aliquem+munere+h

mūnus (old orthogr. moenus;

moenera militiaï,

Lucr. 1, 29), ĕris, n. [root mu-; cf.: moenia, munis, munia, etc.], a service, office, post, employment, function, duty (class.; syn.: officium, ministerium, honos).

Lit.: munus significat officium, cum dicitur quis munere fungi. Item donum quod officii causā datur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 140 Müll. (cf. infra):

munus curare,

to discharge an office, Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 76:

octo munus hominum fungi,

id. Men. 1, 4, 5:

administrare,

Ter. Ad. 5, 1, 2:

munus atque officium,

Cic. Font. 7, 15:

rei publicae,

a public office, id. de Or. 1, 45, 199:

belli,

Liv. 24, 35:

de jure respondendi sustinere,

Cic. Brut. 30, 113:

rei publicae explere,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

vigiliarum obire,

to perform, Liv. 3, 6:

officii,

the performance of a duty, Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

tuum est hoc munus, tuae partes: a te hoc civitas exspectat,

duty, office, obligation, id. Fam. 11, 5, 3:

principum est resistere levitati multitudinis,

id. Mil. 8, 22:

vitae,

id. Sen. 11, 35:

senectutis,

id. Leg. 1, 3, 10.—

Esp., = onus, a duty, burden, tribute:

cum hoc munus imponebatur tam grave civitati,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 20, § 51:

id quoque munus leve atque commune Mamertinis remisisti,

id. ib. 2, 5, 21, §

52: dum ne quis eorum munere vacaret,

Liv. 25, 7, 4:

non enim detractionem eam munerum militiae, sed apertam defectionem esse,

id. 27, 9, 9.—

Transf.

A work:

majorum vigiliarum munus, Cic. Par. prooem.: solitudinis,

a work, book, written in solitude, id. Off. 3, 1, 4.—

A service, favor: huc ire licet atque illuc munere ditium dominorum, Sall. Orat. Licin.; Cic. Fam. 10, 11, 1.—

In partic., the last service, office to the dead, i. e. burial: pro hominis dignitate amplo munere extulit, Nep. Eum. 4, 4 (dub.;

al. funere): suprema,

Verg. A. 11, 25:

supremum mortis,

Cat. 101, 3:

debita,

Val. Fl. 3, 313:

fungi inani Munere,

Verg. A. 6, 885:

cineri haec mittite nostro Munera,

id. ib. 4, 624.—

A present, gift (syn.:

donum, praemium): bonum datum deorum concessu atque munere,

Cic. Univ. 14:

mittere alicui,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 62:

mittere aliquid alicui munere,

to send one something as a present, Plin. 37, 5, 19, § 74 (al. muneri):

quasi totam regionem muneri accepissent,

had received as a present, Tac. A. 14, 31:

aliquem munere donare,

to present one with a gift, Verg. A. 5, 282:

dare muneri aliquid alicui,

to give one something as a present, Nep. Thras. 4, 2:

munera Liberi,

i. e. wine, Hor. C. 4, 15, 26:

terrae,

id. ib. 2, 14, 10:

Cereris,

bread, Ov. M. 10, 74; cf.:

gratae post munus aristae,

Juv. 14, 183:

quem munere palpat Carus,

i. e. a bribe, id. 1, 35.—

In partic.

A public show, spectacle, entertainment, exhibition, esp. a show of gladiators, which was given to the people by the magistrates, and generally by the ædiles, as an expression of gratitude for the honorable office to which they had been elected (cf.:

ludus, spectaculum): erat munus Scipionis, dignum et eo ipso et illo Q. Metello, cui dabatur,

Cic. Sest. 58, 124:

munus magnificum dare,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 6:

praebere,

id. Sull. 19, 54:

functus est aedilicio maximo munere,

i. e. gave a splendid exhibition, id. Off. 2, 16, 55:

edere,

Suet. Tit. 7:

venationes, quae vocantur munera,

Lact. 6, 20:

munera nunc edunt,

Juv. 3, 36; 4, 18.—

A public building for the use of the people, erected at the expense of an individual:

Pompeii munera,

the theatre, Vell. 2, 130, 1:

aut ubi muneribus nati sua munera mater Addidit (i. e. theatro Marcelli porticum Octaviam),

Ov. A. A. 1, 69.—

Transf., of the structure of the universe:

effector vel moderator tanti operis et muneris,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 28, 70.

rĕ-mūnĕror, ātus, 1, v. dep. a., to repay, reward, recompense, remunerate (class.; syn. retribuo).

Aliquem, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 2; Cic. Att. 8, 1, 7; id. Fam. 3, 9, 3:

aliquem munere,

id. ib. 9, 8, 1; id. Brut. 4, 15:

aliquem magno praemio,

Caes. B. G. 1, 44 fin.:

aliquem officio,

Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 9, 38 Orell. N. cr.:

te his suppliciis remunerabor,

punish, Cat. 14, 20. —

Aliquid:

quibus autem officiis T. Annii beneficii remunerabor?

Cic. Red. in Sen. 12, 30:

quasi remunerans meritum,

Liv. 2, 12:

sophisma,

to refute, Gell. 18, 13, 7.—Of an inanim. subject: quod (solum) impensam coloni laboremque magno fetu remuneratur, Col. 2, 2, 5.—

Absol.:

nullam esse gratiam tantam, quam non vel capere animus meus in accipiendo vel in remunerando cumulare atque illustrare posset,

Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2:

ut mihi ad remunerandum nihil suppetat praeter voluntatem,

id. ib. 15, 13, 2; so,

remunerandi voluntas,

id. Inv. 2, 53, 161.

Act. collat. form rĕmūnĕro, āre, to repay, reward, etc. (post-class.):

ille puellae artificium pari motu remunerabat,

Petr. 140, 8:

si laborem dominus remunerare voluerit,

Dig. 17, 1, 7; Quint. Decl. 2, 6; Tert. Apol. 25.—

Pass.:

philosophi statuis et salariis remunerantur,

Tert. Apol. 46:

remuneratus est a me mutuo,

Front. Ep. ad M. Caes. 2, 1; App. M. 7, p. 194, 13:

neque enim obligandus sed remunerandus est in amoris officio qui prior coepit,

Plin. Ep. 7, 31, 7.

cēnseo (on the long e, v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 257 sq.), ui, censum (late Lat. censitum, Cod. Just. 11, 47 tit.; 11, 49 tit.; 11, 47, 4 al.; but not in Monum. Ancyr.; cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, 557), 2, v. a. [etym. dub.; often referred to root cas-, whence carmen, camoenus; but prob. from centum, orig. centere, to hundred or number the people; cf. Fischer, Gram. 1, p. 373].

To tax, assess, rate, estimate.

In reference to the census (v. census).

Of the censor (v. censor).

Rarely act. with acc. of the persons or objects assessed or rated; but usu. pass., with subj. -nom.:

censores populi aevitates, suboles, familias, pecuniasque censento,

Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 7:

census quom sum, juratori recte rationem dedi,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 30:

censor ad quojus censionem, id est arbitrium, populus censeretur,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 81 Mull.:

census... indicat eum qui sit census se jam tum gessisse pro cive,

Cic. Arch. 5, 11: absentis censere jubere, P. Scipio ap. Gell. 5, 19, 16: ne absens censeare. Cic. Att. 1, 18, 8:

sub lustrum censeri,

id. ib.:

milia octoginta eo lustro civium censa dicuntur,

Liv. 1, 44, 2:

censa civium capita centum septendecim milia trecenta undeviginti,

id. 3, 24, 10; id. Epit. lib. 11; 13; 14:

censebantur ejus aetatis lustris ducena quinquagena milia capitum,

id. 9, 19, 2:

cum capitum liberorum censa essent CLII. milia,

Plin. 33, 1, 5, § 16: quid se vivere, quid in parte civium censeri, si... id obtinere universi non possint? Liv 7, 18, 5.—

With the amount at which the property was rated, in the acc.: or abl.:

praesertim census equestrem Summam nummorum,

being assessed with the estate necessary to a Roman knight, Hor. A. P. 383:

primae classis homines quicentum et viginti quinque milia aeris ampliusve censi erant... Ceterarumque omnium classium qui minore summa aeris censebantur,

Gell. 7 (6), 13, 1 sq.—Hence, capite censi, those who were assessed ac cording to their ability to labor: qui nullo [p. 312] aut perquam parvo aere censebantur capite censi vocabantur. Extremus autem census capite censorum aeris fuit trecentis septuaginta quinque, Jul. Paul. ap. Gell. 16, 10, 10; Sall. J. 86, 2; Gell. 16, 10, 11; 16, 10, 14; Val. Max. 2, 3, 1; 7, 6, 1;

and in the finite verb: omnia illius (i. e. sapientis) esse dicimus, cum... capite censebitur,

Sen. Ben. 7, 8, 1. —

Absol. in gerund.: censendi, censendo, ad censendum = census agendi, censui agendo, etc.: haec frequentia quae convenit ludorum censendique causa (i.e. census agendi causa, for the sake of the census), Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 54:

mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem operosam... suo proprio magistratu egere... cui arbitrium formulae censendi subiceretur,

the scheme for taking the census, Liv. 4, 8, 4:

quia is censendo finis factus est,

id. 1, 44, 2:

civis Romanos ad censendum ex provinciis in Italiam revocarunt,

Vell. 2, 15:

aetatem in censendo significare necesse est... aetas autem spectatur censendi tempore,

Dig. 50, 15, 3.—

Censum censere = censum agere, only in the gerundial dat.:

illud quaero, sintne illa praedia censui censendo, habeant jus civile,

are they subject to the census, Cic. Fl. 32, 80: censores... edixerunt, legem censui censendo dicturos esse ut, etc., that he would add a rule for the taking of the census, according to which, etc., Liv. 43, 14, 5: censui censendo agri proprie appellantur qui et emi et venire jure civili possunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 58, 5 Mull.—

Of the assessment of the provinces under provincial officers (censores, and, under the later emperors, censitores).

Pass., with the territory as subject-nom.: quinto quoque anno Sicilia tota censetur;

erat censa praetore Paeducaeo... quintus annus cum in te praetorem incidisset, censa denuo est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 56, § 139:

omne territorium censeatur quoties, etc.,

Cod. Just. 11, 58 (57), 4.—

The persons assessed as subject:

ubi (coloni) censiti atque educati natique sunt,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 6:

quos in locis eisdem censitos esse constabit,

ib. 11, 48 (47), 4.—With part. as attribute:

rusticos censitosque servos vendi,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 7.—

To determine by the census:

cum antea per singulos viros, per binas vero mulieres capitis norma sit censa,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 10:

nisi forte privilegio aliquo materna origo censeatur,

Dig. 50, 1, 1, § 2.—

Act. with acc.:

vos terras vestras levari censitione vultis, ego vero etiam aerem vestrum censere vellem,

Spart. Pescen. Nig. 7.—

Of the person assessed, to value, make a statement of one ' s property in the census.

Act. with acc.:

in qua tribu ista praedia censuisti?

Cic. Fl. 32, 80.—

Censeri, as dep. with acc.:

census es praeterea numeratae pecuniae CXXX. Census es mancipia Amyntae... Cum te audisset servos suos esse censum, constabat inter omnes, si aliena censendo Decianus sua facere posset, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 32, 80; cf. Ov. P. 1, 2, 140; v. B. 2. c.—

Hence, subst.: cēnsum, i, n.: quorum luxuries fortunata censa peperit, i.e. high estimates of property in the census, Cic. ap. Non. 202, 23 (Fragm. vol. xi. p. 134 B. and K.).

Transf., of things and persons in gen., to value, estimate, rate.

By a figure directly referring to the Roman census: aequo mendicus atque ille opulentissimus Censetur censu ad Acheruntem mortuus, will be rated by an equal census, i.e. in the same class, without considering their property, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 93: vos qui potestis ope vostra censerier, referring to a part of the audience, you, who may be rated according to your intelligence, analog. to capite censi (v. I. A. 1. b), id. Capt. prol. 15:

nam argumentum hoc hic censebitur,

will be rated, its census-class will be determined here, id. Poen. prol. 56: id in quoque optimum esse debet cui nascitur, quo censetur, according to which he is rated, i.e. his worth is determined, Sen. Ep. 76, 8.—And with two acc.: quintus Phosphorus, Junonia, immo Veneris stella censetur, is ranked as the fifth, App. de Mundo, p. 710.—

With direct reference to the census.

= aestimo, to estimate, weigh, value, appreciate.

With gen. of price:

dic ergo quanti censes?

Plaut. Rud. 4, 8, 8.—

In the pass.: si censenda nobis atque aestimanda res sit, utrum tandem pluris aestimemus pecuniam Pyrrhi? etc., if we have to weigh and estimate a thing, etc., Cic. Par. 6, 2, 48:

anule... In quo censendum nil nisi dantis amor,

Ov. Am. 2, 15, 2:

interim autem facta sola censenda dicit atque in judicium vocanda,

Gell. 7 (6), 3, 47.—

= honorari, celebrari, with de aliquo, = for the sake of somebody (in Ovid):

pro quibus ut maneat, de quo censeris, amicus, Comprecor, etc.,

the friend for the sake of whom you are celebrated, who is the cause of your renown, Ov. P. 2, 5, 73:

hoc domui debes de qua censeris,

id. ib. 3, 1, 75.—

Censeri, dep., = to distinguish, with acc. only once or twice in Ovid (v. I. A. 3. b):

hanc semper... Est inter comites Marcia censa suas,

has always distinguished her, Ov. P. 1, 2, 140.—

Censeri aliqua re.

= to be appreciated, distinguished, celebrated for some quality, as if the quality were a standard determining the census, analog. to capite censeri (v. I. A. 1. b), very freq. in post-class. writings:

Democritus cum divitiis censeri posset,

when he might have been celebrated for his wealth, Val. Max. 8, 7, ext. 4:

Aristides quo totius Graeciae justitia censetur (quo = cujus justitia),

id. 5, 3, ext. 3 med.: te custode matronalis stola censetur ( = tua, i.e. pudicitiae, custodia), the stola, etc., is appreciated for thy custody, id. 6, 1 prooem.:

una adhuc victoria Carius Metius censebatur,

Tac. Agr. 45:

ut ipsi quoque qui egerunt non aliis magis orationibus censeantur,

id. Dial. 39 fin.: non vitibus tantum censeri Chium, sed et operibus Anthermi filiorum, is celebrated not only for its grapes, but, etc., Plin. 36, 5, 2, § 12:

et Galliae censentur hoc reditu,

id. 19, 1, 2, § 7:

quisquis paulo vetustior miles, hic te commilitone censetur,

is distinguished for the fact that you were his fellow-soldier, Plin. Pan. 15 fin.:

multiplici variaque doctrina censebatur,

Suet. Gram. 10:

felix quae tali censetur munere tellus,

Mart. 9, 16, 5: censetur Apona Livio suo tellus, = for the fact that Livy was born there, id. 1, 61, 3:

hi duo longaevo censentur Nestore fundi,

for the fact that Nestor used them, id. 8, 6, 9:

nec laude virorum censeri contenta fuit (Iberia),

Claud. Laud. Seren. 67:

libri mei non alia laude carius censentur, quam quod judicio vestro comprobantur,

App. Flor. 4, 18, 3.—Hence,

= to be known by something (Appuleian):

hoc nomine censebatur jam meus dominus,

App. M. 8, p. 171:

nomen quo tu censeris aiebat,

id. ib. 5, p. 106: pro studio bibendi quo solo censetur, either known by, or distinguished for, id. Mag. p. 499:

globorum caelestium supremum esse eum qui inerrabili meatu censetur,

which is known by its unerring course, id. Phil. Nat. 1, p. 582.— And,

As gram. t. t., to be marked by some peculiarity, according to which a word is classified: neque de armis et moeniis infitias eo quin figura multitudinis perpetua censeantur, that they are marked by the form of constant plurality, i. e. that they are pluralia tantum, Gell. 19, 8, 5; 10, 20, 8; 19, 13, 3.

Of transactions in and by the Senate, to judge (in the meanings II. and III. the passive voice is not in class. use, while in I. the passive voice is by far the most freq.).

To be of opinion, to propose, to vote, to move, referring to the votes of the senators when asked for their opinions (sententiam dicere).

