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41 Salt
1) Общая лексика: (советско-американские) договорённости по ограничению стратегических вооружений, переговоры ОСВ, переговоры об ограничении стратегических вооружений (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), переговоры по ограничению стратегических вооружений2) Компьютерная техника: Standards-based Access service to multilingual Lexicons and Terminologies, Suse Advanced Linux Technology3) Медицина: skin-assosiated lymphoid tissue4) Разговорное выражение: договор по ограничению стратегических вооружений5) Американизм: Strategic Alliance For Leadership Training, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, Strategic Arms Limitations Talks6) Военный термин: Serving And Learning Together, Supporting Arms Liaison Team, self-contained all-weather landing and taxiing, strategic arms limitation talks, strategic arms limitations treaty, ОСВ, переговоры об ограничении стратегических вооружений7) Техника: sealed and lubricated track8) Сельское хозяйство: Sloping Agriculture Land Technology9) Математика: Semi Analytic Liu Theory10) Религия: Savior's Alliance For Lifting The Truth, Scripture And Leadership Training, Servant Action Leadership Team, Servant Approach Leadership Training, Servants At Leadership Training, Share Agape Love Together, Sharing And Living The Truth, Students Are Living Testimonies11) Метеорология: South American Lithosphere Transect12) Юридический термин: Seniors And Lawmen Together, Summers Amazing Leavenworth Trip14) Университет: Semester Away Let's Talk, Senior Awesome Leadership Team, Student Action Leadership Team, Student Activist Leadership Training, Students Acquiring Leadership Training, Students And Leaders Talking15) Вычислительная техника: Script Application Language for Telix, Suse Advanced Linux Technology (Suse, Linux)16) Иммунология: skin-associated lymphoid tissue17) Транспорт: Speech Application Language Tags18) СМИ: Sound And Light Team19) Образование: School Accountability For Learning And Teaching, Science Art And Literature Together, Service Action Learning Team, Sharing And Learning Together, Simply Awesome Learning Technique, Special Assignment Literacy Team, Strategic Alternative Learning Techniques, Student Adult Leadership Training, Support Access For Learners And Teachers21) Должность: Speech And Language Therapy22) Правительство: State And Local Tax -
42 pal
1) Компьютерная техника: Platform Abstraction Layer, Playlist Automation Language, Pooling Allying And Linking, Privileged Architecture Library, Process Assets Library2) Военный термин: Presence And Availability List, Protect All Life, parts authorization list, penetration aids launcher, permissive action link, permissive arming link, personnel accounting level, personnel augmentation list, portable ambush light, prescribed action link, price and availability list, prisoner-at-large, problem action log, pulsed argon laser, ПУЯБ, предохранительное устройство ядерного боеприпаса3) Техника: personnel airlock, ПАЛ (система цветного телевидения, ФРГ), система ПАЛ4) Шутливое выражение: Personal Android Lackey5) Метеорология: Present Atmospheric Level6) Железнодорожный термин: Paducah and Louisville Railroad7) Юридический термин: Police At Last, Protect A Life, patent associated literature8) Бухгалтерия: Passive Activity Loss, Programmatic Adjustment Loan9) Финансы: provisional allotment letter10) Страхование: Particular average loss11) Ветеринария: People And Animals Learning12) Телекоммуникации: Phase Alternate Line (television)13) Сокращение: Pahlavi, Panoramic Annular Lens (Sniper detection/location device), Paradox Application Language, Parcel Air Lift mail service (military space available mail), Phase Alternation Line, Phase Alternation Line-rate, Portable Advanced Laser, Portable, Accurate, Lightweight, Postal Advertising Label (New Zealand Post creates for private concerns, 2004), Postal Answer Line, Psycho-Acoustical Laboratory, Police Athletic League, Paid for Added Luxury, Pale and Lifeless, Peace At Last, Price/Availability List14) Физиология: Power- Assisted Liposuction15) Электроника: Phase Alternate Line16) Вычислительная техника: Programming Application Language, program assembly language, programmable array logic, programmed application library, Paradox Application