse
pron.v.1 to graduate, to obtain a diploma.2 to receive a diploma, to obtain a degree, to receive a degree.* * *1 to graduate* * *verb* * *VPR esp LAm to graduate ( from college {etc}4})* * *verbo pronominala) (AmL) ( obtener un título universitario) to graduatediplomarse de/en algo — to graduate as/in something
me diplomé de arquitecto or en arquitectura — I graduated as an architect o in architecture
b) ( obtener otro título) to obtain a diploma (o certificate etc)* * *(v.) = graduateEx. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.* * *verbo pronominala) (AmL) ( obtener un título universitario) to graduatediplomarse de/en algo — to graduate as/in something
me diplomé de arquitecto or en arquitectura — I graduated as an architect o in architecture
b) ( obtener otro título) to obtain a diploma (o certificate etc)* * *(v.) = graduateEx: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
* * *diplomarse [A1 ]1 (obtener un título universitario) to graduateme diplomé el año pasado I got my degree o graduated last yeardiplomarse DE/ EN algo to graduate AS/ IN sthme diplomé de arquitecto or en arquitectura I graduated as an architect o in architecturese diplomó de médico/de abogado he qualified as a doctor/as a lawyer2 (obtener otro título) to obtain a diploma ( o certificate etc)acaba de diplomarse en fotografía she's just obtained a diploma in photographyse diplomó de traductor he qualified as a translator* * *
diplomarse ( conjugate diplomarse) verbo pronominal
diplomarse de/en algo to graduate as/in sth
* * *vprto graduate, to receive a diploma;se diplomó en enfermería he received a diploma in nursing, he qualified as a nurse* * *v/r receive one’s diploma, graduate -
62 egresar
v.1 to leave school after completing one's studies(de escuela). ( Latin American Spanish)2 to graduate.3 to egress, to exit, to go out, to depart.Yo salí I went out.* * *VI LAm1) (=irse) to go out, leave2) (Univ) to graduate* * *1.verbo intransitivo (AmL) ( de universidad) to graduate; ( de colegio) to graduate from high school (AmE), to leave school (o college etc) (BrE)2.egresar vt (Andes) (Fin) to withdraw, take out* * *= graduate.Ex. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.* * *1.verbo intransitivo (AmL) ( de universidad) to graduate; ( de colegio) to graduate from high school (AmE), to leave school (o college etc) (BrE)2.egresar vt (Andes) (Fin) to withdraw, take out* * *= graduate.Ex: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
* * *egresar [A1 ]vi( AmL) (de una universidad) to graduate; (de un colegio) to graduate from high school ( AmE), to leave school ( o college etc) ( BrE)egresarán miles de alumnos de nuestras escuelas secundarias thousands of students will leave our secondary schools, thousands of students will graduate from our high schools ( AmE)■ egresarvt( Andes) to withdraw, take out* * *
egresar ( conjugate egresar) verbo intransitivo (AmL) ( de universidad) to graduate;
( de colegio) to graduate from high school (AmE), to leave school (o college etc) (BrE)
verbo transitivo (Andes) (Fin) to withdraw, take out
egresar vi LAm (terminar la escuela) to leave school
(los estudios universitarios) to graduate
* * *egresar viAm1. [de escuela] to leave school after completing one's studies, US to graduate2. [de universidad] to graduate* * *v/i L.Am.leave school* * *egresar vi: to graduate -
63 estudiar en una Universidad
(v.) = attend + UniversidadEx. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.* * *(v.) = attend + UniversidadEx: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
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64 formarse
1 (desarrollarse) to grow, develop2 (educarse) to be educated, be trained* * *to develop, grow* * *VPR1) (=crearse) to formse formarán nubes por la tarde — there will be a build-up of clouds in the afternoon, clouds will form in the afternoon
los vientos que se forman en el Antártico — winds that form o develop in the Antarctic
es inevitable que se formen distintos grupos de opinión — different groups of opinion will inevitably form
2) (=armarse)[jaleo, follón]se formó tal follón que no llegaron a oír el final de su discurso — there was such an uproar that they didn't get to hear the end of his speech
3) (=prepararse) [profesional, jugador, militar] to train; [estudiante] to studyParís fue la ciudad en la que se formó como pintor — Paris was the city in which he learned the art of painting
se formó en el mejor colegio de Inglaterra — he studied o was educated at the best school in England
4) (Mil) to fall in¡fórmense! — fall in!