With a (passive) inf.-clause, denoting what should be decreed by the Senate (esse usu. omitted): rex his ferme verbis patres consulebat... Dic, inquit ei, quid censes? tum ille Puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo, I am of the opinion ( I move, propose) that satisfaction should be sought, etc., ancient formula ap. Liv. 1, 32, 11 sq.:

primum igitur acta Caesaris servanda censeo,

Cic. Phil. 1, 7, 16:

hoc autem tempore ita censeo decernendum,

id. ib. 5, 17, 45; 5, 6, 16; 5, 12, 31; 5, 12, 34; 5, 13, 36; 5, 14, 38; 5, 19, 53; 6, 1, 2; 9, 6, 14; 11, 15, 40; 12, 7, 17; 14, 1, 1; 14, 13, 35; cf.

Regulus's advice in the Senate, being represented as a vote: captivos in senatu reddendos non censuit,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 39; 3, 31, 111:

quare ita ego censeo... de confessis more majorum supplicium sumendum,

Sall. C. 52, 36; 51, 8; 52, 14:

Appius imperio consulari rem agendam censebat,

Liv. 2, 23, 15:

ut multi (senatores) delendam urbem censerent,

id. 9, 26, 3; 2, 29, 7; 3, 40, 13; 10, 12, 1; 34, 4, 20; 38, 54, 6: cum ejus diei senatus consulta aureis litteris figenda in curia censuisset, Tac. A. 3, 57:

ut nonnulli dedendum eum hostibus censuerint,

Suet. Caes. 24; so id. ib. 14; id. Aug. 100; id. Tib. 4; id. Calig. 60; id. Claud. 26; id. Ner. 2; id. Vesp. 2. Of the emperor's vote in the Senate:

commutandam censuit vocem, et pro peregrina nostratem requirendam,

Suet. Tib. 71; so id. ib. 34; id. Aug. 55.—And with the copula expressed (very rare):

qui censet eos... morte esse multandos,

Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 7.—Sometimes referring to sententia as subject:

sententia quae censebat reddenda bona (inst. of eorum qui censebant),

Liv. 2, 4, 3.—Sometimes with oportere for the gerundial predic. inf.:

quibusdam censentibus (eum) Romulum appellari oportere,

Suet. Aug. 7.—With pres. inf., inst. of a gerundial:

hac corona civica L. Gellius in senatu Ciceronem consulem donari a re publica censuit,

Gell. 5, 6, 15 (cf. II. B. 1. b.).—If the opinion of the senator does not refer to the chief question, but to incidental points, the predic. inf. may have any form:

eas leges quas M. Antonius tulisse dicitur omnes censeo per vim et contra auspicia latas, eisque legibus populum non teneri,

Cic. Phil. 5, 4, 10:

cum magna pars senatus... cum tyrannis bellum gerendum fuisse censerent... et urbem recipi, non capi, etc.,

Liv. 26, 32, 2.—

With ut, and negatively, ut ne or ne, generally when the clause has an active predicate, but also with passives instead of the gerundial inf.-clause:

de ea re ita censeo uti consules designati dent operam uti senatus Kal. Jan. tuto haberi possit,

Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 37:

censeo ut iis qui in exercitu Antonii sunt, ne sit ea res fraudi, si, etc.,

id. ib. 5, 12, 34:

censebant omnes fere (senatores) ut in Italia supplementum meis et Bibuli legionibus scriberetur,

id. Fam. 3, 3, 1:

Cn. Pompeius (in senatu) dixit, sese... censere ut ad senatus auctoritatem populi quoque Romani beneficium erga me adjungeretur,

id. Sest. 34, 74:

quas ob res ita censeo: eorum qui cum M. Antonio sunt, etc.... iis fraudi ne sit quod cum M. Antonio fuerint,

id. Phil. 8, 11, 33:

Calidius, qui censebat ut Pompeius in suas provincias proficisceretur,

Caes. B. C. 1, 2:

censuerunt quidam (senatores) ut Pannonicus, alii ut Invictus cognominaretur,

Suet. Tib. 17:

iterum censente ut Trebianis... concederetur (of the emperor's vote in the Senate),

id. ib. 31.—And an inf.-clause, with neu or ut:

sed ita censeo: publicandas eorum pecunias, etc.: neu quis postea de his ad senatum referat, etc.,

Sall. C. 51, 43:

qui partem bonorum publicandam, pars ut liberis relinqueretur, censuerat,

Tac. A. 4, 20.—

With a subj.-clause, without ut (rare in this connection;

v. III. C. 3.): K. Fabius censuit... occuparent patres ipsi suum munus facere, captivum agrum plebi quam maxime aequaliter darent,

Liv. 2, 48, 2.— And ironically with regard to incidental points: vereamini censeo ne... nimis aliquid severe statuisse videamini, I propose you should be afraid of having decreed too severe a punishment = of course, you will not be afraid, etc., Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13: misereamini censeo—deliquere homines adulescentuli per ambitionem—atque etiam armatos dimittatis, I propose that you pity them, etc., or I advise you to be merciful, Sall. C. 52, 26.—

Ellipt., with a gerundial clause understood:

dic quid censes (i. e. decernendum),

Liv. 1, 32, 11: quod ego mea sententia censebam (i.e. decernendum), Cato ap. Cic. Fam. 15, 5, 2:

senati decretum fit, sicut ille censuerat,

Sall. C. 53, 1:

quas ob res ita censeo... senatui placere, etc. ( = ita decernendum censeo, etc.),

Cic. Phil. 9, 7, 15, § 17 sq.; 10, 11, 25 sq.; 11, 12, 29 sq.; 14, 14, 36 sq.—

= sententiam dicere, to tell, to express one ' s opinion in the Senate (post-class.).

Absol.: Priscus Helvidius.. contra studium ejus (sc. Vitellii) censuerat, had voted, or had expressed an opinion against his wishes, Tac. H. 2, 91:

cum parum sit, in senatu breviter censere, nisi, etc.,

id. Dial. 36 fin.:

sententias... prout libuisset perrogabat... ac si censendum magis quam adsentiendum esset,

Suet. Aug. 35:

igitur Cn. Piso, quo, inquit, loco censebis, Caesar? si primus, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 74.—

With adjectives in the neuter, substantively used: nec quoquam reperto (in senatu) qui... referre aut censere aliquid auderet, who dared to express an opinion on any [p. 313] thing, Suet. Caes. 20:

per dissensionem diversa censentium,

of the senators who expressed different opinions, id. Claud. 10.—

With interrog. or rel.-clause:

deinde ageret senatorem et censeret quid corrigi aut mutari vellet,

Tac. A. 16, 28:

cum censeat aliquis (in senatu) quod ex parte mihi placeat,

Sen. Ep. 21, 9.

Of the decrees or resolutions of the Senate, = decernere, placere, to resolve, decree.

With inf.-clause.

With gerund, without copula (v. II. A. 1.):

eum, cujus supplicio senatus sollennes religiones expiandas saepe censuit,

Cic. Mil. 27, 73:

eos senatus non censuit redimendos,

id. Off. 3, 32, 114; so id. N. D. 2, 4, 10; id. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 15:

senatus Caelium ab republica removendum censuit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 21:

senatus censuit frequens coloniam Labicos deducendam,

Liv. 4, 47, 6; 5, 24, 4:

cum bello persequendos Tusculanos patres censuissent,

id. 6, 25, 5; 3, 42, 6; 3, 49, 8; 7, 19, 7 et saep.—

With pres. inf. pass. or act., with the force of a gerundial:

de bonis regiis quae reddi antea censuerant ( = reddenda),

Liv. 2, 5, 1:

munera mitti legatis ex binis milibus aeris censuerunt (i.e. patres),

id. 43, 5, 8; so id. 45, 44, 15 (v. 2. b.):

eundem jus dicere Romae... patres censuerant,

id. 45, 12, 13:

cum senatus unum consulem, nominatimque Gnaeum Pompeium fieri censuisset,

Suet. Caes. 26.—With both act. and pass. inf.:

censuere patres, duas provincias Hispaniam rursus fieri... et Macedoniam Illyricumque eosdem... obtinere,

Liv. 45, 16, 1.—With both pres. pass. and gerund. inff.:

haec ita movere senatum, ut non expectanda comitia consuli censerent, sed dictatorem... dici,

Liv. 27, 5, 14.—

And with velle: senatus verbis nuntient, velle et censere eos ab armis discedere, etc.,

Sall. J. 21, 4.—

With ut or ne.

In the words of the Senate, according to formula: quod L. Opimius verba fecit de re publica, de ea re ita censuerunt uti L. Opimius consul rem publicam defenderet, etc., ancient S. C. ap. Cic. Phil. 8, 4, 14: quod, etc., de ea re ita censuerunt ut M. Pomponius praetor animadverteret curaretque ut si, etc., S. C. ap. Suet. Rhet. 1; Gell. 15, 4, 1.—And with gerundial inf.-clause: quod C. Julius pontifex... de ea re ita censuerunt, uti M. Antonius consul hostiis majoribus... procuraret... Ibus uti procurasset satis habendum censuerunt, S. C. ap. Gell. 4, 6, 2.—

As related by the historians, etc.:

quoniam senatus censuisset, uti quicunque Galliam provinciam obtineret... Aeduos defenderet,

Caes. B. G. 1, 35:

patres censuerunt uti consules provincias inter se compararent,

Liv. 30, 40, 12:

senatus censuit ut domus ei... publica impensa restitueretur,

Suet. Claud. 6;

so with reference to the civil law,

Dig. 49, 14, 15 quater. —With ne:

senatum censuisse, ne quis illo anno genitus educaretur,

Suet. Aug. 94.—And with inf -clause:

filio regis Nicomedi ex ea summa munera dari censuerunt, et ut victimae... praeberentur,

Liv. 45, 44, 15.—

With a subj.-clause (very rare):

senatus consulto quo censeretur, darent operam consules, etc.,

Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 73, 10.—

With neutr. acc. pron. in place of a clause:

cum vero id senatus frequens censuisset (sc. faciendum),

Cic. Pis. 8, 18:

ite in suffragium, et quae patres censuerunt vos jubete,

Liv. 31, 7, 14:

quodcunque vos censueritis,

id. 34, 7, 15:

quodpatres censuissent,

id. 28, 45, 2.—

With accusative of a noun, or a noun as passive subject, to decree or vote a thing (postclass.):

nec tamen repertum nisi ut effigies principum, aras deum, templa et arcus aliaque solita... censuere,

Tac. A. 3, 57:

aram Clementiae, aram Amicitiae, effigiesque... censuere,

id. ib. 4, 74: cum censeretur clipeus auro et magnitudine insignis inter auctores eloquentiae ( to be placed among, etc.), id. ib. 2, 83.—

With both acc. and dat.

The dat. = against:

bellum Samnitibus et patres censuerunt et populus jussit,

Liv. 10, 12, 3.—

The dat. = in behalf of:

censentur Ostorio triumphi insignia,

Tac. A. 12, 38.—And with ut:

sententiis eorum qui supplicationes et... vestem Principi triumphalem, utque ovans urbem iniret, effigiesque ejus... censuere,

id. ib. 13, 8.

Transf.

Of the opinions and resolutions of other deliberating bodies, or of their members, to resolve, or to be of opinion.

With inf.-clause.

Gerundial:

erant qui censerent de tertia vigilia in castra Cornelia recedendum (council of war),

Caes. B. C. 2, 30:

erant sententiae quae conandum omnibus modis castraque Vari oppugnanda censerent,

id. ib.; so id. ib. 2, 31; id. B. G. 2, 31 fin.; 7, 21; 7, 77:

pontifices, consules, patres conscripti mihi... pecunia publica aedificandam domum censuerunt,

Cic. Pis. 22, 52: nunc surgendum censeo, I move we adjourn (in a literary meeting), id. de Or. 2, 90, 367:

cum... pontifices solvendum religione populum censerent,

Liv. 5, 23, 9:

nunc has ruinas relinquendas non censerem (in an assembly of the people),

id. 5, 53, 3:

ego ita censeo, legatos extemplo Romam mittendos (in the Carthaginian Senate),

id. 21, 10, 13:

ante omnia Philippum et Macedonas in societatem belli... censeo deducendos esse (Hannibal in a council of war),

id. 36, 7, 3; 5, 36, 8; Curt. 10, 6, 22; 10, 8, 12:

cum septem judices cognovissent, duo censuerunt, reum exilio multandum, duo alii pecunia, tres reliqui capite puniendum,

Gell. 9, 15, 7.—And with oportere inst. of a gerundial clause (referring to duty):

neque sine gravi causa eum locum quem ceperant, dimitti censuerant oportere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 44.—With opus esse ( = expediency):

Parmenio furto, non proelio opus esse censebat,

Curt. 10, 8, 12.—

With ordinary pres. inf.

In place of a gerundial:

Antenor censet belli praecidere = praecidendam causam (in a council of war),

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 9.—

Denoting opinion about an existing state:

Hasdrubal ultimam Hispaniae oram... ignaram adhuc Romanorum esse, eoque Carthaginiensibus satis fidam censebat,

Liv. 27, 20, 6:

Parmenio non alium locum proelio aptiorem esse censebat,

Curt. 3, 7, 8.—

With ut or ne:

censeo ut satis diu te putes requiesse et iter reliquum conficere pergas (in a literary meeting),

Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 290:

plerique censebant ut noctu iter facerent (council of war),

Caes. B. C. 1, 67:

et nunc magnopere censere, ut unam anum... triginta milibus talentum auri permutet (council of war),

Curt. 4, 11, 12:

censeout D. Claudius ex hac die deus fiat (council of the gods),

Sen. Lud. Mort. Claud. 9, 5: antiquos audio censuisse, ne (praenomina) cui ejusdem gentis patricio inderentur, resolved (family council), Gell. 9, 2, 11 (cf. Liv. 6, 20, 14).—

With subj.-clause:

nunc quoque arcessas censeo omnes navalis terrestrisque copias (Hannibal in council of war),

Liv. 36, 7, 17: censeo relinquamus nebulonem hunc, eamus hinc protinus Jovi Optimo Maximo gratulatum (assembly of the people), Scipio Afric. ap. Gell. 4, 18, 3.—

With acc. neutr. of a pron. or adj. substantively used:

ego pro sententia mea hoc censeo: quandoquidem, etc.,

Sen. Lud. Mort. Claud. 11, 4:

nec dubitavere quin vera censeret,

that his opinion was correct, Curt. 10, 6, 18.—

Ellipt.:

sententiis quarum pars deditionem, pars eruptionem censebat (i.e. faciendam),

Caes. B. G. 7, 77 init.:

ita uti censuerant Italici deditionem facit,

Sall. J. 26, 2; so Caes. B. G. 7, 75.

Of the orders of persons in authority (cf. II. B.).

Of commanders, etc., by courtesy, inst. of velle, imperare, or a direct imperative sentence.

With gerundial inf. - clause: non tam imperavi quam censui sumptus legatis quam maxime ad legem Corneliam decernendos, I said, not strictly as an order, but as an opinion that, etc. (Cicero as proconsul), Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 6.—

With subj.-clause: arma quae ad me missuri eratis, iis censeo armetis milites quos vobiscum habetis, you had better, etc., Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12, A, 4. —

Of an order by the people (rare;

gen. populus jubet): ita id (foedus) ratum fore si populus censuisset (i. e. confirmandum esse),

Liv. 21, 19, 3.—

Of the later emperors, in their ordinances (censemus = placet nobis, sancimus, imperamus, from the custom of the earlier emperors, who conveyed their commands in the form of an opinion in the senate; v. II. A. 1.).—With inf.clause, ut, ne, and subj.-clause:

sex mensium spatium censemus debere servari,

Cod. Just. 11, 48 (47), 7:

censemus ut, etc.,

ib. 12, 37 (38), 13:

censemus ne, etc.,

ib. 12, 44 (45), 1: censemus vindicet, remaneat, ib. 11, 48 (47), 23:

in commune jubes si quid censesve tenendum, Primus jussa subi,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 296.

Of advice, given by one person to another (further development of III. A.).