Language (Borland, DB), Privileged Architecture Library (DEC, Alpha), библиотека прикладных программ, язык программирования приложений Paradox17) Нефть: pipe analysis log18) Транспорт: Philippines Airlines, Pitch, Angle, And Level, Plane Always Late19) Деловая лексика: Productivity, Accountability, And Learning, Professionalism Advocacy And Leadership, Purpose Agenda And Limit20) Бытовая техника: система цветного телевидения PAL21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: pressure alarm low22) Образование: Parents And Literature, Participant Active Learning, Partners At Learning, Partnership Approach To Literacy, Peer Assistance And Leadership, Peer Assistance Leadership, People Animals Learning, Performance Assessment Laboratory, Physically Active Lifestyle, Play And Learn, Positive And Loving, Program For Alternative Learners23) Сетевые технологии: phase alternating line24) Авиационная медицина: psychoacoustical laboratory25) Безопасность: Personal Access List26) Расширение файла: Color palette, Programmed Array Logic, Programming Assembly Language, Paradox Applications Language (Borland), Palette file (Microsoft Draw, Win. Paintbrush)27) Майкрософт: стандарт PAL28) Общественная организация: Physicians Against Landmines29) Должность: Peer Assistance Leader, Personal Assistant For Leisure30) Чат: Personal Assistance Link31) Программное обеспечение: Palmtop Application Library -
43 salt
1) Общая лексика: (советско-американские) договорённости по ограничению стратегических вооружений, переговоры ОСВ, переговоры об ограничении стратегических вооружений (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), переговоры по ограничению стратегических вооружений2) Компьютерная техника: Standards-based Access service to multilingual Lexicons and Terminologies, Suse Advanced Linux Technology3) Медицина: skin-assosiated lymphoid tissue4) Разговорное выражение: договор по ограничению стратегических вооружений5) Американизм: Strategic Alliance For Leadership Training, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, Strategic Arms Limitations Talks6) Военный термин: Serving And Learning Together, Supporting Arms Liaison Team, self-contained all-weather landing and taxiing, strategic arms limitation talks, strategic arms limitations treaty, ОСВ, переговоры об ограничении стратегических вооружений7) Техника: sealed and lubricated track8) Сельское хозяйство: Sloping Agriculture Land Technology9) Математика: Semi Analytic Liu Theory10) Религия: Savior's Alliance For Lifting The Truth, Scripture And Leadership Training, Servant Action Leadership Team, Servant Approach Leadership Training, Servants At Leadership Training, Share Agape Love Together, Sharing And Living The Truth, Students Are Living Testimonies11) Метеорология: South American Lithosphere Transect12) Юридический термин: Seniors And Lawmen Together, Summers Amazing Leavenworth Trip14) Университет: Semester Away Let's Talk, Senior Awesome Leadership Team, Student Action Leadership Team, Student Activist Leadership Training, Students Acquiring Leadership Training, Students And Leaders Talking15) Вычислительная техника: Script Application Language for Telix, Suse Advanced Linux Technology (Suse, Linux)16) Иммунология: skin-associated lymphoid tissue17) Транспорт: Speech Application Language Tags18) СМИ: Sound And Light Team19) Образование: School Accountability For Learning And Teaching, Science Art And Literature Together, Service Action Learning Team, Sharing And Learning Together, Simply Awesome Learning Technique, Special Assignment Literacy Team, Strategic Alternative Learning Techniques, Student Adult Leadership Training, Support Access For Learners And Teachers21) Должность: Speech And Language Therapy22) Правительство: State And Local Tax -
44 ALT
1. accelerated life test - ускоренное испытание на долговечность;2. airborne laser tracker - бортовая лазерная следящая система; бортовое устройство слежения за лазерным пятном; бортовой лазерный прицел;3. alteration - изменение; перемена; перестройка; преобразование;4. alternate - чередующийся; переменный;5. alternating - переменный;6. alternation - чередование; смена;7. alternative - альтернатива; вариант;8. alternator - генератор переменного тока;9. altimeter - высотомер;10. altitude - высота; отметка уровня;11. approach and landing test - испытания по отработке захода на посадку и приземления -