5) (Dep) to line up6) [+ opinión, impresión] to form¿qué impresión te has formado? — what impression have you formed?
* * *(v.) = shape upEx. A major war may be shaping up over videotex advertising between cable television operators and the telephone companies.* * *(v.) = shape upEx: A major war may be shaping up over videotex advertising between cable television operators and the telephone companies.
* * *
■formarse verbo reflexivo
1 to be formed, form: se está formando una tormenta, a storm is developing
se formó una idea equivocada del asunto, she got the wrong idea about the matter
2 (educarse, instruirse) to be educated o trained
' formarse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
pensar
- capacitar
- formar
- preparar
English:
form
- gather
- size up
* * *vpr1. [hacerse, crearse] to form;se formó un corro de gente en torno al accidentado a circle of people formed around the injured person;se formó espuma en la superficie froth formed on the surface;con esto ya me formo una idea de lo que pasó that gives me a pretty good idea of what happened2. [educarse] to be trained o educated;se formó en la Universidad de Harvard she was educated at Harvard* * *v/r form* * *vr1) desarrollarse: to develop, to take shape2) educarse: to be educated* * *formarse vb1. (crearse) to form2. (educarse) to be educated / to be trained -
65 ir a tientas y a ciegas
(v.) = bump around + in the dark, fumbleEx. Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.Ex. In response to the decision, a Harvard Law professor critical of the decision commented: 'Your are dealing with the law of cyberspace -- it doesn't exist; we are fumbling here'.* * *(v.) = bump around + in the dark, fumbleEx: Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.
Ex: In response to the decision, a Harvard Law professor critical of the decision commented: 'Your are dealing with the law of cyberspace -- it doesn't exist; we are fumbling here'. -
66 licenciarse
1 to graduate* * ** * *VPR1) (Univ) to graduate, take one's degreelicenciarse en Derecho — to graduate in law, get a degree in law
2) (Mil) to be discharged* * *(v.) = graduateEx. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.* * *(v.) = graduateEx: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
* * *
■licenciarse verbo reflexivo
1 Univ to graduate
2 Mil to be discharged
' licenciarse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
licenciar
English:
graduate
- honor
* * *vpr1. [soldado] to be discharged2. [en universidad] to graduate;me licencié en Filosofía por la Universidad de Salamanca I obtained a philosophy degree from the University of Salamanca* * *v/r1 graduate2 MIL be discharged* * *vr: to graduate* * *licenciarse vb (estudios) to graduate -
67 magna cum laude
Ex. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.* * *Ex: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
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68 patólogo
m.pathologist.* * *1 pathologist* * *patólogo, -aSM / F pathologist* * *- ga masculino, femenino pathologist* * *= pathologist.Ex. Many years ago I went to a meeting and an emeritus professor of what was then called bacteriology gave a paper that involved the great German pathologist, Rudolph Fairchild, an emeritus professor at Harvard.* * *- ga masculino, femenino pathologist* * *= pathologist.Ex: Many years ago I went to a meeting and an emeritus professor of what was then called bacteriology gave a paper that involved the great German pathologist, Rudolph Fairchild, an emeritus professor at Harvard.
* * *patólogo -gamasculine, femininepathologist* * *patólogo, -a nm,fpathologist* * *m, patóloga f pathologist* * *patólogo, -ga n: pathologist -
69 pese a
prep.in spite of, despite, regardless of.* * ** * *= despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact thatEx. The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.Ex. In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.Ex. Notwithstanding these activities, the printed word remains an essential vehicle for transmitting information to both specialized and general audiences.Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.Ex. Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.Ex. In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.* * ** * *= despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, although, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact thatEx: The scheme covers all knowledge, despite being special in purpose.
Ex: In spite of its inherent conservatism, the BM code favours direct entry.Ex: Notwithstanding these activities, the printed word remains an essential vehicle for transmitting information to both specialized and general audiences.Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.Ex: Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.Ex: In spite of the fact that the investigation of the relationship of these two factors would be very important, there is still hardly any research done on this topic.* * ** * *
Del verbo pesar: ( conjugate pesar)
pesé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
pese es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
pese a loc prep ver pesar 2 3
' pese a' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
pesar
English:
spite
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70 por muy raro que parezca
= strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strangeEx. Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.Ex. Oddly enough, this failure turns into a success by preserving idealism from solipsism.Ex. Strange though it may seem, he wrote all but one before 1900.Ex. Strange as it may seem, no amount of learning can cure stupidity, and formal education positively fortifies it.Ex. Although it may seem strange, this new trend is just as much a part of the expression of this era as the rebellions of yesteryear.* * *= strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strangeEx: Strangely enough, despite the fact that he was buddies with Henry Kissinger at Harvard, he is registered as a member of the Democratic Party.