Ante-class. formula: faciundum censeo = I advise, with ut-clause, with quid, sic, etc.: censeo faciundum ut quadringentos aliquos milites ad verrucam illam ire jubeas, etc., I advise you to order, etc., Cato ap. Gell. 3, 7, 6:

ego Tiresiam... consulam, Quid faciundum censeat,

consult Tiresias as to what he advises, for his advice, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 80:

consulam hanc rem amicos quid faciundum censeant,

id. Men. 4, 3, 26; id. Most. 3, 1, 23:

sic faciundum censeo: Da isti cistellam, etc.,

id. Cist. 4, 2, 104:

ego sic faciundum censeo: me honestiu'st Quam te, etc.,

id. As. 4, 2, 11; id. Ep. 2, 2, 91:

sane faciundum censeo,

id. Stich. 4, 2, 38.—

With ordinary gerundial inf.-clauses:

narrandum ego istuc militi censebo,

I advise you to let the soldier know that, Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 42:

exorando sumendam operam censeo,

id. Stich. 1, 2, 22:

quid nunc consili captandum censes?

id. As. 2, 2, 91; id. Mil. 5, 25; id. Most. 1, 3, 115:

idem tibi censeo faciendum,

Cic. Off. 10, 1, 3:

quos quidem tibi studiose et diligenter tractandos magno opere censeo,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 79; id. Fam. 12, 28, 2.—Sometimes by aequum censere with an inf.-clause (in the comic poets):

amicos consulam quo me modo Suspendere aequom censeant potissumum,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 50: qui homo cum animo... depugnat suo, Utrum ita se esse mavelit ut eum animus aequom censeat, An ita potius ut parentes... velint i. e. as his mind prompts him, id. Trin. 2, 2, 29; cf. E. 1. b. 8.—

With a subj.clause (so esp. with censeo in 1 st pers.): censen' hominem interrogem? do you advise me to ask the man? etc., Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 20:

tu, si videbitur, ita censeo facias ut... supersedeas hoc labore itineris (cf.: faciundum censeo ut, 1. supra),

Cic. Fam. 4, 2, 4:

immo plane, inquam, Brute, legas (Gracchum) censeo,

id. Brut. 33, 125:

tu, si forte quid erit molestiae te ad Crassum et Calidium conferas censeo,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 7:

tu, censeo, tamen adhibeas Vettium,

id. Att. 2, 4, 7:

quae disputari de amicitia possunt, ab iis censeo petatis qui ista profitentur,

id. Lael. 5, 17: tu, censeo, Luceriam venias: nusquam eris tutius, Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 1, 1; 8, 11, A:

censeo Via Appia iter facias, et celeriter Brundusium venias,

id. ib. 8, 11, C: ad Caesarem mittas censeo, et ab eo hoc petas, Anton. ib. 10, 10, 2: sed hos tamen numeros censeo videas hodou parergon, Gell. 17, 20, 5:

quam scit uterque, libens censebo exerceat artem,

Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 44 (cf. Liv. 36, 7, 17, and Gell. 4, 18, 3, quoted III. A. 3.).—Of an advice given to an adversary, with irony:

cetera si qua putes te occultius facere posse... magnopere censeo desistas,

I strongly advise you to give up that idea, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 68, § 174:

sed tu, Acci, consideres censeo diligenter, utrum censorum judicium grave esse velis an Egnatii,

id. Clu. 48, 135:

postulant ut excipiantur haec inexplicabilia. Tribunum censeant: aliquem adeant: a me... numquam impetrabunt,

id. Ac. 2, 30, 97:

ibi quaeratis socios censeo, ubi Saguntina clades ignota est,

Liv. 21, 19, 10:

solvas censeo, Sexte, creditori,

Mart. 2, 13, 2.—And in jest:

Treviros vites censeo, audio capitalis esse,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13, 2:

hi Plebei fuerunt, quos contemnas censeo... qua re ad patres censeo revertare,

id. ib. 9, 21, 3:

vites censeo porticum Philippi: si te viderit Hercules, peristi,

Mart. 5, 49, 13; so id. ib. 11, 99, 8; 12, 61, 7.—For ironical senatorial advice, by which the contrary is meant, v. Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 13; Sall. C. 52, 26, quoted II. A. 3.—

With an ut-clause (with monere;

very rare): illud tamen vel tu me monuisse vel censuisse puta... ut tu quoque animum inducas, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 4, 8, 2.—

With a clause understood: quo me vortam nescio: Pa. Si deos salutas, dextrovorsum censeo (i.e. id facias or faciundum censeo), Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 70: quo redeam? Pe. Equidem ad phrygionem censeo (i. e. redeas), id. Men. 4, 2, 53:

quid nunc censes, Chrysale? (i. e. faciundum),

id. Bacch. 4, 8, 112:

ita faciam ut frater censuit,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 2, 11:

tibi igitur hoc censeo (i. e. faciendum): latendum tantisper ibidem, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 4: tu [p. 314] potes Kalendis spectare gladiatores, et ita censeo, id. ib. 16, 20:

quid censes igitur? Ecquidnam est tui consilii ad? etc.,

id. Att. 9, 12, 4: quid igitur censet (sapientia)? What is wisdom ' s advice? id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

scribi quid placeat, quid censeas,

id. Att. 9, 19,4:

ibitur igitur, et ita quidem ut censes,

id. ib. 10, 15, 3:

disce, docendus adhuc, quae censet amiculus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 3.

Of opinions and views on general questions, to be of opinion, think, believe, hold (cf.: statuo, existimo, puto, aio, dico; freq. in class. prose; very rare in post-class. writers except Gellius; never with ut, ne, or subj.-clause).

With inf.-clause:

Plato mundum esse factum censet a deo sempiternum,

Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

Cyrenaici non omni malo aegritudinem effici censent, sed insperato,

id. Tusc. 3, 13, 28:

(Hieronymus) censet summum bonum esse sine ulla molestia vivere,

id. Fin. 2, 5, 16:

Aristoteles eos qui valetudinis causa furerent, censebat habere aliquid in animis praesagiens,

id. Div. 1, 38, 81:

Pythagoras censuit animum esse per naturam rerum omnem intentum et commeantem,

id. ib. 1, 11, 27; so id. Ac. 1, 11, 40; 2, 42, 131; id. Fin. 1, 6, 20; 3, 15, 49; 3, 19, 64; 3, 21, 70; 4, 7, 17; 5, 7, 17; id. N. D. 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4; 1, 12, 29; 1, 13, 35 and 37; 1, 43, 120; 1, 44, 121; 2, 22, 57; 2, 16, 44; id. Sen. 12, 41; id. Leg. 1, 13, 36; id. Tusc. 1, 9, 18; 1, 10, 22; 1, 30, 72; 1, 45, 108; 3, 5, 11; 3, 22, 52; 4, 7, 14; id. Off. 1, 25, 88:

Plato in civitate communis esse mulieres censuit,

Gell. 18, 2, 8; 14, 5, 2; 18, 1, 4; 19, 12, 6.—If the opinion refers to what should be observed, oportere or debere is used, or a gerundial predicate with esse (so in Cic., but in Gell. 7, 15, 3, without esse):

oportere delubra esse in urbibus censeo,

Cic. Leg. 2, 10, 26:

M. Varro aeditumum dici oportere censet,

Gell. 12, 10, 4; 14, 5, 2;

so with debere,

id. 17, 5, 5; 13, 8, 4:

Cyrenaici... virtutem censuerunt ob eam rem esse laudandam,

Cic. Off. 3, 33, 116:

(Ennius) non censet lugendam esse mortem quam immortalitas consequatur,

id. Sen. 20, 73.—

An inf.-clause understood:

(dissensio est), a quibus temporibus scribendi capiatur initium. Ego enim ab ultimis censeo (i. e. exordiendum esse),

Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque Nil est jucundum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 65:

sic enim censuit,

Cic. Off. 3, 33, 117.—

With neutr. acc. of a pron.: hoc amplius censeo, in addition to the opinions mentioned I hold, etc., Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 2:

nullo (medico) idem censente,

Plin. 29, 1, 5, § 11.—

With a rel.-clause:

Aesopus quae utilia... erant, non severe neque imperiose praecepit et censuit,

he imparted his teachings and views, Gell. 2, 29, 1.—

Absol.:

non adligo me ad unum aliquem ex Stoicis proceribus. Est et mihi censendi jus,

the right to impart my opinions, Sen. Vit. Beat. 3, 2.

In gen., = arbitror, puto, existimo, judico (cf.: idem enim valet censere et arbitrari, Varr. ap. Non. p. 519, 29: censere nunc significat putare, nunc suadere, nunc decernere, Paul. ex Fest. p. 54, 11 Mull.).

To judge, think, believe, suppose (freq. in ante-class. writings; very rare in Cic. except in the particular meanings, a.—ironically—and d.; always with inf.-clause expressed or understood).

In gen.:

atque ego censui abs te posse hoc me impetrare,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 12 sq.:

satis jam delusam censeo: rem, ut est, nunc eloquamur,

id. As. 3, 3, 141:

nam si honeste censeam te facere posse, suadeam,

id. Mil. 4, 8, 60:

neque ego hac noctem longiorem me vidisse censeo,

id. Am. 1, 1, 126:

saluti quod tibi esse censeo,

id. Merc. 1, 35; so id. Am. 4, 3, 2; id. Most. 1, 3, 127; id. Pers. 1, 1, 9; 2, 2, 8; 2, 3, 75 sq.; id. Truc. 2, 2, 60; id. As. 2, 2, 33; id. Aul. 2, 4, 30; 2, 4, 36; id. Cas. 2, 8, 38; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 53; id. Phorm. 2, 2, 13: aut domino, cujum id censebis esse, reddes, Cincius, Re Mil. l. iii., de ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:

eo namque omnem belli molem inclinaturam censebant (consules),

Liv. 7, 32, 3:

nec facturum aequa Samnitium populum censebant, si... oppugnarent,

id. 7, 31, 7:

quaeso ut ea quae dicam non a militibus imperatori dicta censeas,

id. 7, 13, 8:

at illa purgare se, quod quae utilia esse censebat... suasisset,

Curt. 8, 3, 7: Alexander, tam memorabili victoria laetus, qua sibi Orientis fines apertos esse censebat, id. 9, 1, 1; so id. 10, 8, 22.—

With reference to an erroneous opinion, to imagine, suppose, falsely believe:

censebam me effugisse a vita marituma Ne navigarem, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 108:

omnes eum (sc. Jovem) esse (Amphitruonem) censent servi,

id. Am. prol. 122, 134:

jam hic ero, quom illic censebis esse me,

id. ib. 3, 3, 14:

ardere censui aedes,

id. ib. 5, 1, 15:

ego hunc censebam esse te,

id. Men. 5, 9, 13; so id. As. 5, 2, 20; id. Aul. 3, 5, 55; id. Bacch. 1, 2, 14; id. Men. 3, 3, 32; 5, 9, 76; id. Merc. 1, 2, 87; id. Poen. 1, 1, 54; 3, 1, 60; 3, 4, 25; id. Rud. 2, 4, 31; 4, 7, 35; id. Stich. 4, 2, 24; id. Truc. 1, 1, 72 et saep.: censuit se regem Porsenam occidere, Cass. Hem. ap. Non. p. 4, 88:

non ipsa saxa magis sensu omni vacabant quam ille... cui se hic cruciatum censet optare,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107.—And ironically:

nisi forte Diagoram aut Theodorum... censes superstitiosos fuisse,

Cic. N. D. 1, 42, 117:

nisi forte etiam illi Semproniano senatus consulto me censes adfuisse, qui ne Romae quidem fui,

id. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

neminem me fortiorem esse censebam,

Curt. 8, 14, 42.—

Referring to what should take place.

With gerundial inf.-clause:

navis praedatoria, Abs qua cavendum nobis sane censeo,

Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 70:

soli gerundum censeo morem,

id. Most. 1, 3, 69:

neque vendundam censeo Quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 39; so id. Eun. 4, 4, 53; 5, 8, 42; id. Hec. 4, 4, 94; id. Phorm. 2, 4, 17:

ceterum ei qui consilium adferret opem quoque in eam rem adferendam censebant esse,

Liv. 25, 11, 14.—

With oportere, debere, or an ordinary inf.-clause:

solam illi me soli censeo esse oportere obedientem,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 47:

quibus declaraveram, quo te animo censerem esse oportere, et quid tibi faciendum arbitrarer,

Cic. Fam. 4, 9, 1:

rursus interrogatus quid ipse victorem statuere debere censeret,

Curt. 8, 14, 43: impudens postulatio visa est, censere... ipsos id (bellum) advertere in se, agrosque suos pro alienis populandos obicere, to entertain the idea that they should direct that war against themselves and their own lands, etc., Liv. 21, 20, 4:

munere eum fungi prioris censet amici = eum fungi oportere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5:

quae nos quoque sustinere censebat,

App. M. 11, p. 253.—

By aequum censere with ordinary inf.clause, expressed or understood, either = it is fair ( right) to do something, or something ought or should be done (so very freq. in the comic poets and Livy; rare in other writers): non ego istunc me potius quam te metuere aequom censeo, I do not think it right to fear him, etc., Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 51: quid me aequom censes pro illa tibi dare? What do you think I should give as a fair price? etc., id. As. 1, 3, 76: meum animum tibi servitutem servire aequom censui, I thought it my duty that my mind should, etc., id. Trin. 2, 2, 27: ecquis est tandem qui vestrorum... aequom censeat poenas dare ob eam rem quod arguatur male facere voluisse? Cato ap. Gell. 6 (7), 3, 36:

quis aequum censeret... receptos in fidem non defendi?

Liv. 21, 19, 5; so id. 24, 37, 7; 5, 3, 8; 22, 32, 6.—And without emphasis upon the idea of fairness or right:

si sunt ita ut ego aequom censeo,

as I think they ought to be, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 55; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 87; 2, 3, 1; id. Merc. 3, 3, 8; id. Aul. 4, 1, 11; id. Ep. 4, 1, 29; id. Stich. 2, 2, 20; 4, 1, 42:

qui aequom esse censeant, nos jam a pueris ilico nasci senes,

who believe that we should be born as old men right from childhood, Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 2; so id. ib. 5, 5, 11; id. Ad. 4, 3, 10:

qui aequom censeant rem perniciosam utili praeponi,

Auct. Her. 2, 14, 22: (tribuni) intercedebant;

senatum quaerere de pecunia non relata in publicum... aequum censebant,

Liv. 38, 54, 5:

cives civibus parcere aequum censebat,

Nep. Thras. 2, 6.—

Very freq., esp. in Cic., when a question, rhetorical or real, is addressed to a second person, often referring to erroneous opinions:

an fores censebas nobis publicitus praeberier?

Plaut. Am. 4, 2, 7:

clanculum istaec te flagitia facere censebas potesse?

id. Men. 4, 2, 47:

hicine nos habitare censes?

id. Trin. 4, 3, 72:

omnes cinaedos esse censes, tu quia es?

id. Men. 3, 2, 48; so id. As. 2, 4, 78; 5, 2, 37; id. Bacch. 4, 6, 41; 5, 2. 82; id. Capt. 4, 2, 66; 4, 2, 74; 5, 2, 16; id. Cas. 2, 6, 29; id. Men. 5, 5, 25: continuo dari Tibi verba censes? Ter. And. 3, 2, 25; so id. ib. 3, 3, 13; 4, 4, 55; id. Heaut. 4, 3, 38; id. Hec. 4, 1, 32; 4, 4, 53; id. Phorm. 5, 6, 35:

adeone me delirare censes ut ista esse credam?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10:

nam cum in Graeco sermone haec... non videbantur, quid censes in Latino fore?

id. Fin. 3, 4, 15:

quid igitur censes? Apim illum nonne deum videri Aegyptiis?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 82:

quis haec neget esse utilia? quem censes?

id. Off. 3, 26, 99:

an censes me tantos labores... suscepturum fuisse, si, etc.,

id. Sen. 23, 82:

an vos Hirtium pacem velle censetis?

id. Phil. 12, 4, 9; so id. Brut. 50, 186; 85, 294; id. Tusc. 1, 5, 10 fin.; 2, 4, 11; 3, 13, 27; id. Fin. 1, 10, 34; id. N. D. 1, 8, 20; 1, 28, 78; 1, 44, 122; id. Leg. 2, 10, 23; id. Div. in Caecil. 16, 54; id. Phil. 1, 6, 13; 4, 3, 7; 7, 4, 14; 11, 1, 3; 11, 5, 10; 12, 3, 7; 12, 6, 13; 12, 8, 21; 12, 9, 22; 13, 2, 4; 14, 4, 10; id. Att. 10, 11, 4:

quid censes munera terrae?... quo spectanda modo, quo sensu credis et ore?

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 5 sqq.; so id. ib. 2, 2, 65; Lucr. 1, 973 (with obj.inf.).—With conditional period inst. of an inf.-clause:

num censes faceret, filium nisi sciret eadem haec velle,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 46.—

Sometimes censemus? is used in the same way as censes?