45 diferente
diferente adjetivo ser diferente a or de algn/algo to be different from sb/sth
diferente
I adjetivo different [de, from]
II adverbio differently: ¿no crees que deberíamos atacar el problema de una forma diferente?, don't you think that we should approach the problem differently? ' diferente' also found in these entries: Spanish: discrepar - otra - otro - separada - separado - desigual - dispar - distinto - diverso English: differ - different - distinct - off-beat - unalike - unlike - alternative - dissimilar -
46 game
1) игра (1. вид развлечения 2. математическая модель принятия оптимальных решений в условиях конфликта) || играть2) цель ( при воздушном перехвате)•- game of chance
- game of luck
- game on graph
- game with a-single experiment
- game with complete information
- game with constant cost
- game with constant sum
- game with convex payoff
- game with delayed information
- game without constraints
- achievement game
- action game
- adaptive game
- adventure game
- alliance game
- alternative game
- antagonistic game
- arcade game
- attrition game
- battle game
- biased game
- bluffing game
- business game
- card game
- coalition game
- coin-operated arcade video game
- Colonel Blotto game
- combat racing game
- computer game
- constrained game
- constant cost game
- constant sum game
- cooperative game
- 3D-action game
- decision-making game
- dilemma game
- Doom-like game
- economic game
- feedback game
- finite resources game
- first-person game
- fuzzy game
- guessing game
- hierarchical game
- imitation game
- infinite move game
- learning game
- logic game
- management game
- market game
- matrix game
- microprocessor-based video game
- mixed strategy game
- negative-sum game
- network game
- noncooperative game
- nonzero-sum game
- ordered set game
- perfect information game
- polynomial game
- positional game
- positive-sum game
- prisoners game
- programmable video game
- pursuit game
- puzzle game
- quota game
- real-time strategy game
- recursive game
- resource game
- role-playing game
- RTS game
- search game
- sequential game
- shooter game
- simulation game
- sport game
- statistical game
- strategy game
- submarine chasing game
- survival game
- symmetrical game
- tactical game
- take-away game
- television game
- thriller game
- truncated sequential game
- two-person game
- video game
- war game
- winning game
- zero-sum game
- zero-sum two-person game -
47 game
1) игра (1. вид развлечения 2. математическая модель принятия оптимальных решений в условиях конфликта) || играть2) цель ( при воздушном перехвате)•- achievement game
- action game
- adaptive game
- adventure game
- alliance game
- alternative game
- antagonistic game
- arcade game
- attrition game
- battle game
- biased game
- bluffing game
- business game
- card game
- coalition game
- coin-operated arcade video game
- Colonel Blotto game
- combat racing game
- computer game
- constant cost game
- constant sum game
- constrained game
- cooperative game
- decision-making game
- dilemma game
- Doom-like game
- economic game
- feedback game
- finite resources game
- first-person game
- fuzzy game
- game of approach
- game of chance
- game of luck
- game on graph
- game with a single experiment
- game with complete information
- game with constant cost
- game with constant sum
- game with convex payoff
- game with delayed information
- game without constraints
- guessing game
- hierarchical game
- imitation game
- infinite move game
- learning game
- logic game
- management game
- market game
- matrix game
- microprocessor-based video game
- mixed strategy game
- negative-sum game
- network game
- noncooperative game
- nonzero-sum game
- ordered set game
- perfect information game
- polynomial game
- positional game
- positive-sum game
- prisoners game
- programmable video game
- pursuit game
- puzzle game
- quota game
- real-time strategy game
- recursive game
- resource game
- role-playing game
- RTS game
- search game
- sequential game
- shooter game
- simulation game
- sport game
- statistical game
- strategy game
- submarine chasing game
- survival game
- symmetrical game
- tactical game
- take-away game
- television game
- thriller game
- truncated sequential game
- two-person game