Ex: Oddly enough, this failure turns into a success by preserving idealism from solipsism.Ex: Strange though it may seem, he wrote all but one before 1900.Ex: Strange as it may seem, no amount of learning can cure stupidity, and formal education positively fortifies it.Ex: Although it may seem strange, this new trend is just as much a part of the expression of this era as the rebellions of yesteryear. -
71 profesor emérito
(n.) = emeritus professor, professor emeritusEx. Many years ago I went to a meeting and an emeritus professor of what was then called bacteriology gave a paper that involved the great German pathologist, Rudolph Fairchild, an emeritus professor at Harvard.Ex. Prior to his retirement as professor emeritus, he was recognized worldwide as an authority on indexing.* * *(n.) = emeritus professor, professor emeritusEx: Many years ago I went to a meeting and an emeritus professor of what was then called bacteriology gave a paper that involved the great German pathologist, Rudolph Fairchild, an emeritus professor at Harvard.
Ex: Prior to his retirement as professor emeritus, he was recognized worldwide as an authority on indexing. -
72 terminar los estudios
(v.) = graduateEx. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.* * *(v.) = graduateEx: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
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73 Breuer, Marcel Lajos
[br]b. 22 May 1902 Pécs, Hungaryd. 1 July 1981 New York (?), USA[br]Hungarian member of the European Bauhaus generation in the 1920s, who went on to become a leader in the modern school of architectural and furniture design in Europe and the United States.[br]Breuer began his student days following an art course in Vienna, but joined the Bauhaus at Weimar, where he later graduated, in 1920. When Gropius re-established the school in purpose-built structures at Dessau, Breuer became a member of the teaching staff in charge of the carpentry and furniture workshops. Much of his time there was spent in design and research into new materials being applied to furniture and interior decoration. The essence of his contribution was to relate the design of furniture to industrial production; in this field he developed the tubular-steel structure, especially in chair design, and experimented with aluminium as a furniture material as well as pieces of furniture made up from modular units. His furniture style was characterized by an elegance of line and a careful avoidance of superfluous detail. By 1926 he had furnished the Bauhaus with such furniture in chromium-plated steel, and two years later had developed a cantilevered chair.Breuer left the Bauhaus in 1928 and set up an architectural practice in Berlin. In the early 1930s he also spent some time in Switzerland. Notable from these years was his Harnischmacher Haus in Wiesbaden and his apartment buildings in the Dolderthal area of Zurich. His architectural work was at first influenced by constructivism, and then by that of Le Corbusier (see Charles-Edouard Jeanneret). In 1935 he moved to England, where in partnership with F.R.S. Yorke he built some houses and continued to practise furniture design. The Isokon Furniture Co. commissioned him to develop ideas that took advantage of the new bending and moulding processes in laminated wood, one result being his much-copied reclining chair.In 1937, like so many of the European architectural refugees from Nazism, he found himself under-occupied due to the reluctance of English clients to embrace the modern architectural movement. He went to the United States at Gropius's invitation to join him as a professor at Harvard. Breuer and Gropius were influential in training a new generation of American architects, and in particular they built a number of houses. This partnership ended in 1941 and Breuer set up practice in New York. His style of work from this time on was still modern, but became more varied. In housing, he adapted his style to American needs and used local materials in a functional manner. In the Whitney Museum (1966) he worked in a sculptural, granite-clad style. Often he utilized a bold reinforced-concrete form, as in his collaboration with Pier Luigi Nervi and Bernard Zehrfuss in the Paris UNESCO Building (1953–8) and the US Embassy in the Hague (1954–8). He displayed his masterly handling of poured concrete used in a strikingly expressionistic, sculptural manner in his St John's Abbey (1953–61) in Collegeville, Minnesota, and in 1973 his Church of St Francis de Sale in Michigan won him the top award of the American Institute of Architects.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Architects Medal of Honour 1964, Gold Medal 1968. Jefferson Foundation Medal 1968.Bibliography1955, Sun and Shadow, the Philosophy of an Architect, New York: Dodd Read (autobiography).Further ReadingC.Jones (ed.), 1963, Marcel Breuer: Buildings and Projects 1921–1961, New York: Praeger.T.Papachristou (ed.), 1970, Marcel Breuer: New Buildings and Projects 1960–1970, New York: Praeger.DY -
74 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA -
75 REACH