Cic. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; id. Off. 2, 7, 25; id. Fam. 4, 9, 2.—

With an inf.clause understood: itane tu censes? Pa. Quid ego ni ita censeam? Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 27: quid ergo censes? Tr. Quod rogas, Censeo, id. Rud. 4, 8, 7 sq.: quid illum censes? (i. e. eo loco facere?) Ter. And. 5, 2, 12:

quid illas censes? (i. e. posse dicere),

id. Ad. 4, 5, 22; so Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 59; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 9; 5, 3, 21.—So, very freq. in the comic poets, censeo, absol., as an approving answer; also sic censeo, istuc censeo, ita censeo (Cic.) to be variously rendered: ego divinam rem intus faciam... So. Censeo, that will be right! Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 11: auscultemus quid agat: Ph. Sane censeo, so we will, indeed, id. Curc. 2, 2, 29: quid si recenti re aedis pultem? Ad. Censeo, do so! id. Poen. 3, 4, 18: quin eloquamur? Ag. Censeo, hercle, patrue, id. ib. 5, 4, 93: patri etiam gratulabor? Tr. Censeo, I think so (and after answering several questions with censeo): etiamne complectar ejus patrem? Tr. Non censeo. Pl. Nunc non censet quom volo, id. Rud. 4, 8, 6 sqq.; id. Ps. 2, 2, 69; id. Stich. 5, 4, 53; id. Truc. 2, 4, 73; id. Cas. 4, 3, 14; Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 11; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 27: male habeas! Mu. Sic censeo, Plaut. Men. 4, 1, 11: aliquem arripiamus, etc.: Ly. Hem, istuc censeo, id. Merc. 3, 3, 19 (cf.:

prorsus ita censeo, referring to general questions, as in D.,

Cic. Leg. 2, 10, 23);

once similarly censeas: Quid gravare? censeas!

Say yes, Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 22.—

To resolve, as a merely mental act, with gerundial inf.-clause (rare; cf. II. B.): quibus rebus cognitis, Caesar maturandum sibi censuit, resolved to hasten, lit., thought he must hasten ( = statuit, existimavit), Caes. B. G. 7, 56 init.:

censuimus igitur amplius quaerendum,

Gell. 12, 14, 7.—

To consider, i. e. after carefully weighing the circumstances, with inf.-clause (rare):

sed cum censerem... me et periculum vitare posse, et temperatius dicere... ea causa mihi in Asiam proficiscendi fuit,

Cic. Brut. 91, 314.—

= pu tare, habere, judicare, to consider as, to hold, with two acc., or inf.-clause.

With double acc.:

quom dispicias tristem, frugi censeas (i.e. eum),

you would consider him thrifty, Plaut. Cas. 3, 2. 32:

auxilio vos dignos censet senatus,

considers you worthy of help, Liv. 7, 31, 2:

has... indagines cuppediarum majore detestatione dignas censebimus si, etc.,

Gell. 7 (6), 16, 6: cum Priscum nobilitas hostem patriae censuisset, judged, declared him the enemy, etc., Aur. Vict. Caes. 29, 4.—

In the pass. with nom. and inf., = haberi (in Manil. and Gell.):

praeter illas unam et viginti (comoedias) quae consensu omnium Plauti esse censebantur,

Gell. 3, 3, 3:

quae terrena censentur sidera sorte (i. e. esse),

are considered as being of the terrestrial kind, Manil. 2, 226; so id. 2, 293; 2, 653; 2, 667; 3, 96; so, sub aliquo censeri, to be considered as being under one ' s influence, id. 4, 246; 4, 705; cf. id. 3, 598 (with per).—

To wish, with subj.-clause or ne (in App.):

de coma pretiosi velleris floccum mihi confestim adferas censeo,

App. M. 6. [p. 315] p. 117:

censeo ne ulla cura os percolat,

id. Mag. p. 411.

censeo, ēre, = succenseo, to be angry: ne vobis censeam, si, etc., Varr. ap. Non. p. 267, 24.

impĕdĭo ( inp-), īvi or ĭi, ītum, 4 (in tmesi:

inque peditur, inque pediri, inque peditus, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 394; 3, 484; 4, 562; 1149), v. a. [in-pes; cf. compedes; lit., to entangle the feet; hence, in gen.], to entangle, ensnare, to shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast (cf.: praepedio, implico, illigo, irretio, illaqueo).

Lit. (rare):

impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes,

Ov. F. 1, 410; cf.:

et illis crura quoque impediit,

id. M. 12, 392:

ipsus illic sese jam impedivit in plagas,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 11:

in qua (silva) retentis impeditus (cervus) cornibus,

Phaedr. 1, 12, 10:

impedita cassibus dama,

Mart. 3, 58, 28; cf.: reti impedit Pisces, ensnares, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17; Veg. Vet. 1, 10.—

Transf., in gen., to clasp, encircle, embrace (mostly poet.):

narrare parantem Impedit amplexu,

Ov. M. 2, 433:

nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto Aut flore,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 9:

crines (vitta),

Tib. 1, 6, 67; Ov. Am. 3, 6, 56:

cornua sertis,

id. M. 2, 868:

remos (hederae),

id. ib. 3, 664:

medium crus pellibus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 27:

equos frenis,

to bridle, Ov. F. 2, 736:

ingentem clipeum informant... septenosque orbibus orbes Impediunt,

surround, encircle each other, Verg. A. 8, 447:

orbes orbibus,

id. ib. 5, 585:

plana novo munimenti genere (with saepire),

Curt. 6, 5; cf.:

Antiochus, castris positis, munitionibus insuper saltum impediebat,

rendered difficult of access, Liv. 36, 16, 1.—

Trop.

To entangle, embarrass (class.):

impeditum in ea (re amatoria) expedivi animum meum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; cf.:

sapientis est, cum stultitia sua impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit se expedire,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 24:

ipse te impedies, ipse tua defensione implicabere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 44:

qui me et se hisce impedivit nuptiis,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 2:

dum alios servat, se impedivit interim,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 37:

tot me impediunt curae,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

mentem dolore,

Cic. Cael. 24, 60.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to hinder, detain, obstruct, check, prevent, impede (so most freq.; cf.: inhibeo, prohibeo, interdico, veto); constr. with acc., ab, in aliqua re, or the simple abl., ne, quin, quominus, the inf., or absol.; very rarely with dat.

With the simple acc.:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit: sed si me expediero, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 2:

suis studiis sic impediuntur, ut, etc.... discendi enim studio impediti,

id. Off. 1, 9, 28; cf.:

aetate et morbo impeditus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63: religione impediri, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

ne forte qua re impediar atque alliger,

Cic. Att. 8, 16, 1.—With inanim:

or abstr. objects: sinistra impedita,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 3:

mea dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 1:

iter,

id. Lael. 20, 75:

navigationem (Corus),

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 3:

magnas utilitates amicorum,

Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

res magnas,

id. ib.; cf.:

belli rationem prope jam explicatam perturbare atque impedire,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35 fin.: quod si corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur;

quanto magis animi morbis impediri necesse est?

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59.—

With ab or in aliqua re or the simple abl.:

sibi non fuisse dubium, a re publica bene gerenda impediri,

Cic. Balb. 20, 47; cf.:

ab delectatione omni negotiis impedimur,

id. Mur. 19, 39; so,

aliquem a suo munere,

id. Rep. 5, 3:

aliquem ab opere,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 180:

aliquem a vero bonoque,

Sall. J. 30, 2:

non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo jure impediri,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 2:

quem dignitas fugā impediverat,

Tac. A. 1, 39.—

With ne, quin, quominus. —With ne:

id in hac disputatione de fato casus quidam, ne facerem, impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1; id. Sull. 33, 92.—With quin:

ut nulla re impedirer, quin, si vellem, mihi esset integrum,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 6; Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1.— With quominus:

nec aetas impedit, quominus agri colendi studia teneamus,

Cic. de Sen. 17, 60; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

quaerere, quae sit tanta formido, quae tot ac tantos viros impediat, quominus, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 5; id. Fam. 3, 7, 3; 13, 5, 1; id. Att. 3, 22, 1; 13, 25, 2.—

With inf.:

quid est igitur, quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare? etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

me impedit pudor ab aliquo haec exquirere,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 163:

ne qua mora ignaros pubemque educere castris Impediat,

Verg. A. 11, 21; Ov. P. 1, 1, 21.—

With dat. (in analogy to impedimento esse): novitati non impedit vetus consuetudo, is no hinderance, = obstat (cf. the context), Varr. L. L. 9, § 20 Müll.: inpediat tibi, ne, etc., Schol. Juv. 14, 49.—

Absol.:

omnia removentur, quae obstant et impediunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

ut omnia quae impediant, vincat intentio,

Quint. 10, 3, 28; 12, 10, 55:

de rebus ipsis utere tuo judicio—nihil enim impedio,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 1, 13: quem video, nisi rei publicae tempora impedient, Euporiston, id. Att. 7, 1, 7; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 55.—Hence, impĕdītus ( inp-), a, um, P. a., hindered, [p. 898] embarrassed, obstructed, encumbered, burdened, impeded.

Of persons:

neque nunc quomodo me expeditum ex impedito faciam, jam consilium placet,

Plaut. Epid. 1, 1, 87: inermos armati, impeditos expediti interficiunt, encumbered with baggage, Sisenn. ap. Non. 58, 8; cf.:

impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 2:

agmen,

Liv. 43, 23, 1:

itinere impediti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 75, 3:

nostri si ab illis initium transeundi (fluminis) fieret, ut impeditos aggrederentur,

i. e. embarrassed with the difficulties of crossing, id. B. G. 2, 9, 1; 1, 12, 3; 2, 10, 2;

2, 23, 1 et saep.: malis domesticis impediti,

Cic. Sest. 45, 97:

viden me consiliis tuis miserum impeditum esse?

Ter. And. 3, 5, 11.— Comp.: quod, si durior accidisset casus, impeditiores fore videbantur, Auct. B. Alex. 14 fin. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis,

difficult of passage, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 4; cf.:

silvae,

id. ib. 5, 21, 3:

saltus impeditos gravis armis miles timere potest,

Liv. 9, 19, 16:

vineae nexu traducum,

Tac. H. 2, 25:

navigationem impeditam (esse) propter inscientiam locorum,

troublesome, Caes. B. G. 3, 9, 4:

impedito animo,

i. e. engaged, busy, Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

omnium impeditis animis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 5:

tempora rei publicae,

Cic. Pis. 1, 3:

dies tristi omine infames et impediti,

Gell. 4, 9, 5:

disceptatio,

Liv. 37, 54, 7:

oratio fit longa et impedita,

Quint. 8, 6, 42:

bellum (with arduum),

Tac. A. 4, 46:

cum victoribus nihil impeditum arbitrarentur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 28, 1:

tu rem impeditam et perditam restituas,

intricate and hopeless, Ter. And. 3, 5, 13.— Comp.:

longius impeditioribus locis secuti,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28 fin.; so,

saltus artior et impeditior,

Liv. 9, 2, 8; 7, 21, 8.— Sup.:

silvae undique impeditissimae,

i. e. exceedingly difficult to pass, Hirt. B. G. 8, 18, 1:

itinera,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77, 2:

quid horum non impeditissimum? vestitus an vehiculum an comes?

exceedingly embarrassing, a great encumbrance, Cic. Mil. 20, 54.

impĕdĭo ( inp-), īvi or ĭi, ītum, 4 (in tmesi:

inque peditur, inque pediri, inque peditus, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 394; 3, 484; 4, 562; 1149), v. a. [in-pes; cf. compedes; lit., to entangle the feet; hence, in gen.], to entangle, ensnare, to shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast (cf.: praepedio, implico, illigo, irretio, illaqueo).

Lit. (rare):

impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes,

Ov. F. 1, 410; cf.:

et illis crura quoque impediit,

id. M. 12, 392:

ipsus illic sese jam impedivit in plagas,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 11:

in qua (silva) retentis impeditus (cervus) cornibus,

Phaedr. 1, 12, 10:

impedita cassibus dama,

Mart. 3, 58, 28; cf.: reti impedit Pisces, ensnares, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17; Veg. Vet. 1, 10.—

Transf., in gen., to clasp, encircle, embrace (mostly poet.):

narrare parantem Impedit amplexu,

Ov. M. 2, 433:

nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto Aut flore,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 9:

crines (vitta),

Tib. 1, 6, 67; Ov. Am. 3, 6, 56:

cornua sertis,

id. M. 2, 868:

remos (hederae),

id. ib. 3, 664:

medium crus pellibus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 27:

equos frenis,

to bridle, Ov. F. 2, 736:

ingentem clipeum informant... septenosque orbibus orbes Impediunt,

surround, encircle each other, Verg. A. 8, 447:

orbes orbibus,

id. ib. 5, 585:

plana novo munimenti genere (with saepire),

Curt. 6, 5; cf.:

Antiochus, castris positis, munitionibus insuper saltum impediebat,

rendered difficult of access, Liv. 36, 16, 1.—

Trop.

To entangle, embarrass (class.):

impeditum in ea (re amatoria) expedivi animum meum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; cf.:

sapientis est, cum stultitia sua impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit se expedire,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 24:

ipse te impedies, ipse tua defensione implicabere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 44:

qui me et se hisce impedivit nuptiis,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 2:

dum alios servat, se impedivit interim,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 37:

tot me impediunt curae,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

mentem dolore,

Cic. Cael. 24, 60.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to hinder, detain, obstruct, check, prevent, impede (so most freq.; cf.: inhibeo, prohibeo, interdico, veto); constr. with acc., ab, in aliqua re, or the simple abl., ne, quin, quominus, the inf., or absol.; very rarely with dat.

With the simple acc.:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit: sed si me expediero, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 2:

suis studiis sic impediuntur, ut, etc.... discendi enim studio impediti,

id. Off. 1, 9, 28; cf.:

aetate et morbo impeditus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63: religione impediri, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

ne forte qua re impediar atque alliger,

Cic. Att. 8, 16, 1.—With inanim:

or abstr. objects: sinistra impedita,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 3:

mea dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 1:

iter,

id. Lael. 20, 75:

navigationem (Corus),

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 3:

magnas utilitates amicorum,

Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

res magnas,

id. ib.; cf.:

belli rationem prope jam explicatam perturbare atque impedire,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35 fin.: quod si corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur;

quanto magis animi morbis impediri necesse est?

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59.—

With ab or in aliqua re or the simple abl.:

sibi non fuisse dubium, a re publica bene gerenda impediri,

Cic. Balb. 20, 47; cf.:

ab delectatione omni negotiis impedimur,

id. Mur. 19, 39; so,

aliquem a suo munere,

id. Rep. 5, 3:

aliquem ab opere,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 180:

aliquem a vero bonoque,

Sall. J. 30, 2:

non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo jure impediri,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 2:

quem dignitas fugā impediverat,

Tac. A. 1, 39.—

With ne, quin, quominus. —With ne:

id in hac disputatione de fato casus quidam, ne facerem, impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1; id. Sull. 33, 92.—With quin:

ut nulla re impedirer, quin, si vellem, mihi esset integrum,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 6; Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1.— With quominus:

nec aetas impedit, quominus agri colendi studia teneamus,

Cic. de Sen. 17, 60; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

quaerere, quae sit tanta formido, quae tot ac tantos viros impediat, quominus, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 5; id. Fam. 3, 7, 3; 13, 5, 1; id. Att. 3, 22, 1; 13, 25, 2.—

With inf.:

quid est igitur, quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare? etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

me impedit pudor ab aliquo haec exquirere,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 163:

ne qua mora ignaros pubemque educere castris Impediat,

Verg. A. 11, 21; Ov. P. 1, 1, 21.—

With dat. (in analogy to impedimento esse): novitati non impedit vetus consuetudo, is no hinderance, = obstat (cf. the context), Varr. L. L. 9, § 20 Müll.: inpediat tibi, ne, etc., Schol. Juv. 14, 49.—

Absol.:

omnia removentur, quae obstant et impediunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

ut omnia quae impediant, vincat intentio,

Quint. 10, 3, 28; 12, 10, 55:

de rebus ipsis utere tuo judicio—nihil enim impedio,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 1, 13: quem video, nisi rei publicae tempora impedient, Euporiston, id. Att. 7, 1, 7; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 55.—Hence, impĕdītus ( inp-), a, um, P. a., hindered, [p. 898] embarrassed, obstructed, encumbered, burdened, impeded.

Of persons:

neque nunc quomodo me expeditum ex impedito faciam, jam consilium placet,

Plaut. Epid. 1, 1, 87: inermos armati, impeditos expediti interficiunt, encumbered with baggage, Sisenn. ap. Non. 58, 8; cf.:

impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 2:

agmen,

Liv. 43, 23, 1:

itinere impediti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 75, 3:

nostri si ab illis initium transeundi (fluminis) fieret, ut impeditos aggrederentur,

i. e. embarrassed with the difficulties of crossing, id. B. G. 2, 9, 1; 1, 12, 3; 2, 10, 2;

2, 23, 1 et saep.: malis domesticis impediti,

Cic. Sest. 45, 97:

viden me consiliis tuis miserum impeditum esse?