- video game
- war game
- winning game
- zero-sum game
- zero-sum two-person gameThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > game
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48 Pigouvian tax
Pigouvian tax BANK, ECON, POL, TAX Pigou-Steuer f (Ausgestaltung z. B. als Ökosteuer oder als stabilitätsorientierte Risikoabgabe auf systemische Risiken in den Bilanzen der Finanzinstitutionen; das Steueraufkommen speist einen Stabilitätsfonds, der in der Krise als Sicherungsfonds dient: die Krisenkosten werden so den kostenverursachenden ‚systemrelevanten’ Instituten wieder angelastet, also internalisiert, wodurch die einzel- und die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Kosten, sofern nicht zur Deckung gebracht, zumindest einander angenähert werden; Vorschlag von Arthur C. Pigou, Cambridge-Schule, 1920; die effizientere Alternative zur Finanztransaktionssteuer = tax on financial operations der G20 -Pittsburgh 2009- mit dem -nur- fiskalisch attraktiven, aber nicht systemgerechten Mengenansatz = quantitative approach der umsatzbasierten Tobin-Steuer; cf Tobin-Steuer)Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > Pigouvian tax
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49 Defense
оборона, защита; pl. оборона, система обороны; оборонительные сооруженияapproach the (enemy) defenses — подходить к району обороны (противника);
put up a (stout) defense — оказывать (упорное) сопротивление, стойко оборонять(ся);
— all-around defense— antiamphibious assault defense— chemical warfare defense— close-in defense— endoatmospheric missile defense— extended position defense— general air defense— hillside defense— national wide defense— positional defense— zero air defense* * * -
50 defense
оборона, защита; pl. оборона, система обороны; оборонительные сооруженияapproach the (enemy) defenses — подходить к району обороны (противника);
put up a (stout) defense — оказывать (упорное) сопротивление, стойко оборонять(ся);
— all-around defense— antiamphibious assault defense— chemical warfare defense— close-in defense— endoatmospheric missile defense— extended position defense— general air defense— hillside defense— national wide defense— positional defense— zero air defense* * *1) оборона; 2) оборона -
51 plan
план; замысел; порядок; система; плановая таблица; планировать; организовыватьlogistical capability plan, fiscal year — план возможностей тылового обеспечения на финансовый год
— air plan— CAS plan— CBR plan— chemical operations plan— contingency operations plan— contingent operations plan— day plan— logistical plan— net plan— war plan -
52 en-route phase
That part of the flight from the end of the take-off and initial climb phase to the commencement of the approach and landing phase.Note.— Where adequate obstacle clearance cannot be guaranteed visually, flights must be planned to ensure that obstacles can be cleared by an appropriate margin. In the event of failure of the critical power-unit, operators may need to adopt alternative procedures.(AN 6/III)этап полёта по маршруту; маршрутный этап полётаУчасток полёта от окончания этапа взлёта и начального набора высоты до начала этапа захода на посадку и посадки.Примечание. В тех случаях, когда невозможно гарантировать надлежащей высоты визуального пролёта препятствий, полёты следует планировать таким образом, чтобы обеспечить пролёт препятствий с достаточным запасом высоты. Для случаев отказа критической силовой установки эксплуатантам может потребоваться принятие альтернативных процедур.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > en-route phase
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53 proposal
n1) предложение2) амер. заявка на торгах
- acceptable proposal
- accepted proposal
- adjusted proposal
- advertising proposal
- alternative proposal
- attractive proposal
- base proposal
- binding proposal
- budgetary proposal
- cable proposal
- commercial proposal
- competitive proposal
- complete proposal
- compromise proposal
- concrete proposal
- contractor proposal
- cost proposal
- design proposal
- development proposal
- draft proposal
- favourable proposal
- firm proposal
- formal proposal
- implemented proposal
- insurance proposals
- investment proposal
- joint-venture proposal
- manufacturing proposal
- modified proposal
- original proposal
- package proposal