1) Общая лексика: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (Регламент (ЕС) №1907/2006 Европейского Парламента и Совета ЕС от 18 декабря 2006 г., касающийся правил регистрации, оценки, санкционирования и огра)2) Американизм: Record Export For Art And Cultural Heritage, Respecting Ethnic And Cultural Heritage3) Военный термин: Reaffirming Ethnic Awareness And Cultural Harmony4) Химия: новое техническое законодательство в области регистрации ( Registration), оценки (Evaluation), разрешения (Authorisation) и ограничения (Restriction) химических веществ-Регламент ЕС № 1907/20065) Религия: Relational Evangelism And Christian Hospitality, Relationship, Evangelism, Accountability, Care, And Hope, Research Education And Access To Charitable Health, Retreat Evangelization And Conversion Of Hearts6) Юридический термин: Rape Education Advocacy Counseling And Healing7) Сокращение: Rape Emergency Aid and Counseling for Her, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals8) Университет: Research Education And Action For Cooperatives And Health, Research Experiences in Algebraic Combinatorics at Harvard9) Вычислительная техника: Research and Educational Applications of Computers in the Humanities10) Фирменный знак: Redwood Empire Air Care Helicopter11) Экология: Регистрация, Оценка, Авторизация и Запрещение Химических Веществ (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances)12) Деловая лексика: Raising Employee Awareness Of Community Hardships, Respect Enthusiasm Able Caring Helpers13) Образование: Rebuilding Educating Awareness Counseling And Hope, Referral Education And Counseling Help, Request For Early Assistance And Coordinating Help, Responsibility Education Achievement Caring And Hope, Responsibility Education And Action For Community Health, Responsibility Education Attitude Change And Health, Responsible Educated Adolescents Can Help, Ringgold's Extracurricular Activities Create Hope14) Евросоюз: Регламент ЕС, касающийся правил регистрации, оценки, санкционирования и ограничения использования химических веществ (Регламент (ЕС) № 1907/2006 Европейского Парламента и Совета от 18 декабря 2006 г.)15) Общественная организация: Romanian Emergency Aid and Community Help -
76 reach
1) Общая лексика: Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (Регламент (ЕС) №1907/2006 Европейского Парламента и Совета ЕС от 18 декабря 2006 г., касающийся правил регистрации, оценки, санкционирования и огра)2) Американизм: Record Export For Art And Cultural Heritage, Respecting Ethnic And Cultural Heritage3) Военный термин: Reaffirming Ethnic Awareness And Cultural Harmony4) Химия: новое техническое законодательство в области регистрации ( Registration), оценки (Evaluation), разрешения (Authorisation) и ограничения (Restriction) химических веществ-Регламент ЕС № 1907/20065) Религия: Relational Evangelism And Christian Hospitality, Relationship, Evangelism, Accountability, Care, And Hope, Research Education And Access To Charitable Health, Retreat Evangelization And Conversion Of Hearts6) Юридический термин: Rape Education Advocacy Counseling And Healing7) Сокращение: Rape Emergency Aid and Counseling for Her, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restrictions of Chemicals8) Университет: Research Education And Action For Cooperatives And Health, Research Experiences in Algebraic Combinatorics at Harvard9) Вычислительная техника: Research and Educational Applications of Computers in the Humanities10) Фирменный знак: Redwood Empire Air Care Helicopter11) Экология: Регистрация, Оценка, Авторизация и Запрещение Химических Веществ (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances)12) Деловая лексика: Raising Employee Awareness Of Community Hardships, Respect Enthusiasm Able Caring Helpers13) Образование: Rebuilding Educating Awareness Counseling And Hope, Referral Education And Counseling Help, Request For Early Assistance And Coordinating Help, Responsibility Education Achievement Caring And Hope, Responsibility Education And Action For Community Health, Responsibility Education Attitude Change And Health, Responsible Educated Adolescents Can Help, Ringgold's Extracurricular Activities Create Hope14) Евросоюз: Регламент ЕС, касающийся правил регистрации, оценки, санкционирования и ограничения использования химических веществ (Регламент (ЕС) № 1907/2006 Европейского Парламента и Совета от 18 декабря 2006 г.)15) Общественная организация: Romanian Emergency Aid and Community Help -
77 Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf
[br]b. 11 October 1884 Goldschmieden, near Breslau, Germanyd. 31 March Buenos Aires, Argentina[br][br]After studying chemistry in Breslau and Leipzig and assisting inter alia at the institute of Fritz Haber in Karlsruhe on the catalysis of ammonia under high pressure, in 1909 he went to Hannover to pursue his idea of turning coal into liquid hydrocarbon under high hydrogen pressure (200 atm) and high temperatures (470° C). As experiments with high pressure in chemical processes were still in their initial stages and the Technical University could not support him sufficiently, he set up a private laboratory to develop the methods and to construct the equipment himself. Four years later, in 1913, his process for producing liquid or organic compounds from coal was patented.The economic aspects of this process were apparent as the demand for fuels and lubricants increased more rapidly than the production of oil, and Bergius's process became even more important after the outbreak of the First World War. The Th. Goldschmidt company of Essen contracted him and tried large-scale production near Mannheim in 1914, but production failed because of the lack of capital and experience to operate with high pressure on an industrial level. Both capital and experience were provided jointly by the BASF company, which produced ammonia at Merseburg, and IG Farben, which took over the Bergius process in 1925, the same year that the synthesis of hydrocarbon had been developed by Fischer-Tropsch. Two years later, at the Leuna works, almost 100,000 tonnes of oil were produced from coal; during the following years, several more hydrogenation plants were to follow, especially in the eastern parts of Germany as well as in the Ruhr area, while the government guaranteed the costs. The Bergius process was extremely important for the supply of fuels to Germany during the Second World War, with the monthly production rate in 1943–4 being more than 700,000 tonnes. However, the plants were mostly destroyed at. the end of the war and were later dismantled.As a consequence of this success Bergius, who had gained an international reputation, went abroad to work as a consultant to several foreign governments. Experiments aiming to reduce the costs of production are still continued in some countries. By 1925, after he had solved all the principles of his process, he had turned to the production of dextrose by hydrolyzing wood with highly concentrated hydrochloric acid.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize 1931. Honorary doctorates, Heidelberg, Harvard and Hannover.Bibliography1907, "Über absolute Schwefelsäure als Lösungsmittel", unpublished thesis, Weida. 1913, Die Anwendung hoher Drucke bei chemischen Vorgängen und eine Nachbildungdes Entstehungsprozesses der Steinkohle, Halle. 1913, DRP no. 301, 231 (coal-liquefaction process).1925, "Verflüssigung der Kohle", Zeitschrift des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 69:1313–20, 1359–62.1933, "Chemische Reaktionen unter hohem Druck", Les Prix Nobel en 1931, Stockholm, pp. 1–37.Further ReadingDeutsches Bergbau-Museum, 1985, Friedrich Bergius und die Kohleverflüssigung. Stationen einer Entwicklung, Bochum (gives a comprehensive and illustrated description of the man and the technology).H.Beck, 1982, Friedrich Bergius, ein Erfinderschicksal, Munich: Deutsches Museum (a detailed biographical description).W.Birkendfeld, 1964, Der synthetische Treibstoff 1933–1945. Ein Beitragzur nationalsozialistischen Wirtschafts-und Rüstungspolitik, Göttingen, Berlin and Frankfurt (describes the economic value of synthetic fuels for the Third Reich).WKBiographical history of technology > Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf
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78 Bode, Hendrik Wade
[br]b. 24 December 1905 Madison, Wisconsin, USAd. 21 June 1982 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA[br]American engineer who developed an extensive theoretical understanding of the behaviour of electronic circuits.[br]Bode received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Ohio State University in 1924 and 1926, respectively, and his PhD from Columbia University, New York, in 1935. In 1926 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he made many theoretical contributions to the understanding of the behaviour of electronic circuits and, in particular, in conjunction with Harry Nyquist, of the conditions under which amplifier circuits become unstable.During the Second World War he worked on the design of gun control systems and afterwards was a member of a team that worked with Douglas Aircraft to develop the Nike anti-aircraft missile. A member of the Bell Laboratories Mathematical Research Group from 1929, he became its Director in 1952, and then Director of Physical Sciences. Finally he became Vice-President of the Laboratories, with responsibility for systems engineering, and a director of Bellcomm, a Bell company involved in the Moon-landing programme. When he retired from Bell in 1967, he became Professor of Systems Engineering at Harvard University.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresidential Certificate of Merit 1946. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1969.Bibliography1940, "Relation between attenuation and phase in feedback amplifier design", Bell System Technical Journal 19:421.1945, Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design, New York: Van Nostrand.1950, with C.E.Shannon, "A simplified derivation of linear least squares smoothing and prediction theory", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 38:417.1961, "Feedback. The history of an idea", Proceedings of the Symposium on Active Networks and Feedback Systems, Brooklyn Polytechnic.1971, Synergy: Technical Integration and Technical Innovation in the Bell System Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories (provides background on his activities at Bell).Further ReadingP.C.Mahon, 1975, Mission Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories. See also Black, Harold Stephen; Shannon, Claude Elwood.KF -