Ter. And. 3, 5, 11.— Comp.: quod, si durior accidisset casus, impeditiores fore videbantur, Auct. B. Alex. 14 fin. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis,

difficult of passage, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 4; cf.:

silvae,

id. ib. 5, 21, 3:

saltus impeditos gravis armis miles timere potest,

Liv. 9, 19, 16:

vineae nexu traducum,

Tac. H. 2, 25:

navigationem impeditam (esse) propter inscientiam locorum,

troublesome, Caes. B. G. 3, 9, 4:

impedito animo,

i. e. engaged, busy, Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

omnium impeditis animis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 5:

tempora rei publicae,

Cic. Pis. 1, 3:

dies tristi omine infames et impediti,

Gell. 4, 9, 5:

disceptatio,

Liv. 37, 54, 7:

oratio fit longa et impedita,

Quint. 8, 6, 42:

bellum (with arduum),

Tac. A. 4, 46:

cum victoribus nihil impeditum arbitrarentur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 28, 1:

tu rem impeditam et perditam restituas,

intricate and hopeless, Ter. And. 3, 5, 13.— Comp.:

longius impeditioribus locis secuti,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28 fin.; so,

saltus artior et impeditior,

Liv. 9, 2, 8; 7, 21, 8.— Sup.:

silvae undique impeditissimae,

i. e. exceedingly difficult to pass, Hirt. B. G. 8, 18, 1:

itinera,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77, 2:

quid horum non impeditissimum? vestitus an vehiculum an comes?

exceedingly embarrassing, a great encumbrance, Cic. Mil. 20, 54.

impĕdĭo ( inp-), īvi or ĭi, ītum, 4 (in tmesi:

inque peditur, inque pediri, inque peditus, etc.,

Lucr. 6, 394; 3, 484; 4, 562; 1149), v. a. [in-pes; cf. compedes; lit., to entangle the feet; hence, in gen.], to entangle, ensnare, to shackle, hamper, hinder, hold fast (cf.: praepedio, implico, illigo, irretio, illaqueo).

Lit. (rare):

impediunt teneros vincula nulla pedes,

Ov. F. 1, 410; cf.:

et illis crura quoque impediit,

id. M. 12, 392:

ipsus illic sese jam impedivit in plagas,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 11:

in qua (silva) retentis impeditus (cervus) cornibus,

Phaedr. 1, 12, 10:

impedita cassibus dama,

Mart. 3, 58, 28; cf.: reti impedit Pisces, ensnares, Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 17; Veg. Vet. 1, 10.—

Transf., in gen., to clasp, encircle, embrace (mostly poet.):

narrare parantem Impedit amplexu,

Ov. M. 2, 433:

nunc decet aut viridi nitidum caput impedire myrto Aut flore,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 9:

crines (vitta),

Tib. 1, 6, 67; Ov. Am. 3, 6, 56:

cornua sertis,

id. M. 2, 868:

remos (hederae),

id. ib. 3, 664:

medium crus pellibus,

Hor. S. 1, 6, 27:

equos frenis,

to bridle, Ov. F. 2, 736:

ingentem clipeum informant... septenosque orbibus orbes Impediunt,

surround, encircle each other, Verg. A. 8, 447:

orbes orbibus,

id. ib. 5, 585:

plana novo munimenti genere (with saepire),

Curt. 6, 5; cf.:

Antiochus, castris positis, munitionibus insuper saltum impediebat,

rendered difficult of access, Liv. 36, 16, 1.—

Trop.

To entangle, embarrass (class.):

impeditum in ea (re amatoria) expedivi animum meum,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 17; cf.:

sapientis est, cum stultitia sua impeditus sit, quoquo modo possit se expedire,

Cic. Rab. Post. 9, 24:

ipse te impedies, ipse tua defensione implicabere,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 44:

qui me et se hisce impedivit nuptiis,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 2:

dum alios servat, se impedivit interim,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 37:

tot me impediunt curae,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 25:

mentem dolore,

Cic. Cael. 24, 60.—

Transf. (causa pro effectu), to hinder, detain, obstruct, check, prevent, impede (so most freq.; cf.: inhibeo, prohibeo, interdico, veto); constr. with acc., ab, in aliqua re, or the simple abl., ne, quin, quominus, the inf., or absol.; very rarely with dat.

With the simple acc.:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit: sed si me expediero, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19, 2:

suis studiis sic impediuntur, ut, etc.... discendi enim studio impediti,

id. Off. 1, 9, 28; cf.:

aetate et morbo impeditus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 63: religione impediri, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

ne forte qua re impediar atque alliger,

Cic. Att. 8, 16, 1.—With inanim:

or abstr. objects: sinistra impedita,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 3:

mea dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare,

Cic. Fam. 7, 5, 1:

iter,

id. Lael. 20, 75:

navigationem (Corus),

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 3:

magnas utilitates amicorum,

Cic. Lael. 20, 75:

res magnas,

id. ib.; cf.:

belli rationem prope jam explicatam perturbare atque impedire,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35 fin.: quod si corporis gravioribus morbis vitae jucunditas impeditur;

quanto magis animi morbis impediri necesse est?

id. Fin. 1, 18, 59.—

With ab or in aliqua re or the simple abl.:

sibi non fuisse dubium, a re publica bene gerenda impediri,

Cic. Balb. 20, 47; cf.:

ab delectatione omni negotiis impedimur,

id. Mur. 19, 39; so,

aliquem a suo munere,

id. Rep. 5, 3:

aliquem ab opere,

Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 180:

aliquem a vero bonoque,

Sall. J. 30, 2:

non oportere sese a populo Romano in suo jure impediri,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 2:

quem dignitas fugā impediverat,

Tac. A. 1, 39.—

With ne, quin, quominus. —With ne:

id in hac disputatione de fato casus quidam, ne facerem, impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1; id. Sull. 33, 92.—With quin:

ut nulla re impedirer, quin, si vellem, mihi esset integrum,

Cic. Att. 4, 2, 6; Auct. Her. 3, 1, 1.— With quominus:

nec aetas impedit, quominus agri colendi studia teneamus,

Cic. de Sen. 17, 60; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

quaerere, quae sit tanta formido, quae tot ac tantos viros impediat, quominus, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 2, 5; id. Fam. 3, 7, 3; 13, 5, 1; id. Att. 3, 22, 1; 13, 25, 2.—

With inf.:

quid est igitur, quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare? etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

me impedit pudor ab aliquo haec exquirere,

id. de Or. 1, 35, 163:

ne qua mora ignaros pubemque educere castris Impediat,

Verg. A. 11, 21; Ov. P. 1, 1, 21.—

With dat. (in analogy to impedimento esse): novitati non impedit vetus consuetudo, is no hinderance, = obstat (cf. the context), Varr. L. L. 9, § 20 Müll.: inpediat tibi, ne, etc., Schol. Juv. 14, 49.—

Absol.:

omnia removentur, quae obstant et impediunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

ut omnia quae impediant, vincat intentio,

Quint. 10, 3, 28; 12, 10, 55:

de rebus ipsis utere tuo judicio—nihil enim impedio,

Cic. Off. 1, 1, 2; id. Rep. 1, 13: quem video, nisi rei publicae tempora impedient, Euporiston, id. Att. 7, 1, 7; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 55.—Hence, impĕdītus ( inp-), a, um, P. a., hindered, [p. 898] embarrassed, obstructed, encumbered, burdened, impeded.

Of persons:

neque nunc quomodo me expeditum ex impedito faciam, jam consilium placet,

Plaut. Epid. 1, 1, 87: inermos armati, impeditos expediti interficiunt, encumbered with baggage, Sisenn. ap. Non. 58, 8; cf.:

impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant onera,

Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 2:

agmen,

Liv. 43, 23, 1:

itinere impediti,

Caes. B. C. 3, 75, 3:

nostri si ab illis initium transeundi (fluminis) fieret, ut impeditos aggrederentur,

i. e. embarrassed with the difficulties of crossing, id. B. G. 2, 9, 1; 1, 12, 3; 2, 10, 2;

2, 23, 1 et saep.: malis domesticis impediti,

Cic. Sest. 45, 97:

viden me consiliis tuis miserum impeditum esse?

Ter. And. 3, 5, 11.— Comp.: quod, si durior accidisset casus, impeditiores fore videbantur, Auct. B. Alex. 14 fin. —

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis,

difficult of passage, Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 4; cf.:

silvae,

id. ib. 5, 21, 3:

saltus impeditos gravis armis miles timere potest,

Liv. 9, 19, 16:

vineae nexu traducum,

Tac. H. 2, 25:

navigationem impeditam (esse) propter inscientiam locorum,

troublesome, Caes. B. G. 3, 9, 4:

impedito animo,

i. e. engaged, busy, Cic. Leg. 1, 3, 8:

omnium impeditis animis,

Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 5:

tempora rei publicae,

Cic. Pis. 1, 3:

dies tristi omine infames et impediti,

Gell. 4, 9, 5:

disceptatio,

Liv. 37, 54, 7:

oratio fit longa et impedita,

Quint. 8, 6, 42:

bellum (with arduum),

Tac. A. 4, 46:

cum victoribus nihil impeditum arbitrarentur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 28, 1:

tu rem impeditam et perditam restituas,

intricate and hopeless, Ter. And. 3, 5, 13.— Comp.:

longius impeditioribus locis secuti,

Caes. B. G. 3, 28 fin.; so,

saltus artior et impeditior,

Liv. 9, 2, 8; 7, 21, 8.— Sup.:

silvae undique impeditissimae,

i. e. exceedingly difficult to pass, Hirt. B. G. 8, 18, 1:

itinera,

Caes. B. C. 3, 77, 2:

quid horum non impeditissimum? vestitus an vehiculum an comes?

exceedingly embarrassing, a great encumbrance, Cic. Mil. 20, 54.

af-fĭcĭo (better adf-), affēci (adf-), affectum (adf-), 3, v. a. [facio], to do something to one, i. e. to exert an influence on body or mind, so that it is brought into such or such a state (used by the poets rarely, by Hor. never).

Of the body rarely, and then commonly in a bad sense:

ut aestus, labor, fames, sitisque corpora adficerent,

Liv. 28, 15:

contumeliis adficere corpora sua,

Vulg. Rom. 1, 24:

non simplex Damasichthona vulnus Adficit,

Ov. M. 6, 255:

aconitum cor adficit,

Scrib. Comp. 188:

corpus adficere M. Antonii,

Cic. Phil. 3:

pulmo totus adficitur,

Cels. 4, 7; with abl. of spec.:

stomacho et vesicā adfici,

Scrib. Comp. 186. —In bon. part.:

corpus ita adficiendum est, ut oboedire rationi possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 23.—

More freq. of the mind:

litterae tuae sic me adfecerunt, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 14, 3, 2:

is terror milites hostesque in diversum adfecit,

Tac. A. 11, 19:

varie sum adfectus tuis litteris,

Cic. Fam. 16, 2:

consules oportere sic adfici, ut, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 90:

adfici a Gratiā aut a Voluptate,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12; id. Mil. 29, 79:

sollicitudo de te duplex nos adficit,

id. Brut. 92, 332:

uti ei qui audirent, sic adficerentur animis, ut eos adfici vellet orator,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87 B. and K.:

adfici animos in diversum habitum,

Quint. 1, 10, 25.—

With acc. and abl., to affect a person or (rarely) thing with something; in a good sense, to bestow upon, grace with; in a bad sense, to visit with, inflict upon; or the ablative and verb may be rendered by the verb corresponding to the ablative, and if an adjective accompany the ablative, this adjective becomes an adverb.—Of inanimate things (rare): luce locum adficiens, lighting up the place, Varr. ap. Non. p. 250, 2:

adficere medicamine vultum,

Ov. Med. Fac. 67:

factum non eo nomine adficiendum,

designated, Cic. Top. 24, 94:

res honore adficere,

to honor, id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:

non postulo, ut dolorem eisdem verbis adficias, quibus Epicurus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18.—

Very freq. of persons.

In a good sense:

Qui praedā atque agro adoreāque adfecit populares suos,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 38:

quem sepulturā adficit,

buries, Cic. Div. 1, 27, 56:

patres adfecerat gloriā,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

admiratione,

id. Off. 2, 10, 37:

voluptate,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 37:

beneficio,

id. Agr. 1, 4, 13:

honore,

id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:

laude,

id. Off. 2, 13, 47:

nomine regis,

to style, id. Deiot. 5, 14:

bonis nuntiis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 8:

muneribus,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3; Nep. Ages. 3, 3:

praemio,

Cic. Mil. 30, 82:

pretio,

Verg. A. 12, 352:

stipendio,

Cic. Balb. 27, 61.—

In a bad sense: injuriā abs te adficior indignā, pater, am wronged unjustly, Enn. ap. Auct. ad Heren. 2, 24, 38; so Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 3:

Quantā me curā et sollicitudine adficit Gnatus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 1; so Cic. Att. 1, 18:

desiderio,

id. Fam. 2, 12:

timore,

to terrify, id. Quint. 2, 6:

difficultate,

to embarrass, Caes. B. G. 7, 6:

molestiā,

to trouble, Cic. Att. 15, 1:

tantis malis,

Vulg. Num. 11, 15:

maculā,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 39, 113:

ignominiā,

id. ib. 39, 123:

contumeliis,

Vulg. Ezech. 22, 7; ib. Luc. 20, 11:

rerum et verborum acerbitatibus,

Suet. Calig. 2:

verberibus,

Just. 1, 5:

supplicio,

Cic. Brut. 1, 16; so Caes. B. G. 1, 27:

poenā,

Nep. Hann. 8, 2:

exsilio,

to banish, id. Thras. 3:

morte, cruciatu, cruce,

Cic. Verr. 3, 4, 9:

morte,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 21:

cruce,

Suet. Galb. 9:

ultimis cruciatibus,

Liv. 21, 44:

leto,

Nep. Regg. 3, 2.—And often in pass.:

sollicitudine et inopiā consilii,

Cic. Att. 3, 6:

adfici aegritudine,

id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

doloribus pedum,

id. Fam. 6, 19:

morbo oculorum,

Nep. Hann. 4, 3:

inopiā rei frumentariae,

Caes. B. G. 7, 17:

calamitate et injuriā,

Cic. Att. 11, 2:

magnā poenā, Auct. B. G. 8, 39: vulneribus,

Col. R. R. 4, 11:

torminibus et inflationibus,

Plin. 29, 5, 33, § 103:

servitute,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44.—Hence, affectus ( adf-), a, um, P. a.

In a peculiar sense, that on which we have bestowed labor, that which we are now doing, so that it is nearly at an end; cf.: Adfecta, sicut M. Cicero et [p. 67] veterum elegantissime locuti sunt, ea proprie dicebantur, quae non ad finem ipsum, sed proxime finem progressa deductave erant, Gell. 3, 16:

bellum adfectum videmus et paene confectum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:

in provinciā (Caesar) commoratur, ut ea. quae per eum adfecta sunt, perfecta rei publicae tradat,

id. ib. 12, 29: cum adfectā prope aestate uvas a sole mitescere tempus, etc., near the end of summer, id. ap. Gell. l. c.:

Jamque hieme adfectā mitescere coeperat annus,

Sil. 15, 502:

in Q. Mucii infirmissimā valetudine adfectāque jam aetate,

Cic. de Or. 1,45,200; id. Verr. 2,4,43, § 95.—

In nearly the same sense as the verb, absol. and with abl.

Of persons laboring under disease, or not yet quite recovered:

Qui cum ita adfectus esset, ut sibi ipse diffideret,

was in such a state, Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2:

Caesarem Neapoli adfectum graviter videam,

very ill, id. Att. 14, 17; so Sen. Ep. 101:

quem adfectum visuros crediderant,

ill, Liv. 28, 26:

corpus adfectum,

id. 9, 3:

adfectae vires corporis,

reduced strength, weakness, id. 5, 18:

puella,

Prop. 3, 24, 1:

aegra et adfecta mancipia,

Suet. Claud. 25:

jam quidem adfectum, sed tamen spirantem,

id. Tib. 21.—

Of things, weakened, sick, broken, reduced:

partem istam rei publicae male adfectam tueri,

Cic. Fam. 13, 68:

adfecta res publica,

Liv. 5, 57:

Quid est enim non ita adfectum, ut non deletum exstinctumque esse fateare?

Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 3:

sic mihi (Sicilia) adfecta visa est, ut hae terrae solent, in quibus bellum versatum est,

id. Verr. 5, 18, 47:

adfecta res familiaris,

Liv. 5, 10:

opem rebus adfectis orare,

id. 6, 3; so Tac. H. 2, 69:

fides,

id. ib. 3, 65:

spes,

Val. Fl. 4, 60.—

Of persons, in gen. sense, disposed, affected, moved, touched:

Quonam modo, Philumena mea, nunc te offendam adfectam?

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 45:

quomodo sim adfectus, e Leptā poteris cognoscere,

Cic. Fam. 14, 17:

ut eodem modo erga amicum adfecti simus, quo erga nosmetipsos,

id. Lael. 16, 56; id. Fin. 1, 20, 68:

cum ita simus adfecti, ut non possimus plane simul vivere,

id. Att. 13, 23; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24:

oculus conturbatus non est probe adfectus ad suum munus fungendum,

in proper state, id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

oculi nimis arguti, quem ad modum animo adfecti simus, loquuntur,

id. Leg. 1, 9, 27; id. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Att. 12, 41, 2.—

As rhet. t. t.: affectus ad, related to, resembling:

Tum ex eis rebus, quae quodam modo affectae sunt ad id, de quo quaeritur,

Cic. Top. 2, 8 Forcellini.—

With abl. chiefly of persons, in indifferent sense, in good or bad sense (cf.:

Animi quem ad modum adfecti sint, virtutibus, vitiis, artibus, inertiis, aut quem ad modum commoti, cupiditate, metu, voluptate, molestiā,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 35).

In indifferent sense, furnished with, having:

validos lictores ulmeis affectos lentis virgis,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 29:

pari filo similique (corpora) adfecta figurā,

Lucr. 2, 341:

Tantāne adfectum quemquam esse hominem audaciā!

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 84:

omnibus virtutibus,

Cic. Planc. 33, 80.—

In bad sense:

aegritudine, morbo adfectus,

Col. R. R. 7, 5, 20:

aerumnis omnibus,

Lucr. 3, 50:

sollicitudine,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40:

difficultatibus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13:

fatigatione,

Curt. 7, 11:

frigore et penuriā,

id. 7, 3:

adfecta sterilitate terra, Col. R. R. praef. 1, 2: vitiis,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

ignominiā,

id. Att. 7, 3:

supplicio,

Tac. A. 15, 54:

verberibus,

Curt. 7, 11:

vulnere corpus adfectum,

Liv. 1, 25:

morbo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 6:

dolore,

Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:

febre,

Suet. Vit. 14:

pestilentiā,

Liv. 41, 5:

desperatione,

Cic. Att. 14, 22:

clade,

Curt. 10, 6:

senectute,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 68:

aetate,

id. Cat. 2, 20; id. Sen. 14, 47:

morte,

Serv. ad Cic. Fam. 4, 12.— Sup.:

remiges inopiā adfectissimi,

Vell. 2, 84.—

In good sense:

beneficio adfectus,

Cic. Fam. 14, 4:

aliquo honore aut imperio,

id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

valetudine optimā,

id. Tusc. 4, 37, 81:

laetitiā,

id. Mur. 2, 4, and ad Brut. 1, 4:

munere deorum,

id. N. D. 3, 26, 67:

praemiis,

id. Pis. 37, 90.— Adv.: affectē ( adf-), with (a strong) affection, deeply:

oblectamur et contristamur et conterremur in somniis quam adfecte et anxie et passibiliter,

Tert. Anim. 45.

af-fĭcĭo (better adf-), affēci (adf-), affectum (adf-), 3, v. a. [facio], to do something to one, i. e. to exert an influence on body or mind, so that it is brought into such or such a state (used by the poets rarely, by Hor. never).

Of the body rarely, and then commonly in a bad sense:

ut aestus, labor, fames, sitisque corpora adficerent,

Liv. 28, 15:

contumeliis adficere corpora sua,

Vulg. Rom. 1, 24:

non simplex Damasichthona vulnus Adficit,

Ov. M. 6, 255:

aconitum cor adficit,

Scrib. Comp. 188:

corpus adficere M. Antonii,

Cic. Phil. 3:

pulmo totus adficitur,

Cels. 4, 7; with abl. of spec.:

stomacho et vesicā adfici,

Scrib. Comp. 186. —In bon. part.:

corpus ita adficiendum est, ut oboedire rationi possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 23.—

More freq. of the mind:

litterae tuae sic me adfecerunt, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 14, 3, 2:

is terror milites hostesque in diversum adfecit,

Tac. A. 11, 19:

varie sum adfectus tuis litteris,

Cic. Fam. 16, 2:

consules oportere sic adfici, ut, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 90:

adfici a Gratiā aut a Voluptate,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12; id. Mil. 29, 79:

sollicitudo de te duplex nos adficit,

id. Brut. 92, 332:

uti ei qui audirent, sic adficerentur animis, ut eos adfici vellet orator,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87 B. and K.:

adfici animos in diversum habitum,

Quint. 1, 10, 25.—

With acc. and abl., to affect a person or (rarely) thing with something; in a good sense, to bestow upon, grace with; in a bad sense, to visit with, inflict upon; or the ablative and verb may be rendered by the verb corresponding to the ablative, and if an adjective accompany the ablative, this adjective becomes an adverb.—Of inanimate things (rare): luce locum adficiens, lighting up the place, Varr. ap. Non. p. 250, 2:

adficere medicamine vultum,

Ov. Med. Fac. 67:

factum non eo nomine adficiendum,

designated, Cic. Top. 24, 94:

res honore adficere,

to honor, id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:

non postulo, ut dolorem eisdem verbis adficias, quibus Epicurus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18.—

Very freq. of persons.

In a good sense:

Qui praedā atque agro adoreāque adfecit populares suos,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 38:

quem sepulturā adficit,

buries, Cic. Div. 1, 27, 56:

patres adfecerat gloriā,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

admiratione,

id. Off. 2, 10, 37:

voluptate,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 37:

beneficio,

id. Agr. 1, 4, 13:

honore,

id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:

laude,

id. Off. 2, 13, 47:

nomine regis,

to style, id. Deiot. 5, 14:

bonis nuntiis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 8:

muneribus,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3; Nep. Ages. 3, 3:

praemio,

Cic. Mil. 30, 82:

pretio,

Verg. A. 12, 352:

stipendio,

Cic. Balb. 27, 61.—

In a bad sense: injuriā abs te adficior indignā, pater, am wronged unjustly, Enn. ap. Auct. ad Heren. 2, 24, 38; so Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 3:

Quantā me curā et sollicitudine adficit Gnatus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 1; so Cic. Att. 1, 18:

desiderio,

id. Fam. 2, 12:

timore,

to terrify, id. Quint. 2, 6:

difficultate,

to embarrass, Caes. B. G. 7, 6:

molestiā,

to trouble, Cic. Att. 15, 1:

tantis malis,

Vulg. Num. 11, 15:

maculā,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 39, 113:

ignominiā,

id. ib. 39, 123:

contumeliis,

Vulg. Ezech. 22, 7; ib. Luc. 20, 11:

rerum et verborum acerbitatibus,

Suet. Calig. 2:

verberibus,

Just. 1, 5:

supplicio,

Cic. Brut. 1, 16; so Caes. B. G. 1, 27:

poenā,

Nep. Hann. 8, 2:

exsilio,

to banish, id. Thras. 3:

morte, cruciatu, cruce,

Cic. Verr. 3, 4, 9:

morte,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 21:

cruce,

Suet. Galb. 9:

ultimis cruciatibus,

Liv. 21, 44:

leto,

Nep. Regg. 3, 2.—And often in pass.:

sollicitudine et inopiā consilii,

Cic. Att. 3, 6:

adfici aegritudine,

id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

doloribus pedum,

id. Fam. 6, 19:

morbo oculorum,

Nep. Hann. 4, 3:

inopiā rei frumentariae,

Caes. B. G. 7, 17:

calamitate et injuriā,

Cic. Att. 11, 2:

magnā poenā, Auct. B. G. 8, 39: vulneribus,

Col. R. R. 4, 11:

torminibus et inflationibus,

Plin. 29, 5, 33, § 103:

servitute,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44.—Hence, affectus ( adf-), a, um, P. a.

In a peculiar sense, that on which we have bestowed labor, that which we are now doing, so that it is nearly at an end; cf.: Adfecta, sicut M. Cicero et [p. 67] veterum elegantissime locuti sunt, ea proprie dicebantur, quae non ad finem ipsum, sed proxime finem progressa deductave erant, Gell. 3, 16:

bellum adfectum videmus et paene confectum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:

in provinciā (Caesar) commoratur, ut ea. quae per eum adfecta sunt, perfecta rei publicae tradat,

id. ib. 12, 29: cum adfectā prope aestate uvas a sole mitescere tempus, etc., near the end of summer, id. ap. Gell. l. c.:

Jamque hieme adfectā mitescere coeperat annus,

Sil. 15, 502:

in Q. Mucii infirmissimā valetudine adfectāque jam aetate,

Cic. de Or. 1,45,200; id. Verr. 2,4,43, § 95.—

In nearly the same sense as the verb, absol. and with abl.

Of persons laboring under disease, or not yet quite recovered:

Qui cum ita adfectus esset, ut sibi ipse diffideret,

was in such a state, Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2:

Caesarem Neapoli adfectum graviter videam,

very ill, id. Att. 14, 17; so Sen. Ep. 101:

quem adfectum visuros crediderant,

ill, Liv. 28, 26:

corpus adfectum,

id. 9, 3:

adfectae vires corporis,

reduced strength, weakness, id. 5, 18:

puella,

Prop. 3, 24, 1:

aegra et adfecta mancipia,

Suet. Claud. 25:

jam quidem adfectum, sed tamen spirantem,

id. Tib. 21.—

Of things, weakened, sick, broken, reduced:

partem istam rei publicae male adfectam tueri,

Cic. Fam. 13, 68:

adfecta res publica,

Liv. 5, 57:

Quid est enim non ita adfectum, ut non deletum exstinctumque esse fateare?

Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 3:

sic mihi (Sicilia) adfecta visa est, ut hae terrae solent, in quibus bellum versatum est,

id. Verr. 5, 18, 47:

adfecta res familiaris,

Liv. 5, 10:

opem rebus adfectis orare,

id. 6, 3; so Tac. H. 2, 69:

fides,

id. ib. 3, 65:

spes,

Val. Fl. 4, 60.—

Of persons, in gen. sense, disposed, affected, moved, touched:

Quonam modo, Philumena mea, nunc te offendam adfectam?

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 45:

quomodo sim adfectus, e Leptā poteris cognoscere,

Cic. Fam. 14, 17:

ut eodem modo erga amicum adfecti simus, quo erga nosmetipsos,

id. Lael. 16, 56; id. Fin. 1, 20, 68:

cum ita simus adfecti, ut non possimus plane simul vivere,

id. Att. 13, 23; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24:

oculus conturbatus non est probe adfectus ad suum munus fungendum,

in proper state, id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

oculi nimis arguti, quem ad modum animo adfecti simus, loquuntur,

id. Leg. 1, 9, 27; id. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Att. 12, 41, 2.—

As rhet. t. t.: affectus ad, related to, resembling:

Tum ex eis rebus, quae quodam modo affectae sunt ad id, de quo quaeritur,

Cic. Top. 2, 8 Forcellini.—

With abl. chiefly of persons, in indifferent sense, in good or bad sense (cf.:

Animi quem ad modum adfecti sint, virtutibus, vitiis, artibus, inertiis, aut quem ad modum commoti, cupiditate, metu, voluptate, molestiā,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 35).

In indifferent sense, furnished with, having:

validos lictores ulmeis affectos lentis virgis,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 29:

pari filo similique (corpora) adfecta figurā,

Lucr. 2, 341:

Tantāne adfectum quemquam esse hominem audaciā!

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 84:

omnibus virtutibus,

Cic. Planc. 33, 80.—

In bad sense:

aegritudine, morbo adfectus,

Col. R. R. 7, 5, 20:

aerumnis omnibus,

Lucr. 3, 50:

sollicitudine,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40:

difficultatibus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13:

fatigatione,

Curt. 7, 11:

frigore et penuriā,

id. 7, 3:

adfecta sterilitate terra, Col. R. R. praef. 1, 2: vitiis,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

ignominiā,

id. Att. 7, 3:

supplicio,

Tac. A. 15, 54:

verberibus,

Curt. 7, 11:

vulnere corpus adfectum,

Liv. 1, 25:

morbo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 6:

dolore,

Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:

febre,

Suet. Vit. 14:

pestilentiā,

Liv. 41, 5:

desperatione,

Cic. Att. 14, 22:

clade,

Curt. 10, 6:

senectute,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 68:

aetate,

id. Cat. 2, 20; id. Sen. 14, 47:

morte,

Serv. ad Cic. Fam. 4, 12.— Sup.:

remiges inopiā adfectissimi,

Vell. 2, 84.—

In good sense:

beneficio adfectus,

Cic. Fam. 14, 4:

aliquo honore aut imperio,

id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

valetudine optimā,

id. Tusc. 4, 37, 81:

laetitiā,

id. Mur. 2, 4, and ad Brut. 1, 4:

munere deorum,

id. N. D. 3, 26, 67:

praemiis,

id. Pis. 37, 90.— Adv.: affectē ( adf-), with (a strong) affection, deeply:

oblectamur et contristamur et conterremur in somniis quam adfecte et anxie et passibiliter,

Tert. Anim. 45.

bĕo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [akin to benus, bonus, and, acc. to Fick, connected with deidô, deinos], to make happy, to bless (as verb. finit. rare, and mostly poet. for fortuno, beatum efficio; not in Cic.).

In gen., to gladden, rejoice, refresh:

hoc me beat,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 12:

foris aliquantillum etiam quod gusto, id beat,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 34:

ecquid beo te?

does that gladden thee? Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 47.—Hence, in colloq. lang. beas or beasti, that delights me, I am rejoiced at that, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 66; Ter. And. 1, 1, 79.—

Aliquem aliquā re, to make happy, reward with, enrich:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29:

seu te... bearis Interiore notā Falerni,

id. ib. 2, 3, 7:

ne dominus Munere te parvo beet,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 75:

Latium beabit divite linguā,

id. ib. 2, 2, 121.—Hence, bĕātus, a, um, P. a.

Happy, prosperous, blessed, fortunate (very freq. in prose and poetry; cf.:

felix, fortunatus): neque ulla alia huic verbo, cum beatum dicimus, subjecta notio est, nisi, secretis malis omnibus, cumulata bonorum complexio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29:

hic tyrannus ipse judicavit quam esset beatus,

id. ib. 5, 20, 61:

qui beatus est, non intellego, quid requirat, ut sit beatior: si est enim quod desit, ne beatus quidem est,

id. ib. 5, 8, 23:

beatus, ni unum hoc desit,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 18; Afran. ap. Non. p. 517, 17:

beatus ille, qui procul negotiis, etc.,

Hor. Epod. 2, 1:

nihil est ab omni Parte beatum,

id. C. 2, 16, 28:

beatissima vita,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.—

Transf.:

satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius nihil ei esse beatum, cui, etc.,

a cause of happiness, Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 62.—

Subst.

bĕāti, ōrum, m., the happy, fortunate persons:

istam oscitantem sapientiam Scaevolarum et ceterorum beatorum concedamus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

Phraaten numero beatorum Eximit Virtus,

Hor. C. 2, 2, 18.—

bĕātum, i, n. ( = beatitas, beatitudo, q. v.), happiness, blessedness:

in quā sit ipsum etiam beatum,

Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84:

ex bonis, quae sola honesta sunt, efficiendum est beatum,

id. Tusc. 5, 15, 45.—

Esp.