- patentable proposal
- practical proposal
- preliminary proposal
- price proposal
- programme change proposal
- project proposal
- revised proposal
- supplier proposal
- unacceptable proposal
- updated proposal
- proposal for amendment
- proposal for consideration
- proposal for cooperation
- proposal for delivery
- proposal for financing
- proposal for subscription
- proposal for supply
- proposal for sale
- proposal of a programme
- proposal to supply
- abandon a proposal
- accept a proposal
- amend a proposal
- annul a proposal
- approach with a proposal
- approve a proposal
- block a proposal
- cancel a proposal
- concur with a proposal
- confirm a proposal
- consider a proposal
- decline a proposal
- draw up a proposal
- elaborate a proposal
- evaluate a proposal
- examine a proposal
- formulate a proposal
- forward a proposal
- make a proposal
- make out a proposal
- modify a proposal
- offer a proposal
- outline a proposal
- pass a proposal
- prepare a proposal
- put forward a proposal
- reconsider a proposal
- refuse a proposal
- reject a proposal
- review a proposal
- revise a proposal
- revoke a proposal
- shelve a proposal
- study a proposal
- take back a proposal
- turn down a proposal
- withdraw a proposal
- work out a proposalEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > proposal
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54 open
1. n открытое место, пространствоunder the open sky — на открытом воздухе; под открытым небом
2. n турнир типа «опен»3. n открытый воздух4. n известность, гласность5. a открытый, раскрытый6. a непересечённый, открытый7. a открытый, свободныйopen occupation — открытая оккупация, открытое завладение
8. a открытый, не имеющий верха9. a неприкрытый10. a неплотный; имеющий полости, впадины11. a раскрытый, развёрнутый12. a распустившийся13. a незакрывающийся, незаживающий14. a открытый; функционирующийopen routine — открытая подпрограмма; открытая программа
15. a свободный, доступный; неограниченныйopen town — «вольный» город
open to the public — вход свободный ; открыто для всех
careers open to women — профессии, доступные женщинам
16. a открытый, гласный17. a незанятый18. a непредубеждённый, свободныйopen to persuasion — поддающийся нерешённый, неустановленный
open door — свободный, без ограничений
19. a незакрытый, незавершённый; незаконченный20. a открытый, незащищённыйto lay oneself open to attack — ставить себя под удар; быть в опасности
21. a открытый, откровенный; искренний22. a явный, всем известный, публичныйan open secret — всем известный секрет; секрет полишинеля
23. a тёплый24. a незамёрзший25. a освободившийся от льда; свободный для навигации26. a мор. свободный от тумана; ясный27. a тех. выключенныйopen circuit — незамкнутый контур; разомкнутая линия
28. a воен. разомкнутый29. a муз. открытый, пустой30. a контурный, нежирный31. a напечатанный в разрядкуwith open eyes, with eyes open — сознательно, понимая все последствия, отдавая себе полный отчёт
with open arms — тепло, радушно, с распростёртыми объятиями
32. v раскрывать, разворачивать33. v раскрываться, открыватьсяto break open — взламывать, открывать силой
lay open — излагать; изложить; открыть; открывать
34. v распускаться, расцветать35. v раздвигаться, размыкаться; расширятьсяopen out — расширяться, развиваться, процветать
36. v вскрыватьpry open — вскрывать; вскрыть; взламывать; взломать
37. v вскрываться; очищаться38. v прокладывать, пробивать39. v открывать, начинать работуopen: — часы работы
open into — открыться; открываться
40. v открывать сезонthe producer wanted to open with a new play early in September — режиссёр хотел открыть сезон премьерой в первых числах сентября
41. v открываться, начинаться42. v состояться, быть представленной в первый раз43. v появляться впервые в новом сезоне44. v делать первую ставку45. v открывать, делать общедоступным; основывать46. v раскрывать, разоблачать; поведать47. v простираться48. v выходить на; вести в49. v ком. освободить от ограничений50. v тех. разомкнуть; отключить, выключитьto open ground — подготавливать почву, начинать действовать