79 Burks, Arthur Walter
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 13 October 1915 Duluth, Minnesota, USA[br]American engineer involved in the development of the ENIAC and Whirlwind computers.[br]After obtaining his AB degree from De Pere University, Wisconsin (1937), and his AM and PhD from the University of Michigan (1938 and 1941, respectively), Burks carried out research at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, during the Second World War, and at the same time taught philosophy in another department. There, with Herman Goldstine, he was involved in the construction of ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).In 1946 he took a post as Assistant Professor of Engineering at Michigan University, and subsequently became Associate Professor (1948) and Full Professor (1954). Between 1946 and 1948 he was also associated with the computer activities of John von Neumann at the Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton, and was involved in the development of the Whirlwind I computer (the first stored-program computer) by Jay Forrester at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1948 until 1954 he was a consultant for the Burroughs Corporation and also contributed to the Oak Ridge computer ORACLE. He was Chairman of the Michigan University Department of Communications Science in 1967–71 and at various times was Visiting Professor at Harvard University and the universities of Illinois and Stanford. In 1975 he became Editor of the Journal of Computer and System Sciences.[br]Bibliography1946. "Super electronic computing machine", Electronics Industry 62.1947. "Electronic computing circuits of the ENIAC", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 35:756.1980, "From ENIAC to the stored program computer. Two revolutions in computing", in N.Metropolis, J.Hewlett \& G.-C.Rota (eds), A History of Computing in the 20th Century, London: Academic Press.Further ReadingJ.W.Corlada, 1987, Historical Dictionary of Data Processing (provides further details of Burk's career).KF -
80 Godowsky, Leopold Jr
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 27 May 1900 Chicago, Illinois, USA d. 1983[br]American musician and photographic experimenter whose researches, with those of his colleague Mannes, led to the introduction of the first commercial tripack colour film, Kodachrome.[br]Both from distinguished musical families, Godowsky and Leopold Damrosch Mannes met at Riverdale School in New York in 1916, and shared an interest in photography. They began experiments in methods of additive colour photography, gaining a patent for a three-colour projector. Godowsky went to the University of California to study chemistry, physics and mathematics, while working as a professional violinist; Mannes, a pianist, went to Harvard to study music and physics. They kept in touch, and after graduating they joined up in New York, working as musicians and experimenting in colour photography in their spare time.Initially working in kitchens and bathrooms, they succeeded in creating a two-layer colour photographic plate, with emulsions separately sensitized to parts of the spectrum, and patented the process. This achievement was all the greater since they were unable to make the emulsions themselves and had to resort to buying commercial photographic plates so that they could scrape off the emulsions, remelt them and coat their experimental materials. In 1922 their work came to the attention of C.E.K. Mees, the leading photographic scientist and Director of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester, New York. Mees arranged for plates to be coated to their specifications. With a grant from Kuhn, Loeb \& Co. they were able to rent laboratory space. Learning of Rudolf Fischer's early work on dye couplers, they worked to develop a new process incorporating them. Mees saw that their work, however promising, would not develop in an amateur laboratory, and in 1930 he invited them to join the Kodak Research Laboratory, where they arrived on 15 June 1931. Their new colleagues worked on ways of coating multi-layer film, while Mannes and Godowsky worked out a method of separately processing the individual layers in the exposed film. The result was Kodachrome film, the first of the modern integral tripack films, launched on 15 April 1935.They remained with Eastman Kodak until December 1939; their work contributed to the later appearance of Ektachrome colour-reversal film and the Kodacolor and Eastman Color negative-positive colour processes. Mannes became the Director of his father's Music Academy in New York, remaining as such until his death in 1964. Godowsky returned to Westport, Connecticut, and continued to study mathematics at Columbia University. He carried out photographic research un his private laboratory up until the time of his death in 1983.[br]Further ReadingC.E.K.Mees, 1961, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, New York.BC
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