Of outward prosperity, opulent, wealthy, rich, in good circumstances:

Dionysius tyrannus fuit opulentissumae et beatissumae civitatis (sc. Syracusarum),

Cic. N.D. 3, 33, 81:

res omnes quibus abundant ii, qui beati putantur,

id. ib. 2, 37, 95; Plaut. Curc. 3, 1:

ut eorum ornatus... hominis non beatissimi suspicionem prae, beret,

Nep. Ages. 8, 2; Hor. C. 2, 4, 13; 2, 18, 14; 3, 7, 3; 3, 16, 32; 3, 29, 11; id. S. 2-8, 1; id. Epod. 16, 41; Ov. Am. 1, 15, 34.— As subst.: bĕāti, ōrum, m., the rich:

noli nobilibus, noli conferre beatis,

Prop. 2, 9, 33.—

Poet., of inanimate things, rich, abundant, excellent, splendid, magnificent:

gazae,

Hor. C. 1, 29, 1:

arces,

id. ib. 2, 6, 21:

Cyprus,

id. ib. 3, 26, 9:

copia,

id. C.S. 59:

rus,

id. Ep. 1, 10, 14.—With abl., Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 139:

nectar,

Mart. 9, 12, 5; Cat. 68, 14: argentum felix omnique beatius auro, Ov P 2, 8, 5.— Trop.:

ubertas,

overflowing, Quint. 10, 1, 109:

copia,

id. 10, 1, 61:

eventus,

Tac. Dial. 9.—

Late Lat., blessed, i. e. deceased, dead:

quem cum beatum fuisse Sallustius respondisset, intellexit occisum,

Amm. 25, 3, 21:

beatae memoriae,

of blessed memory, Hier. Ep. ad Marc. 24; cf.: si nobis, cum ex hac vitā emigraverimus, in beatorum insulis inmortale aevum, ut fabulae ferunt, degere liceret, Cic. ap. Aug. Trin. 14, 9 (Fragm. Hortens. 40 B. and K.).—

Beatissimus, in late Lat., a title of the higher clergy, Cod. 1, 4, 13; Auct. Collat. 9, 6; Novell. 123, 3 al. —Hence, adv.: bĕātē, happily, Cat. 14, 10:

vivere,

Cic. Ac. 1, 9, 33; id. Div. 2, 1, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 12, 29; id. Fin. 2, 27, 86; id. Par 1, 3, 15.— Comp., Sen. Ep. 92, 24.— Sup., Sen. Cons. Helv. 9, 4.

bĕo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [akin to benus, bonus, and, acc. to Fick, connected with deidô, deinos], to make happy, to bless (as verb. finit. rare, and mostly poet. for fortuno, beatum efficio; not in Cic.).

In gen., to gladden, rejoice, refresh:

hoc me beat,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 12:

foris aliquantillum etiam quod gusto, id beat,

id. Capt. 1, 2, 34:

ecquid beo te?

does that gladden thee? Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 47.—Hence, in colloq. lang. beas or beasti, that delights me, I am rejoiced at that, Plaut. As. 2, 2, 66; Ter. And. 1, 1, 79.—

Aliquem aliquā re, to make happy, reward with, enrich:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29:

seu te... bearis Interiore notā Falerni,

id. ib. 2, 3, 7:

ne dominus Munere te parvo beet,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 75:

Latium beabit divite linguā,

id. ib. 2, 2, 121.—Hence, bĕātus, a, um, P. a.

Happy, prosperous, blessed, fortunate (very freq. in prose and poetry; cf.:

felix, fortunatus): neque ulla alia huic verbo, cum beatum dicimus, subjecta notio est, nisi, secretis malis omnibus, cumulata bonorum complexio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29:

hic tyrannus ipse judicavit quam esset beatus,

id. ib. 5, 20, 61:

qui beatus est, non intellego, quid requirat, ut sit beatior: si est enim quod desit, ne beatus quidem est,

id. ib. 5, 8, 23:

beatus, ni unum hoc desit,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 18; Afran. ap. Non. p. 517, 17:

beatus ille, qui procul negotiis, etc.,

Hor. Epod. 2, 1:

nihil est ab omni Parte beatum,

id. C. 2, 16, 28:

beatissima vita,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 8, 23.—

Transf.:

satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius nihil ei esse beatum, cui, etc.,

a cause of happiness, Cic. Tusc. 5, 21, 62.—

Subst.

bĕāti, ōrum, m., the happy, fortunate persons:

istam oscitantem sapientiam Scaevolarum et ceterorum beatorum concedamus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:

Phraaten numero beatorum Eximit Virtus,

Hor. C. 2, 2, 18.—

bĕātum, i, n. ( = beatitas, beatitudo, q. v.), happiness, blessedness:

in quā sit ipsum etiam beatum,

Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84:

ex bonis, quae sola honesta sunt, efficiendum est beatum,

id. Tusc. 5, 15, 45.—

Esp.

Of outward prosperity, opulent, wealthy, rich, in good circumstances:

Dionysius tyrannus fuit opulentissumae et beatissumae civitatis (sc. Syracusarum),

Cic. N.D. 3, 33, 81:

res omnes quibus abundant ii, qui beati putantur,

id. ib. 2, 37, 95; Plaut. Curc. 3, 1:

ut eorum ornatus... hominis non beatissimi suspicionem prae, beret,

Nep. Ages. 8, 2; Hor. C. 2, 4, 13; 2, 18, 14; 3, 7, 3; 3, 16, 32; 3, 29, 11; id. S. 2-8, 1; id. Epod. 16, 41; Ov. Am. 1, 15, 34.— As subst.: bĕāti, ōrum, m., the rich:

noli nobilibus, noli conferre beatis,

Prop. 2, 9, 33.—

Poet., of inanimate things, rich, abundant, excellent, splendid, magnificent:

gazae,

Hor. C. 1, 29, 1:

arces,

id. ib. 2, 6, 21:

Cyprus,

id. ib. 3, 26, 9:

copia,

id. C.S. 59:

rus,

id. Ep. 1, 10, 14.—With abl., Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 139:

nectar,

Mart. 9, 12, 5; Cat. 68, 14: argentum felix omnique beatius auro, Ov P 2, 8, 5.— Trop.:

ubertas,

overflowing, Quint. 10, 1, 109:

copia,

id. 10, 1, 61:

eventus,

Tac. Dial. 9.—

Late Lat., blessed, i. e. deceased, dead:

quem cum beatum fuisse Sallustius respondisset, intellexit occisum,

Amm. 25, 3, 21:

beatae memoriae,

of blessed memory, Hier. Ep. ad Marc. 24; cf.: si nobis, cum ex hac vitā emigraverimus, in beatorum insulis inmortale aevum, ut fabulae ferunt, degere liceret, Cic. ap. Aug. Trin. 14, 9 (Fragm. Hortens. 40 B. and K.).—

Beatissimus, in late Lat., a title of the higher clergy, Cod. 1, 4, 13; Auct. Collat. 9, 6; Novell. 123, 3 al. —Hence, adv.: bĕātē, happily, Cat. 14, 10:

vivere,

Cic. Ac. 1, 9, 33; id. Div. 2, 1, 2; id. Tusc. 2, 12, 29; id. Fin. 2, 27, 86; id. Par 1, 3, 15.— Comp., Sen. Ep. 92, 24.— Sup., Sen. Cons. Helv. 9, 4.

lăbĕfacto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. [id.], to cause to totter, to shake, to overthrow (syn.: quatio, concutio).

Lit.:

signum vectibus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 43, § 49:

horrea bellicis machinis,

Suet. Ner. 38:

aedium fundamenta, Cod. Th. 10, 19, 14: phalangii morsus genua labefactat,

Plin. 29, 4, 27, § 86.—

Transf., in gen., to injure, weaken, ruin, destroy:

sensus,

Lucr. 1, 694:

onus gravidi ventris,

to procure an abortion, Ov. Am. 2, 13, 1:

colla boum,

to hurt, gall, Col. 2, 2, 22.—

Trop., to shake, throw down, overthrow, destroy, ruin, weaken (a favorite expression of Cic.):

animam,

Lucr. 6, 798:

aliquem,

Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 2; id. Dom. 12, 27; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44:

alicujus consulatum,

id. Mil. 13, 34:

alicujus dignitatem,

id. Rab. Post. 16, 44:

invidiā verbi orationem,

id. Fin. 1, 13, 43:

Aristoteles primus species labefactavit, quas mirifice Plato erat amplexatus,

id. Ac. 1, 9, 33:

conjurationem,

id. Cat. 4, 10, 22:

causam ad judicem,

id. Rosc. Com. 4, 13:

fidem,

Liv. 24, 20:

opinionem,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6; so, labefactare alone, to shake in purpose, move, cause to yield:

me video ab ea astute labefactarier,

Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 3:

labefacto paulatim (sc. eum),

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

non illam rarae labefactes munere vestis,

corrupt, Cat. 69, 3, cf.:

castimoniam viduae, Cod. Th. 9, 25, 1: rem publicam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 13, 43:

maximas res publicas ab adulescentibus labefactatas... reperietis,

id. Sen. 6, 20; cf.:

Carthaginem et Corinthum,

id. Rep. 2, 4, 7: labefactarat [p. 1023] vehementer aratores superior annus, id. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

amicitiam aut justitiam labefactare atque pervertere,

id. Fin. 3, 21, 70:

leges ac jura,

id. Caecin. 25, 70:

alicujus fidem pretio,

id. Clu. 68, 194:

provinciarum fidem,

Tac. A. 13, 21:

(praecepta) labefactari aliqua parte,

Quint. 2, 13, 14.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

stătus, a, um, v. sisto.

stătus, ūs, m. [sto and sisto].

In a corporeal sense.

Mode or way of standing, of holding one's body (at rest), posture, position, attitude, station, carriage; sing. and plur.: Ps. Statur hic ad hunc modum. Si. Statum vide hominis, Callipho, quasi basilicum, look at the way he stands, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 41:

stat in statu senex ut adoriatur moechum,

in an attitude of attack, ready, id. Mil. 4, 9, 12: concrepuit digitis, laborat;

crebro conmutat status,

his posture, id. ib. 2, 2, 51:

qui esset status (videre vellem) flabellulum tenere te asinum tantum,

what your attitude was, what figure you cut, in holding the fan, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 50:

in gestu status (oratoris erit) erectus et celsus, rarus incessus,

attitude, Cic. Or. 18, 59:

status quidem rectus sit, sed diducti paulum pedes,

Quint. 11, 3, 159:

abesse plurimum a saltatore debet orator... non effingere status quosdam, et quidquid dicet ostendere,

id. 11, 3, 89:

ut recta sint bracchia, ne indoctae rusticaeve manus, ne status indecorus,

id. 1, 11, 16:

stare solitus Socrates dicitur... immobilis, iisdem in vestigiis,

Gell. 2, 1, 2:

dumque silens astat, status est vultusque diserti,

Ov. P. 2, 5, 51:

statum proeliantis componit,

Petr. 95 fin. —

So of the pose of statues: non solum numerum signorum, sed etiam uniuscujusque magnitudinem, figuram, statum litteris definiri vides,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 57:

expedit saepe, ut in statuis atque picturis videmus, variari habitus, vultus, status,

Quint. 2, 13, 8:

ut illo statu Chabrias sibi statuam fieri voluerit. Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae his statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur,

Nep. Chabr. 1, 3.—And of images in a dream:

ubi prima (imago somni) perit, alioque est altera nata inde statu, prior hic gestum mutasse videtur,

Lucr. 4, 772:

(opp. motus, incessus) quorum (iratorum) vultus, voces, motus statusque mutantur,

motions and postures, Cic. Off. 1, 29, 102:

decorum istud in corporis motu et statu cernitur,

id. ib. 1, 35, 126:

habitus oris et vultūs, status, motus,

id. Fin. 3, 17, 56; 5, 17, 47:

in quibus si peccetur... motu statuve deformi,

id. ib. 5, 12, 35:

eo erant vultu, oratione, omni reliquo motu et statu, ut, etc.,

id. Tusc. 3, 22, 53:

status, incessus, sessio, accubatio... teneat illud decorum,

id. Off. 1, 35, 129:

in pedibus observentur status et incessus,

the posture and gait, Quint. 11, 3, 124.—

Of external appearance, manners, dress, and apparel:

quoniam formam hujus cepi in me et statum, decet et facta moresque hujus habere me similis item,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 111:

redegitque se ad pallium et crepidas, atque in tali statu biennio fere permansit,

Suet. Tib. 13.—

Size, height, stature of living and inanimate beings (cf. statura;

post-Aug.): pumilionem, quos natura brevi statu peractos, etc.,

Stat. S. 1, 6, 58: longissimum... aratorem faciemus;

mediastenus qualiscunque status potest esse,

Col. 1, 9, 3:

in gallinaceis maribus status altior quaeritur,

id. 8, 2, 9; so id. 7, 9, 2; 7, 12 med.:

plantae majoris statūs,

Pall. Febr. 25, 20.—

A position, place, in the phrase de statu movere, deicere, or statum conturbare, to displace, drive out, eject, expel, throw from a position (esp. of battle and combat):

equestrem procellam excitemus oportet, si turbare ac statu movere (hostes) volumus,

Liv. 30, 18, 14:

nihil statu motus, cum projecto prae se clipeo staret, in praesidio urbis moriturum se... respondit,

id. 38, 25: Manlius scutum scuto percussit atque statum Galli conturbavit (cf. the next sentence: atque de loco hominem iterum dejecit), Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 16.—So, out of the military sphere, in order to avoid an attack:

ea vis est... quae, periculo mortis injecto, formidine animum perterritum loco saepe et certo de statu demovet,

Cic. Caecin. 15, 42.— Transf., of mental position, conviction, argument, etc.:

saepe adversarios de statu omni dejecimus,

Cic. Or. 37, 129:

voluptas quo est major, eo magis mentem e suā sede et statu demovet,

throws the mind off its balance, id. Par. 1, 3, 15.—Similarly: de statu deducere, recedere, from one's position or principles:

fecerunt etiam ut me prope de vitae meae statu deducerent, ut ego istum accusarem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 10:

neque de statu nobis nostrae dignitatis est recedendum, neque sine nostris copiis in alterius praesidia veniendum,

id. Att. 1, 20, 2.—So, de statu suo declinare = moveri:

neque dubito quin, suspitione aliquā perculsi repentinā, de statu suo declinarint,

i. e. became unsettled, Cic. Clu. 38, 106:

qui cum me firmissimis opibus... munire possim, quamvis excipere fortunam malui quam... de meo statu declinare,

than abandon my position, id. Prov. Cons. 17, 41; cf.

of the position of heavenly bodies: qui eodem statu caeli et stellarum nati sunt,

aspect, id. Div. 2, 44, 92.

Trop., condition, state, position, situation, circumstances.