Синонимический ряд:1. accessible (adj.) accessible; employable; open-door; operative; practicable; public; unrestricted; usable2. admissible (adj.) admissible; allowable; available; permitted; welcoming3. agape (adj.) agape; ajar4. amenable (adj.) amenable; open-minded; receptive; responsive5. clouded (adj.) ambiguous; borderline; chancy; clouded; controversial; debatable; disputable; doubtable; doubtful; dubious; dubitable; equivocal; fishy; impugnable; indecisive; indefinite; indeterminate; precarious; problematic; problematical; queasy; questionable; shady; shaky; suspect; suspicious; uncertain; unclear; undecided; undetermined; uneasy; unresolved; unsettled; unstable; unsure; vague6. exposed (adj.) exposed; insecure; undefended; unguarded; unprotected; unsafe7. extended (adj.) expanded; extended; spread out8. frank (adj.) direct; forthright; frank; man-to-man; openhearted; plainspoken; single; single-eyed; single-hearted; single-minded; straight; unconcealed; undisguised; undissembled; undissembling; unmannered; unvarnished9. free (adj.) free; unreserved10. generous (adj.) bounteous; bountiful; generous; liberal; magnanimous; munificent; open-handed11. honest (adj.) above-board; artless; candid; fair; guileless; honest; outspoken; straightforward12. liable (adj.) liable; obnoxious; prone; sensitive; subject; susceptible; vulnerable13. obvious (adj.) apparent; evident; obvious; plain; well-known14. patent (adj.) patent; unclosed; unobstructed15. perforated (adj.) airy; filigree; fretted; open-worked; penetrable; perforated; porous; reticulated16. unblocked (adj.) cleared; removed; unbarred; unblocked; unbolted; unfastened; unlocked; unsealed17. uncovered (adj.) bare; denuded; naked; peeled; stripped; uncovered; unenclosed; unroofed18. unimpeded (adj.) clear; unimpeded19. unoccupied (adj.) emptied; unburdened; unfulfilled; unoccupied; vacated20. outdoors (noun) open air; outdoors; out-of-doors; outside; without21. begin (verb) approach; begin; commence; embark; embark on; embark upon; enter; get off; inaugurate; initiate; jump off; kick off; launch; lead off; set out; set to; start; take on; take up; tee off; undertake22. breach (verb) breach; disrupt; hole; rupture23. break (verb) break; perforate; pierce24. convene (verb) convene; meet; sit25. ope (verb) ope; unblock; unshut; unstop26. release (verb) release; undo; unlock27. reveal (verb) bare; disclose; display; divulge; expose; lay bare; reveal; unclothe; uncover; unveil28. revoke (verb) recall; revoke29. unclose (verb) admit; clear; free; loosen; reopen; unbar; unclose30. unfold (verb) disentangle; expand; extend; fan out; outspread; outstretch; spread; spread out; unfold; unravel; unrollАнтонимический ряд:blocked; buried; clandestine; close; closed; compressed; conceal; concealed; conclude; contracted; cover; covert; crafty; cryptic; cunning -
55 proposal
1. n предложение; проект, план2. n внесение предложенияproposal is easier than performance — вносить предложения легче, чем их выполнять
3. n амер. заявкаСинонимический ряд:1. offer (noun) approach; bid; design; invitation; motion; offer; overture; plan; presentation; proffer; proposition; recommendation; submission; suggestion; tender2. suggestion (noun) proposition; submission; suggestionАнтонимический ряд:negation; refusal; rejection; repulse -
56 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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57 appropriate technology
оптимальная (соответствующая) технология (подход)
Технические приемы, знания, методы, процедуры и оборудование, которые адаптированы к конкретным потребностям на местах.
[Англо-русский глоссарий основных терминов по вакцинологии и иммунизации. Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2009 г.]Тематики
- вакцинология, иммунизация
EN
приемлемая технология
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
appropriate technology
1) A flexible and participatory approach to developing economically viable, regionally applicable and sustainable technology.
2) Technology designed to be used in developing countries. Typical requirements are that it should: be easy to use by the unskilled; have no difficult-to-get parts; be easily repaired on the spot. Typical example: a simple windmill to pump water rather than a diesel-driven pump. The terms `alternative', `intermediate' and `appropriate' are often used interchangeably.
(Source: IISD / VCN)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > appropriate technology
См. также в других словарях:
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