Of persons, condition in regard to public rights, political or civil status, any loss of which was a capitis deminutio (v. caput):

capitis minutio est statūs permutatio,

Gai. Dig. 4, 5, 1; id. Inst. 1, 159; cf. Dig. 4, 5, 11:

quo quisque loco nostrum est natus... hunc vitae statum usque ad senectutem obtinere debet,

Cic. Balb. 7, 18:

ad quem proscripti confluebant. Quippe nullum habentibus statum quilibet dux erat idoneus,

with regard to the civil death of the proscribed, Vell. 2, 72, 5:

illorum salus omnibus accepta fuit... quia tam grati exoptatum libertatis statum recuperaverint,

Val. Max. 5, 26:

si statu periclitari litigator videtur,

if his civil status seems in peril, Quint. 6, 1, 36:

nec ulla tam familiaris est infelicibus patria quam solitudo et prioris statūs oblivio,

i. e. the status of full citizenship, lost by banishment, Curt. 5, 5, 11:

permanent tamen in statu servitutis,

Suet. Gram. 21:

vetuit quaeri de cujusquam defunctorum statu,

id. Tit. 8 fin.:

multorum excisi status,

Tac. A. 3, 28: qui illegitime concipiuntur, statum sumunt ex eo tempore quo nascuntur, i. e. whether freemen or slaves, etc., Gai. Inst. 1, 89:

cum servus manumittitur: eo die enim incipit statum habere,

a civil status, Dig. 4, 5, 4:

homo liber qui se vendidit, manumissus non ad suum statum revertitur, sed efficitur libertinae condicionis, i. e. that of an ingenuus,

ib. 1, 5, 21:

primo de personarum statu dicemus,

civil status, ib. 1, 5, 2; so Titin. 5:

de statu hominum (sometimes status used in the jurists absolutely with reference to freedom and slavery): si status controversiam cui faciat procurator, sive ex servitute in libertatem, etc.,

Dig. 3, 3, 39, § 5; so ib. 3, 3, 33, § 1.—Similarly in the later jurists: status suus = aetas XXV. annorum, years of discretion:

cum ad statum suum frater pervenisset,

Dig. 31, 1, 77, § 19.—

Condition and position with reference to rank, profession, trade, occupation, social standing, reputation, and character:

an tibi vis inter istas vorsarier prosedas... quae tibi olant stabulum statumque?

their trade, Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 59:

quod in civitatibus agnationibus familiarum distinguuntur status,

the ranks of the families, Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 23:

regum status decemviris donabantur,

the rank of kings was assigned to the decemvirs, id. Agr. 1, 1, 2:

cum alii rem ipsam publicam atque hunc bonorum statum odissent,

the social position of the higher classes, id. Sest. 20, 46:

non ut aliquid ex pristino statu nostro retineamus,

id. Fam. 4, 4, 1:

ecquis umquam tam ex amplo statu concidit?

id. Att. 3, 10, 2:

non enim jam quam dignitatem, quos honores, quem vitae statum amiserim cogito,

id. ib. 10, 4, 1:

quam (statuam) esse ejusdem status amictus, anulus, imago ipsa declarat,

id. ib. 1, 1, 17:

praesidium petebamus ex potentissimi viri benevolentiā ad omnem statum nostrae dignitatis,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 1: noster autem status est hic:

apud bonos iidem sumus quos reliquisti, apud sordem, etc.,

id. Att. 1, 16, 11:

ego me non putem tueri meum statum ut neque offendam animum cujusquam, nec frangam dignitatem meam?

maintain my character, id. Fam. 9, 16, 6:

quos fortuna in amplissimo statu (i. e. regum) collocarat,

Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

tantam in eodem homine varietatem status,

high and low position in life, ups and downs, Val. Max. 6, 9, 4:

cum classiarios quos Nero ex remigibus justos milites fecerat, redire ad pristinum statum cogeret,

Suet. Galb. 12:

quaedam circa omnium ordinum statum correxit,

id. Claud. 22:

cum redieritis in Graeciam, praestabo ne quis statum suum vestro credat esse meliorem,

social position, Curt. 5, 5, 22:

omnis Aristippum decuit color et status et res,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 23.—

Condition in reference to prosperity, happiness or unhappiness, and health (mostly poet. and post-Aug.):

at iste non dolendi status non vocatur voluptas,

Cic. Fin. 2, 9, 28:

neque hic est Nunc status Aurorae meritos ut poscat honores,

Ov. M. 13, 594:

flebilis ut noster status est, ita flebile carmen,

id. Tr. 5, 1, 5:

quid enim status hic a funere differt?

id. P. 2, 3, 3:

pejor ab admonitu fit status iste boni,

id. ib. 1, 2, 54:

his enim quorum felicior in domo status fuerat,

Val. Max. 6, 8, 7:

sin nostros status sive proximorum ingenia contemplemur,

id. 6, 9 pr.:

caelum contemplare: vix tamen ibi talem statum (i. e. felicitatis deorum) reperias,

id. 7, 1, 1:

haec quidem (vox) animi magnifici et prosperi status (fuit),

id. 6, 5, ext. 4:

obliti statūs ejus quem beneficio exuistis meo,

Curt. 10, 2, 22:

sumus in hoc tuo statu iidem qui florente te fuimus,

i. e. distress, id. 5, 11, 5:

res magna et ex beatissimo animi statu profecta,

Sen. Ep. 81, 21: voverat, si sibi incolumis status (of health) permisisset, proditurum se... hydraulam, Suet. Ner. 54. —

Condition, circumstances, in gen., of life or of the mind:

homines hoc uno plurimum a bestiis differunt quod rationem habent, mentemque quae... omnem complectatur vitae consequentis statum,

Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 45:

facias me certiorem et simul de toto statu tuo consiliisque omnibus,

id. Fam. 7, 10, 3:

tibi declaravi adventus noster qualis fuisset, et quis esset status,

id. Att. 4, 2, 1:

quid enim ego laboravi, si... nihil consecutus sum ut in eo statu essem quem neque fortunae temeritas, neque, etc., labefactaret,

id. Par. 2, 17:

sed hoc videant ii qui nulla sibi subsidia ad omnes vitae status paraverunt,

id. Fam. 9, 6, 4: atque is quidem qui cuncta composuit constanter in suo manebat statu (transl. of emeinen en tôi heautou kata tropon êthei, Plat. Tim. p. 42, c. Steph.), in his own state, being, Cic. Tim. 13:

vitae statum commutatum ferre non potuit,

Nep. Dion, 4, 4:

id suis rebus tali in statu saluti fore,

Curt. 5, 1, 5: haec sunt fulmina quae prima accepto patrimonio et in novi hominis aut urbis statu fiunt, in any new condition (when a stroke of lightning was considered an omen), Sen. Q. N. 2, 47.—Rarely of a state:

libere hercle hoc quidem. Sed vide statum (i. e. ebrietatis),

Plaut. Ps. 5, 2, 4.—Esp., in augury: fulmen status, a thunderbolt sent to one who is not expecting a sign, as a warning or suggestion, = fulmen monitorium:

status est, ubi quietis nec agitantibus quidquam nec cogitantibus fulmen intervenit,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 39, 2.—

Of countries, communities, etc., the condition of society, or the state, the public order, public affairs.

In gen.:

Siciliam ita vexavit ac perdidit ut ea restitui in antiquum statum nullo modo possit,

Cic. Verr. 1, 4, 12:

nunc in eo statu civitas est ut omnes idem de re publicā sensuri esse videantur,

id. Sest. 50, 106:

omnem condicionem imperii tui statumque provinciae mihi demonstravit Tratorius,

id. Fam. 12, 23, 1; so id. ib. 13, 68, 1:

mihi rei publicae statum per te notum esse voluisti,

id. ib. 3, 11, 4; so,

status ipse nostrae civitatis,

id. ib. 5, 16, 2:

non erat desperandum fore aliquem tolerabilem statum civitatis,

id. Phil. 13, 1, 2:

sane bonum rei publicae genus, sed tamen inclinatum et quasi pronum ad perniciosissimum statum,

id. Rep. 2, 26, 48:

aliquo, si non bono, at saltem certo statu civitatis,

id. Fam. 9, 8, 2:

ex hoc qui sit status totius rei publicae videre potes,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15: ex eodem de toto statu rerum communium [p. 1756] cognosces, id. Fam. 1, 8, 1:

tamen illa, quae requiris, suum statum tenent, nec melius, si tu adesses, tenerent,

id. ib. 6, 1, 1:

non illi nos de unius municipis fortunis arbitrantur, sed de totius municipii statu, dignitate, etc., sententias esse laturos,

id. Clu. 69, 196:

ego vitam omnium civium, statum orbis terrae... redemi,

id. Sull. 11, 33:

Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

eo tum statu res erat ut longe principes haberentur Aedui,

Caes. B. G. 6, 12, 9:

cum hoc in statu res esset,

Liv. 26, 5, 1; so id. 32, 11, 1:

eam regiam servitutem (civitatis) collatam cum praesenti statu praeclaram libertatem visam,

id. 41, 6, 9:

statum quoque civitatis ea victoria firmavit ut jam inde res inter se contrahere auderent,

i. e. commercial prosperity, id. 27, 51:

ut deliberare de statu rerum suarum posset,

id. 44, 31:

ut taedio praesentium consules duo et status pristinus rerum in desiderium veniant,

id. 3, 37, 3:

jam Latio is status erat rerum ut neque bellum neque pacem pati possent,

id. 8, 13, 2:

qui se moverit ad sollicitandum statum civitatis,

internal peace, id. 3, 20, 8:

omni praesenti statu spem cuique novandi res suas blandiorem esse,

more attractive than any condition of public affairs, id. 35, 17:

tranquillitatis status,

Val. Max. 7, 2, 1:

in sollicito civitatis statu,

Quint. 6, 1, 16:

principes regesque et quocumque alio nomine sunt tutores status publici,

guardians of public order, Sen. Clem. 1, 4, 3: curis omnium ad formandum publicum statum a tam sollemni munere aversis, Curt, 10, 10, 9; so,

ad formandum rerum praesentium statum,

Just. 9, 5, 1:

populo jam praesenti statu laeto,

Suet. Caes. 50:

ad componendum Orientis statum,

id. Calig. 1:

deploravit temporum statum,

id. Galb. 10:

ad explorandum statum Galliarum,

id. Caes. 24:

delegatus pacandae Germaniae status,

id. Tib. 16: et omnia habet rerum status iste mearum ( poet., = reipublicae meae), Ov. M. 7, 509.—

Esp., of the political sentiments of the citizens:

a Maronitis certiora de statu civitatium scituros,

Liv. 39, 27:

ad visendum statum regionis ejus,

id. 42, 17, 1:

suas quoque in eodem statu mansuras res esse,

id. 42, 29, 9:

cum hic status in Boeotiā esset,

id. 42, 56, 8.—

Of the constitution, institutions, form of government, etc.:

Scipionem rogemus ut explicet quem existimet esse optimum statum civitatis,

Cic. Rep. 1, 20, 33; 1, 21, 34; 1, 46, 70;

1, 47, 71: ob hanc causam praestare nostrae civitatis statum ceteris civitatibus,

id. ib. 2, 1, 2:

itaque cum patres rerum potirentur, numquam constitisse statum civitatis,

the form of the government had never been permanent, id. ib. 1, 32, 49:

in hoc statu rei publicae (decemvirali), quem dixi non posse esse diuturnum,

id. ib. 2, 37, 62:

providete ne rei publicae status commutetur,

id. Har. Resp. 27, 60:

eademque oritur etiam ex illo saepe optimatium praeclaro statu,

aristocratic form of government, id. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

ut totum statum civitatis in hoc uno judicio positam esse putetis,

id. Fl. 1, 3:

ut rei publicae statum convulsuri viderentur,

id. Pis. 2, 4:

pro meā salute, pro vestrā auctoritate, pro statu civitatis nullum vitae discrimen vitandum umquam putavit,

id. Red. in Sen. 8, 20:

cum hoc coire ausus es, ut consularem dignitatem, ut rei publicae statum... addiceres?

id. ib. 7, 16:

omnia quae sunt in imperio et in statu civitatis ab iis defendi putantur,

id. Mur. 11, 24:

intelleges (te habere) nihil quod aut hoc aut aliquo rei publicae statu timeas,

id. Fam. 6, 2, 3:

quod ad statum Macedoniae pertinebat,

Liv. 45, 32, 2:

ex commutatione statūs publici,

Vell. 2, 35, 4:

haec oblivio concussum et labentem civitatis statum in pristinum habitum revocavit,

Val. Max. 4, 1, ext. 4:

Gracchi civitatis statum conati erant convellere,

id. 6, 3, 1 fin.:

Cicero ita legibus Sullae cohaerere statum civitatis affirmat ut his solutis stare ipsa non possit,

Quint. 11, 1, 85:

qui eloquentiā turbaverant civitatium status vel everterant,

id. 2, 16, 4:

id biduum quod de mutando reipublicae statu haesitatum erat,

Suet. Claud. 11:

nec dissimulasse unquam pristinum se reipublicae statum restituturum,

id. ib. 1:

conversus hieme ad ordinandum reipublicae statum, fastos correxit, etc.,

id. Caes. 40:

tu civitatem quis deceat status Curas,

what institutions, Hor. C. 3, 29, 25.—Hence,

Existence of the republic:

quae lex ad imperium, ad majestatem, ad statum patriae, ad salutem omnium pertinet,

Cic. Cael. 29, 70 (= eo, ut stet patria, the country's existence):

si enim status erit aliquis civitatis, quicunque erit,

id. Fam. 4, 14, 4: status enim rei publicae maxime judicatis rebus continetur, the existence of the republic depends on the decisions of the courts, i. e. their sacredness, id. Sull. 22, 63. —

In nature, state, condition, etc.:

incolumitatis ac salutis omnium causā videmus hunc statum esse hujus totius mundi atque naturae,

Cic. Or. 3, 45, 178:

ex alio alius status (i. e. mundi) excipere omnia debet,

Lucr. 5, 829:

ex alio terram status excipit alter,

id. 5, 835:

est etiam quoque pacatus status aëris ille,

id. 3, 292:

non expectato solis ortu, ex quo statum caeli notare gubernatores possent,

Liv. 37, 12, 11:

idem (mare) alio caeli statu recipit in se fretum,

Curt. 6, 4, 19:

incertus status caeli,

Col. 11, 2:

pluvius caeli status,

id. 2, 10:

mitior caeli status,

Sen. Oedip. 1054.—

The characteristic, mark, character, essential feature of a thing.

In gen.:

atque hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum publicarum non perturbatis atque permixtis, sed suum statum tenentibus,

preserving their essential features, Cic. Rep. 1, 28, 44.—Hence,

Esp. in rhet. jurisp.

The answer to the action (acc. to Cic., because the defence: primum insistit in eo = the Gr. stasis):

refutatio accusationis appellatur Latine status, in quo primum insistit quasi ad repugnandum congressa defensio,

Cic. Top. 25, 93; so,

statu (sic enim appellamus controversiarum genera),

id. Tusc. 3, 33, 79:

statum quidam dixerunt primam causarum conflictionem,

Quint. 3, 6, 4; cf. Cic. Part. Or. 29, 102.—

The main question, the essential point:

quod nos statum id quidam constitutionem vocant, alii quaestionem, alii quod ex quaestione appareat, Theodorus caput, ad quod referantur omnia,

Quint. 3, 6, 2:

non est status prima conflictio, sed quod ex primā conflictione nascitur, id est genus quaestionis,

the kind, nature of the question, id. 3, 6, 5; cf. the whole chapter.—

In gram., the mood of the verb, instead of modus, because it distinguishes the conceptions of the speaker:

et tempora et status,

tenses and moods, Quint. 9, 3, 11:

fiunt soloecismi per modos, sive cui status eos dici placet,

id. 1, 5, 41.

statuliber.

sŭus, a, um (old form sos, sa, sum; dat. plur. sis, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Mull.; acc. sas. id. ib. p. 325 ib.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 47; Schol. Pers. 1, 108; sing. sam for suam, Fest. p. 47 Mull.;

so for suo, C. I. L. 5, 2007. In ante-class. verse su- with the following vowel freq. forms one syllable,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 48; id. Ps. 1, 3, 5; Ter. And. 1, 1, 68; Lucr. 1, 1022; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 189 sqq.), pron. poss., 3 d pers. [root SVA-; Sanscr. sva, own; cf. sui; Gr. seWo-, whence sphe, etc., and he; cf. heos], of or belonging to himself, herself, etc.; his own, her own, etc.; his, her, its, their; one ' s; hers, theirs.

Ordinary possessive use his, etc. (cf. the similar use of the pers. pron. sui, q. v.).

With antecedent in the same sentence.

The antecedent a subject-nominative, expressed or understood.

His:

Caesar copias suas divisit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 97:

ille in sua sententia perseverat,

id. ib. 1, 72:

tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam,

id. ib. 2, 37:

cum sceleris sui socios Romae reliquisset,

Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 3:

cur ego non ignoscam si anteposuit suam salutem meae?

id. Pis. 32, 79; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Mil. 10, 27; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:

Hanno praefecturam ejus (i.e. Muttinis) filio suo (Hannonis) dedit,

Liv. 26, 40, 7:

imperat princeps civibus suis,

Sen. Clem. 1, 16, 2:

nemo rem suam emit,

id. Ben. 7, 4, 8.—

Her:

mea Glycerium suos parentes repperit,

Ter. And. 5, 6, 5:

utinam haec ignoraret suum patrem,

id. Phorm. 5, 6, 34:

si nunc facere volt era officium suom,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 72:

ne eadem mulier cum suo conjuge honestissimum adulescentem oppressisse videatur,

Cic. Cael. 32, 78:

si omnibus suis copiis excellentem virum res publica armasset,

id. Phil. 13, 16, 32.—

Its:

omne animal, simul et ortum est, et se ipsum et omnes partes suas diligit,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:

cum mea domus ardore suo deflagrationem Italiae toti minaretur,

id. Planc. 40, 95.—

Their: (legiones) si consulem suum reliquerunt, vituperandae sunt Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:

mittent aliquem de suo numero,

id. ib. 11, 10, 25:

rationem illi sententiae suae non fere reddebant,

id. Tusc. 1, 17, 38:

qui agellos suos redimere a piratis solebant,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:

edicunt ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent,

id. Sest. 14, 32:

suis finibus eos prohibent,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: Allobrogibus sese persuasuros existimabant ut per suos (Allobrogum) fines eos (Helvetios) ire paterentur, id. id. 1, 6;

and distributively: ac naves onerariae LXIII. in portu expugnatae, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere, etc.,

some with their several cargoes, Liv. 26, 47, 9.—

With a subject-clause as antecedent:

id sua sponte apparebat tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,

was selfevident, Liv. 22, 38, 13:

ad id quod sua sponte satis collectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

id. 3, 62, 1:

secutum tamen sua sponte est ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal et suspectior fieret,

id. 35, 14, 4. —